EN ISO 5014:2025

Dense and insulating shaped refractory products - Determination of modulus of rupture at ambient temperature (ISO 5014:2025)

This document specifies a method for the determination of the modulus of rupture of dense and insulating shaped refractory products at ambient temperature, under conditions of a constant rate of increase of stress.
Shaped refractories are those which have fixed geometry and dimensions when delivered to the user. This document is accordingly applicable to standard shape refractory bricks, but also special shapes refractory products and pre-cast products.
This document is also applicable to unshaped refractories (see ISO 1927-6) after preparation of test specimens according to ISO 1927-5.

Dichte und wärmedämmende, geformte feuerfeste Erzeugnisse - Bestimmung der Biegefestigkeit bei Raumtemperatur (ISO 5014:2025)

Produits réfractaires façonnés denses et isolants - Détermination du module de rupture à température ambiante (ISO 5014:2025)

Le présent document spécifie une méthode pour la détermination du module de rupture des produits réfractaires façonnés denses et isolants à température ambiante, dans des conditions d’accroissement continu de la contrainte.
Les réfractaires façonnés sont ceux qui ont une géométrie et des dimensions fixes lorsqu'ils sont livrés à l'utilisateur. Le présent document s'applique donc aux briques réfractaires de forme standard, mais aussi aux produits réfractaires de forme spéciale et aux produits préfabriqués.
Le présent document s'applique également aux réfractaires non façonnés (voir ISO 1927-6) après préparation des éprouvettes conformément à la norme ISO 1927-5.

Gosti in izolacijski oblikovani ognjevzdržni izdelki - Ugotavljanje upogibne trdnosti pri sobni temperaturi (ISO 5014:2025)

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 09-Dec-2025
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 187 - Refractory products and materials
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 187/WG 1 - Dense shaped refractory products
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 10-Dec-2025
• Due Date: 14-Oct-2027
• Completion Date: 10-Dec-2025
• Ref Project: SIST EN ISO 5014:2026 - Dense and insulating shaped refractory products - Determination of modulus of rupture at ambient temperature (ISO 5014:2025)

Relations

• Replaces: EN 993-6:2018 - Methods of test for (dense) shaped refractory products - Part 6: Determination of modulus of rupture at ambient temperature
• Effective Date: 04-Jun-2025

Overview

EN ISO 5014:2025 - Dense and insulating shaped refractory products - specifies a standardized laboratory method for determining the modulus of rupture (MOR) of shaped refractory products at ambient temperature. The test uses a controlled, constant rate of increase of stress in a three‑point bending configuration to measure the maximum bending stress a prismatic test piece can withstand. The standard applies to shaped refractories (standard bricks, special shapes and pre‑cast products) and can also be used for unshaped refractories after specimen preparation (ISO 1927‑5).

Key topics and technical requirements

• Test principle: Three‑point bending of a prismatic test piece until failure; MOR calculated from peak load assuming linear elastic bending.
• Scope of materials: Dense refractories (true porosity < 45 %) and shaped insulating refractories (true porosity ≥ 45 %).
• Sample size and preparation:
  • A sample typically comprises at least four items; number of test pieces per item is agreed between parties.
  • Test pieces may be cut from larger items following orientation rules (e.g., longitudinal faces perpendicular to pressing direction) and avoiding as‑sintered surfaces.
  • Smallest test piece dimension should be at least five times the maximum grain size to limit size effects.
• Apparatus and accuracy:
  • Loading jig with three bearing edges and specified span and edge radii (three‑point bending fixture).
  • Testing machine compliant with ISO 7500‑1 (force measurement accuracy Grade 2 or better) and capable of constant loading rate and peak load recording.
  • Drying oven for specimen conditioning (e.g., 110 °C ± 5 °C) and calipers per ISO 13385‑1 for dimensional checks.
• Results and reporting:
  • MOR reported as mean and standard deviation; Annex A gives information on precision and bias.
  • Test report must include specimen preparation, dimensions, test conditions and statistical data.

Applications and users

• Practical uses: research and development, quality control, process monitoring, supplier acceptance testing and acquisition of mechanical design data for linings and components.
• Typical users: refractory manufacturers, materials testing laboratories, R&D engineers, quality assurance professionals, and design engineers responsible for furnace linings, kilns and high‑temperature installations.
• Keywords: EN ISO 5014:2025, modulus of rupture, three‑point bending, refractory bricks, ambient temperature testing, shaped refractory testing.

Related standards

• ISO 1927‑5 / ISO 1927‑6 (preparation and testing of unshaped refractories)
• ISO 5016, ISO 5017 (porosity definitions and measurement)
• ISO 7500‑1 (force measurement accuracy)
• ISO 13385‑1 (caliper specifications)
• ISO 5022 (sampling)

EN ISO 5014:2025 provides a reproducible, industry‑recognized procedure for assessing bending strength of refractory products at room temperature, enabling consistent comparison and traceable quality control.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2026
Gosti in izolacijski oblikovani ognjevzdržni izdelki - Ugotavljanje upogibne trdnosti
pri sobni temperaturi (ISO 5014:2025)
Dense and insulating shaped refractory products - Determination of modulus of rupture
at ambient temperature (ISO 5014:2025)
Dichte und wärmedämmende, geformte feuerfeste Erzeugnisse - Bestimmung der
Biegefestigkeit bei Raumtemperatur (ISO 5014:2025)
Produits réfractaires façonnés denses et isolants - Détermination du module de rupture à
température ambiante (ISO 5014:2025)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 5014:2025
ICS:
81.080 Ognjevzdržni materiali Refractories
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 5014
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2025
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 81.080 Supersedes EN 993-6:2018
English Version
Dense and insulating shaped refractory products -
Determination of modulus of rupture at ambient
temperature (ISO 5014:2025)
Produits réfractaires façonnés denses et isolants - Dichte und wärmedämmende, geformte feuerfeste
Détermination du module de rupture à température Erzeugnisse - Bestimmung der Biegefestigkeit bei
ambiante (ISO 5014:2025) Raumtemperatur (ISO 5014:2025)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 December 2025.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2025 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 5014:2025 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
The text of ISO 5014:2025 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 33 "Refractories” of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 5014:2025 by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 187 “Refractory products and materials” the secretariat of which is held
by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2026, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2026.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 993-6:2018.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 5014:2025 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 5014:2025 without any modification.

International
Standard
ISO 5014
Fourth edition
Dense and insulating shaped
2025-03
refractory products —
Determination of modulus of
rupture at ambient temperature
Produits réfractaires façonnés denses et isolants —
Détermination du module de rupture à température ambiante
Reference number
ISO 5014:2025(en) © ISO 2025
ISO 5014:2025(en)
© ISO 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 5014:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Significance and use . 2
5 Principle . 2
6 Apparatus . 3
7 Test pieces . 4
7.1 Number of test pieces .4
7.2 Shape and size .5
7.3 Preparation .5
8 Procedure . 6
9 Expression of results . 7
10 Test report . 8
Annex A (informative) Precision and bias . 9
Bibliography .11

iii
ISO 5014:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
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with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
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Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 33, Refractories.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 5014:1997), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— revised definitions;
— addition of a clause on significance and use;
— addition of an informative annex on precision and bias.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
International Standard ISO 5014:2025(en)
Dense and insulating shaped refractory products —
Determination of modulus of rupture at ambient temperature
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the determination of the modulus of rupture of dense and insulating
shaped refractory products at ambient temperature, under conditions of a constant rate of increase of stress.
Shaped refractories are those which have fixed geometry and dimensions when delivered to the user. This
document is accordingly applicable to standard shape refractory bricks, but also special shapes refractory
products and pre-cast products.
This document is also applicable to unshaped refractories (see ISO 1927-6) after preparation of test
specimens according to ISO 1927-5.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 13385-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional measuring equipment — Part 1: Design
and metrological characteristics of callipers
ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Calibration and verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Calibration and verification of the force-measuring system
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
modulus of rupture
MOR
σ
F
maximum stress that a prismatic test piece of specified dimensions can withstand when it is bent in a three-
point bending (3.2) device
3.2
three-point bending
means of bending a beamlike test piece whereby the test piece is supported on bearings near its ends, and a
central force is applied
3.3
dense shaped refractory product
product with specific dimensions, having a true porosity of less than 45 % by volume, when measured in
accordance with ISO 5017
ISO 5014:2025(en)
3.4
shaped insulating refractory
shaped refractory having a true porosity of not less than 45 % by volume, when measured in accordance
with ISO 5016
3.5
sample
representative collection of items that can be obtained by sampling according to a sampling plan agreed
upon by the interested parties
Note 1 to entry: An example of an applicable sampling plan is given in ISO 5022.
3.6
item
refractory brick or shape
3.7
test piece
test specimen
piece of material extracted from an item (3.6) and suitably shaped and prepared for the test
4 Significance and use
This test is intended to be used for research, material development, manufacturing process control and
design data acquisition purposes. The strength level determined by the test is calculated on the basis of
linear elastic bending of a beam on the assumption that the material being tested is elastically homogeneous,
isotropic and shows linear (Hookean) stress-strain behaviour.
The modulus of rupture can be significantly affected by a large number of factors associated with the
microstructure of the material, the surface finishing procedure applied in preparation of the test pieces, the
size and shape of the test piece, the orientation of the test piece during testing, the geometry and functions
of the testing jig and the stress rate. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should
accordingly not be made if one or more of these parameters differ between the two determinations.
As a consequence of the brittle nature of refractories, there is usually a considerable range of results
obtained from a number of nominally identical test pieces. Caution in the interpretation of test results is
hence required. For many purposes, and as described in this document, the results of the MOR test may
be described in terms of a mean value and a standard deviation. Further statistical evaluation of results is
required for design data acquisition and can be desirable for other purposes. In particular, a
...