prEN 1999-1-4
(Main)Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-4: Cold-formed structural sheeting
Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-4: Cold-formed structural sheeting
1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-4
(1)P This document gives design requirements for cold-formed trapezoidal aluminium sheeting. It applies to cold-formed aluminium products made from hot rolled or cold rolled sheet or strip that have been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-breaking.
NOTE 1 The rules in this part complement the rules in other parts of EN 1999-1.
NOTE 2 The execution of aluminium structures made of cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications is covered in EN 1090-5.
(2) This document gives methods for stressed-skin design using aluminium sheeting as a structural diaphragm.
(3) This document does not apply to cold-formed aluminium profiles like C- and Z- profiles nor cold-formed and welded circular or rectangular hollow sections.
(4) This document gives methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for the design by calculation apply only within stated ranges of material properties and geometrical properties for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design by testing.
(5) This document does not cover load arrangement for loads during execution and maintenance.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) For the design of new structures, prEN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
EN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
- EN 1090-1: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
- EN 1090-5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications
Eurocode 9: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Aluminiumtragwerken - Teil 1-4: Kaltgeformte Profiltafeln
1.1 Anwendungsbereich von EN 1999 1 4
(1)P Dieses Dokument behandelt die Bemessung kaltgeformter trapezoidaler Profiltafeln. Es gilt für kaltgeformte Aluminiumprodukte, die aus kalt oder warmgewalzten Blechen oder Bändern durch Kaltumformung wie Rollformen oder Abkanten hergestellt sind.
ANMERKUNG 1 Die in diesem Teil angegebenen Regeln ergänzen die Regeln der übrigen Teile von EN 1999 1.
ANMERKUNG 2 Die Ausführung von Aluminiumtragwerken aus tragenden, kaltgeformten Bauteilen für Dach , Decken , Boden und Wandanwendungen wird in EN 1090 5 behandelt.
(2) Dieses Dokument gibt Bemessungsregeln für die Scheibentragfähigkeit von Schubfeldern aus Aluminium-Profiltafeln an.
(3) Dieses Dokument gilt nicht für stabförmige Kaltprofile mit C und Z Profilquerschnitten sowie kaltgeformte und geschweißte Rund oder Rechteckhohlquerschnitte aus Aluminium.
(4) Dieses Dokument beschreibt Verfahren für die rechnerische und die versuchsgestützte Bemessung. Die rechnerischen Bemessungsverfahren gelten nur in den angegebenen Grenzen für die Werkstoffkennwerte und geometrischen Verhältnisse, für die ausreichende Erfahrung und Versuchsergebnisse vorhanden sind. Diese Einschränkungen gelten nicht für die versuchsgestützte Bemessung.
(5) Dieses Dokument beinhaltet keine Lastannahmen für Montage und Gebrauch.
1.2 Annahmen
(1) Bezüglich der Bemessung neuer Tragwerke ist prEN 1999 (alle Teile) zur direkten Anwendung in Verbindung mit EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 und EN 1998 vorgesehen.
EN 1999 (alle Teile) gilt in Verbindung mit folgenden Regelwerken:
- Europäische Normen zu Bauprodukten, die maßgebend für Aluminiumtragwerke sind;
- EN 1090 1, Ausführung von Stahltragwerken und Aluminiumtragwerken — Teil 1: Konformitätsnachweis-verfahren für tragende Bauteile;
- EN 1090 5, Ausführung von Stahltragwerken und Aluminiumtragwerken — Teil 5: Technische Anforderungen an tragende, kaltgeformte Bauelemente aus Aluminium und tragende, kaltgeformte Bauteile für Dach-, Decken-, Boden- und Wandanwendungen.
Eurocode 9 - Calcul des structures en aluminium - Partie 1-4 : Tôles de structure formées à froid
1.1 Domaine d'application de l'EN 1999-1-4
(1)P Le présent document définit les exigences de calcul relatives aux tôles (plaques) d'aluminium trapézoïdales formées à froid. Il s'applique aux produits en aluminium formés à froid par des procédés tels que le profilage à galets ou le pliage à la presse plieuse, à partir de tôles ou bandes laminés à chaud ou à froid.
NOTE 1 Les règles de cette présente partie complètent celles des autres parties de l'EN 1999-1.
NOTE 2 L'exécution de structures en aluminium formées à froid pour des applications en toiture, plafond, paroi verticale et plancher, est couverte par l'EN 1090-5.
(2) Le présent document fournit des méthodes de calcul pour le dimensionnement avec collaboration de paroi, en utilisant des tôles d’aluminium comme diaphragme structural.
(3) Le présent document ne s'applique ni aux profilés d'aluminium formés à froid tels que les profilés C et Z, ni aux sections creuses, circulaires ou rectangulaires, formées à froid et soudées.
(4) Le présent document donne des méthodes de dimensionnement par calcul et de dimensionnement assisté par des essais. Les méthodes de dimensionnement par calcul ne s'appliquent que dans des gammes bien définies de caractéristiques de matériaux et des propriétés géométriques pour lesquelles on dispose d’une expérience suffisante et d’une validation par essais. Ces limitations ne s'appliquent pas au dimensionnement assisté par des essais.
(5) Le présent document ne couvre pas la prise en compte de chargements relatifs aux phases d'exécution et d’entretien.
1.2 Hypothèses
(1) Pour le calcul des structures neuves, le prEN 1999 (toutes les parties) est destiné à être appliqué directement, de façon conjointe avec l'EN 1990, l'EN 1991, l'EN 1992, l'EN 1993, l'EN 1994, l'EN 1995, l'EN 1997 et l'EN 1998.
L'EN 1999 (toutes les parties) est destinée à être utilisée avec :
- les Normes européennes pour les produits de construction appropriés aux structures en aluminium ;
- l'EN 1090-1 : Exécution des structures en acier et des structures en aluminium— Partie 1 : Exigences pour l'évaluation de la conformité des éléments structuraux ;
- l'EN 1090-5 : Exigences techniques pour éléments en aluminium formés à froid et structures formées à froid pour applications en toiture, plafond, paroi verticale et plancher.
Evrokod 9 - Projektiranje konstrukcij iz aluminijevih zlitin - 1-4. del: Hladno oblikovane konstrukcijske pločevine
General Information
RELATIONS
Standards Content (sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 1999-1-4:2021
01-maj-2021
Evrokod 9 - Projektiranje konstrukcij iz aluminijevih zlitin - 1-4. del: Hladno
oblikovane konstrukcijske pločevine
Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-4: Cold-formed structural sheeting
Eurocode 9: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Aluminiumtragwerken - Teil 1-4:Kaltgeformte Profiltafeln
Eurocode 9 - Calcul des structures en aluminium - Partie 1-4 : Tôles de structure
formées à froidTa slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 1999-1-4
ICS:
91.010.30 Tehnični vidiki Technical aspects
91.080.17 Aluminijaste konstrukcije Aluminium structures
oSIST prEN 1999-1-4:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 1999-1-4:2021
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 1999-1-4
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2021
ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.17 Will supersede EN 1999-1-4:2007
English Version
Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-4:
Cold-formed structural sheeting
Eurocode 9 - Calcul des structures en aluminium - Eurocode 9: Bemessung und Konstruktion von
Partie 1-4 : Tôles de structure formées à froid Aluminiumtragwerken - Teil 1-4: Kaltgeformte
ProfiltafelnThis draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 250.If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 1999-1-4:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
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Contents Page
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-4 ..................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Assumptions ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 8
3 Terms, definitions and symbols ................................................................................................................. 8
3.1 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Geometry and conventions ....................................................................................................................... 12
3.3.1 Cross-sectional shapes ............................................................................................................................... 12
3.3.2 Stiffener shapes ............................................................................................................................................ 12
3.3.3 Cross-sectional dimensions ...................................................................................................................... 12
3.3.4 Convention for member axis .................................................................................................................... 13
4 Basis of design ............................................................................................................................................... 13
5 Materials .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 14
5.2 Structural aluminium alloys .................................................................................................................... 14
5.2.1 Material properties ..................................................................................................................................... 14
5.2.2 Thickness and geometrical tolerances ................................................................................................. 17
5.3 Mechanical fasteners .................................................................................................................................. 17
6 Durability ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
7 Structural analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 17
7.1 Influence of rounded corners .................................................................................................................. 17
7.2 Geometrical proportions ........................................................................................................................... 19
7.3 Structural modelling for analysis ........................................................................................................... 20
7.4 Flange curling ................................................................................................................................................ 20
7.5 Local and distortional buckling .............................................................................................................. 21
7.5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 21
7.5.2 Plane cross-section parts without stiffeners ...................................................................................... 22
7.5.3 Plane cross-section parts with intermediate stiffeners ................................................................. 23
7.5.4 Trapezoidal sheeting profiles with intermediate stiffeners ........................................................ 27
7.5.5 Cold-formed members................................................................................................................................ 34
8 Ultimate limit states .................................................................................................................................... 35
8.1 Resistance of cross-sections ..................................................................................................................... 35
8.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 35
8.1.2 Axial tension .................................................................................................................................................. 35
8.1.3 Axial compression ........................................................................................................................................ 35
8.1.4 Bending moment .......................................................................................................................................... 36
8.1.5 Shear force ...................................................................................................................................................... 38
8.1.6 Torsion ............................................................................................................................................................. 40
8.1.7 Local transverse forces .............................................................................................................................. 40
8.1.8 Combined tension and bending .............................................................................................................. 43
8.1.9 Combined compression and bending.................................................................................................... 44
8.1.10 Combined shear force, axial force and bending moment .............................................................. 44
8.1.11 Combined bending moment and local load or support reaction ................................................ 45
8.2 Buckling resistance ..................................................................................................................................... 45
8.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 45
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8.2.2 Axial compression ........................................................................................................................................ 46
8.2.3 Bending and axial compression .............................................................................................................. 47
8.3 Trapezoidal sheeting with overlap at support ................................................................................... 48
8.3.1 Moment resisting overlaps ........................................................................................................................ 48
8.3.2 Single overlap with overlapping lower sheeting (SOL-L)............................................................... 51
8.3.3 Single overlap with overlapping upper sheeting (SOL-U) ............................................................. 51
8.3.4 Double overlap (DOL) ................................................................................................................................. 52
8.3.5 Local reinforcement (CR) ........................................................................................................................... 53
8.3.6 Trapezoidal sheeting with side overlaps ............................................................................................. 54
8.4 Stressed skin design .................................................................................................................................... 54
8.4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 54
8.4.2 Diaphragm action ......................................................................................................................................... 55
8.4.3 Necessary conditions ................................................................................................................................... 55
8.4.4 Profiled aluminium sheet diaphragms ................................................................................................. 57
8.5 Perforated sheeting with the holes arranged in the shape of equilateral triangles ............ 60
9 Serviceability limit states .......................................................................................................................... 60
9.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 60
9.2 Plastic deformation ...................................................................................................................................... 61
9.3 Deflections....................................................................................................................................................... 61
10 Design of joints with mechanical fasteners ......................................................................................... 62
10.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 62
10.2 Blind rivets ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
10.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 63
10.2.2 Design resistances of riveted joints loaded in shear ....................................................................... 63
10.2.3 Design resistances for riveted joints loaded in tension ................................................................. 64
10.3 Self-tapping / self-drilling screws .......................................................................................................... 64
10.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 64
10.3.2 Design resistance of screwed joints loaded in shear ....................................................................... 65
10.3.3 Design resistance of screwed joints loaded in tension ................................................................... 66
11 Design assisted by testing .......................................................................................................................... 67
Annex A (normative) Testing procedures......................................................................................................... 69
A.1 Use of this Annex ........................................................................................................................................... 69
A.2 Scope and field of application .................................................................................................................. 69
A.3 Tests on profiled sheets ............................................................................................................................. 69
A.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 69
A.3.2 Single span test .............................................................................................................................................. 70
A.3.3 Double span test ............................................................................................................................................ 70
A.3.4 Internal support test ................................................................................................................................... 71
A.3.5 End support test ............................................................................................................................................ 74
A.4 Evaluation of test results ........................................................................................................................... 74
A.4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 74
A.4.2 Adjustment of test results.......................................................................................................................... 74
A.4.3 Characteristic values ................................................................................................................................... 75
A.4.4 Design values .................................................................................................................................................. 76
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A.4.5 Serviceability ................................................................................................................................................. 77
Annex B (informative) Durability of fasteners ............................................................................................... 78
B.1 Use of this Informative Annex ................................................................................................................. 78
B.2 Scope and field of application .................................................................................................................. 78
B.3 Fastener material with regard to corrosion environment ............................................................ 78
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European foreword
This document (prEN 1999-1-4:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC250
“Structural Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all
Structural Eurocodes and has been assigned responsibility for structural and geotechnical design matters
by CEN.This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 1999-1-4:2007.
The first generation of EN Eurocodes was published between 2002 and 2007. This document forms part
of the second generation of the Eurocodes, which have been prepared under Mandate M/515 issued to
CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association.The Eurocodes have been drafted to be used in conjunction with relevant execution, material, product
and test standards, and to identify requirements for execution, materials, products and testing that are
relied upon by the Eurocodes.The Eurocodes recognize the responsibility of each member State and have safeguarded their right to
determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level through the use of National
Annexes.---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
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Introduction
0.1 Introduction to the Eurocodes
The Structural Eurocodes comprise the following standards generally consisting of a number of Parts:
— EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural and geotechnical design— EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
— EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
— EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
— EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
— EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
— EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
— EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
— EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
— EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
— < New parts >
The Eurocodes are intended for use by designers, clients, manufacturers, constructors, relevant
authorities (in exercising their duties in accordance with national or international regulations),
educators, software developers, and committees drafting standards for related product, testing and
execution standards.NOTE Some aspects of design are most appropriately specified by relevant authorities or, where not specified,
can be agreed on a project-specific basis between relevant parties such as designers and clients. The Eurocodes
identify such aspects making explicit reference to relevant authorities and relevant parties.
0.2 Introduction to EN 1999 Eurocode 9EN 1999 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering and structural works made of aluminium.
It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety and serviceability of structures, the basis
of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990 – Basis of structural design.
EN 1999 is only concerned with requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance
of aluminium structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not
considered.EN 1999 does not cover the special requirements of seismic design. Provisions related to such
requirements are given in EN 1998, which complements, and is consistent with EN 1999.
EN 1999 is subdivided in five parts:— EN 1999-1-1 Design of Aluminium Structures: General structural rules.
— EN 1999-1-2 Design of Aluminium Structures: Structural fire design.
— EN 1999-1-3 Design of Aluminium Structures: Structures susceptible to fatigue.
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— EN 1999-1-4 Design of Aluminium Structures: Cold-formed structural sheeting.
— EN 1999-1-5 Design of Aluminium Structures: Shell structures.
0.3 Introduction to EN 1999-1-4
This document gives design requirements for cold-formed trapezoidal aluminium sheeting. It applies to
cold-formed aluminium products made from hot rolled or cold rolled sheet or strip that have been cold-
formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-breaking.0.4 Verbal forms used in the Eurocodes
The verb “shall” expresses a requirement strictly to be followed and from which no deviation is permitted
in order to comply with the Eurocodes.The verb “should” express a highly recommended choice or course of action. Subject to national
regulation and/or any relevant contractual provisions, alternative approaches could be used/adopted
where technically justified.The verb “may” expresses a course of action permissible within the limits of the Eurocodes.
The verb “can” expresses possibility and capability; it is used for statements of fact and clarification of
concepts.0.5 National annex for prEN 1999-1-4
National choice is allowed in this document where explicitly stated within notes. National choice includes
the selection of values for Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs).The national standard implementing EN 1999-1-4 can have a National Annex containing all national
choices to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the relevant
country.When no national choice is given, the default choice given in this document is to be used.
When no national choice is made and no default is given in this document, the choice can be specified by
a relevant authority or, where not specified, agreed for a specific project by appropriate parties.
National choice is allowed in EN 1999-1-4 through the following clauses:4(4) NOTE 1
5.1(3) NOTE
9.3(3) NOTE
A.4.4(3)
National choice is allowed in EN 1999-1-4 on the application of the following informative annexes:
Annex B (Informative) Durability of fastenersThe National Annex can contain, directly or by reference, non-contradictory complementary information
for ease of implementation, provided it does not alter any provisions of the Eurocodes.
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1 Scope
1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-4
(1)P This document gives design requirements for cold-formed trapezoidal aluminium sheeting. It
applies to cold-formed aluminium products made from hot rolled or cold rolled sheet or strip that have
been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-breaking.NOTE 1 The rules in this part complement the rules in other parts of EN 1999-1.
NOTE 2 The execution of aluminium structures made of cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall
applications is covered in EN 1090-5.(2) This document gives methods for stressed-skin design using aluminium sheeting as a structural
diaphragm.(3) This document does not apply to cold-formed aluminium profiles like C- and Z- profiles nor cold-
formed and welded circular or rectangular hollow sections.(4) This document gives methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The
methods for the design by calculation apply only within stated ranges of material properties and
geometrical properties for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations
do not apply to design by testing.(5) This document does not cover load arrangement for loads during execution and maintenance.
1.2 Assumptions(1) For the design of new structures, prEN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used, for direct application,
together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
EN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used in conjunction with:— European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
— EN 1090-1: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 1: Requirements for
conformity assessment of structural components— EN 1090-5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed
structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
prEN 1990:2020, Basis of structural designEN 1999-1-1, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures — Part 1-1: General structural rules
3 Terms, definitions and symbols3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1990 and EN 1999-1-1 and the
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3.1.1
base material
flat sheet aluminium material out of which profiled sheets are made by cold forming
3.1.2proof strength of base material
0,2 % proof strength f of the base material
3.1.3
diaphragm action
structural behaviour involving in-plane shear in the sheeting
3.1.4
partial restraint
restriction to some extent of the lateral or rotational displacement of a cross-section part, that increases
its buckling resistance3.1.5
restraint
full restriction of the lateral displacement or rotational movement of a plane cross-section part, that
increases its buckling resistance3.1.6
relative slenderness
normalised, material related slenderness ratio
3.1.7
stressed-skin design
design method that takes into account the contribution made by diaphragm action in the sheeting to the
stiffness and strength of a structure3.1.8
support
location at which a member is able to transfer forces or moments to a foundation, or to another structural
component3.1.9
effective thickness
design value of the thickness to allow for local buckling of plane cross section part
3.1.10reduced effective thickness
design value of the thickness to allow for distortional buckling of stiffeners in a second step of the
calculation procedure for plane cross section parts, where local buckling is taken into account in the first
step3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in EN 1999-1-1 and the following apply.
Latin upper-case letterscharacteristic shear resistance
v,Rk
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characteristic tension resistance
t,Rk
0,2 % proof strength in material standard
p0,2
ultimate tensile strength in material standard
S , S
spring stiffness of connection of sheeting
f w
design value for shear resistance
b,Rd
Latin lower-case letters
length of overlap of trapezoidal sheeting
spacing between the centres of the perforations in sheeting
per
width of building
notional flat width of plane cross-section part
pitch of the profile
rib
d diameter of the fastener
diameter of the perforations in sheeting
per
diameter of the washer or the head of the fastener
shear buckling strength
minor ultimate tensile strength of connected parts
u,min
ultimate tensile strength of the supporting component in
...
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