1.1   Scope of EN 1999-1-2
(1)   EN 1999-1-2 deals with the design of aluminium structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1999-1-1, EN 1999-1-2, EN 1999-1-3, EN 1999-1-4 and EN 1999-1-5. This document only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2)   EN 1999-1-2 applies to aluminium structures required to fulfil a load bearing function.
(3)   EN 1999-1-2 gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned function and the levels of performance.
(4)   EN 1999-1-2 applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1999 1 1 and are designed accordingly.
(5)   The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable to the following aluminium alloys:
EN AW-3004 - H34   EN AW-5083 - O and H12   EN AW-6063 - T5 and T6
EN AW-5005  -  O and H34   EN AW-5454 - O and H34   EN AW-6082 - T4 and T6
EN AW-5052  - H34      EN AW-6061 - T6   
(6)   The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable also to other aluminium alloy/tempers of EN 1999 1-1, if reliable material properties at elevated temperatures are available or the simplified assumptions in 5.2.1 are applied.
1.2   Assumptions
(1)   In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the following assumptions apply:
-   the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation.
-   any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained.
(2)   For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997, EN 1998 and EN 1999.
(3)   EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
-   European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
-   EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
-   EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures

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(1) This document establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, appropriate to the consequences of failure.
(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the other Eurocodes for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including temporary structures.
(3) This document describes the basis for structural and geotechnical design and verification according to the limit state principle.
(4) Design and verification in this document are based primarily on the partial factor method.
NOTE 1   Alternative methods are given in the other Eurocodes for specific applications.
NOTE 2   The Annexes to this document also provide general guidance concerning the use of alternative methods.
(5) This document is applicable for:
—   structural appraisal of existing construction;
—   developing the design of repairs, improvements and alterations;
—   assessing changes of use.
(6) This document is applicable for the design of structures where materials or actions outside the scope of EN 1991 to EN 1999 are involved.
NOTE   In this case additional or amended provisions can be necessary.

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EN 1999 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering and structural works made of aluminium. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety and serviceability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990 – Basis of structural design.
EN 1999 is only concerned with requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of aluminium structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
—   EN 1990 Basis of structural design
—   EN 1991 Actions on structures
—   European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
—   EN 1090-1: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
—   EN 1090-3: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures.
EN 1999-1-1 gives basic design rules for structures made of wrought aluminium alloys and limited guidance for cast alloys.
The following limits are recommended – if not otherwise explicitly stated in this standard:
   components with material thickness not less than 0,6 mm;
   welded components with material thickness not less than 1,5 mm;
   connections with:
—   steel bolts and pins with diameter not less than 5 mm;
—   aluminium bolts and pins with diameter not less than 8 mm;
—   rivets and thread forming screws with diameter not less than 3,9 mm

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1.1   Scope of EN 1999-1-4
(1)P   This document gives design requirements for cold-formed trapezoidal aluminium sheeting. It applies to cold-formed aluminium products made from hot rolled or cold rolled sheet or strip that have been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-breaking.
NOTE 1   The rules in this part complement the rules in other parts of EN 1999-1.
NOTE 2    The execution of aluminium structures made of cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications is covered in EN 1090-5.
(2)   This document gives methods for stressed-skin design using aluminium sheeting as a structural diaphragm.
(3)   This document does not apply to cold-formed aluminium profiles like C- and Z- profiles nor cold-formed and welded circular or rectangular hollow sections.
(4)   This document gives methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for the design by calculation apply only within stated ranges of material properties and geometrical properties for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design by testing.
(5)   This document does not cover load arrangement for loads during execution and maintenance.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) For the design of new structures, prEN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
EN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used in conjunction with:
-   European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
-   EN 1090-1: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
-   EN 1090-5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications

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1.1   Scope of EN 1999 1 5
(1)   EN 1999 1 5 applies to the structural design of aluminium structures, stiffened and unstiffened, that have the form of a shell of revolution or of a round panel in monocoque structures.
(2)   EN 1999 1 5 covers additional provisions to those given in the relevant parts of EN 1999 for design of aluminium structures.
NOTE    Supplementary information for certain types of shells is given in EN 1993 1 6 and the relevant application parts which include:
-   Part 3-1 for towers and masts;
-   Part 3-2 for chimneys;
-   Part 4-1 for silos;
-   Part 4-2 for tanks;
-   Part 4-3 for pipelines.
(4)   The provisions in EN 1999 1 5 apply to axisymmetric shells (cylinders, cones, spheres) and associated circular or annular plates, beam section rings and stringer stiffeners, where they form part of the complete structure.
(5)   Single shell panels (cylindrical, conical or spherical) are not explicitly covered by EN 1999 1 5. However, the provisions can be applicable if the appropriate boundary conditions are duly taken into account.
(6)   Types of shell walls covered in EN 1999 1 5 can be (see Figure 1.1):
-   shell wall constructed from flat rolled sheet with adjacent plates connected with butt welds, termed ‘isotropic’;
-   shell wall with lap joints formed by connecting adjacent plates with overlapping sections, termed lap-jointed;
-   shell wall with stiffeners attached to the outside, termed ‘externally stiffened’ irrespective of the spacing of stiffeners;
-   shell wall with the corrugations running up the meridian, termed ‘axially corrugated’;
-   shell wall constructed from corrugated sheets with the corrugations running around the shell circumference, termed ‘circumferentially corrugated’.
(7)   The provisions of EN 1999 1 5 are intended to be applied within the temperature range defined in EN 1999 1 1. The maximum temperature is restricted so that the influence of creep can be neglected. For structures subject to elevated temperatures associated with fire see EN 1999 1 2.
(8)   EN 1999 1 5 does not cover the aspect of leakage.
1.2   Assumptions
(1)   The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2)   The provisions of EN 1999 1 1 apply.
(3)   The design procedures are valid only when the requirements for execution in EN 1090 3 or other equivalent requirements are complied with.
(4)   For the design of new structures, prEN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
(5)   EN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used in conjunction with:
-   European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
-   EN 1090 1: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
-   EN 1090 3: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures

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1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-3
(1) This document gives the basis for the design of aluminium alloy structures subject to fatigue in the ultimate limit state.
(2) This document gives rules for:
- safe life design;
- damage tolerant design;
- design assisted by testing.
(3) This document does not cover pressurized containment vessels or pipework.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) The provisions of EN 1999-1-1 apply.
(3) EN 1999-1-3 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), relevant parts in EN 1992 to EN 1999, EN 1090-1 and EN 1090-3 for requirements for execution, and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to aluminium structures.

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1.1   Scope of EN 1999-1-5
(1)   EN 1999-1-5 applies to the structural design of aluminium structures, stiffened and unstiffened, that have the form of a shell of revolution or of a round panel in monocoque structures.
(2)   EN 1999-1-5 covers additional provisions to those given in the relevant parts of EN 1999 for design of aluminium structures.
NOTE   Supplementary information for certain types of shells is given in EN 1993-1-6 and the relevant application parts of EN 1993 which include:
-   Part 3-1 for towers and masts;
-   Part 3-2 for chimneys;
-   Part 4-1 for silos;
-   Part 4-2 for tanks;
-   Part 4-3 for pipelines.
(4)   The provisions in EN 1999-1-5 apply to axisymmetric shells (cylinders, cones, spheres) and associated circular or annular plates, beam section rings and stringer stiffeners, where they form part of the complete structure.
(5)   Single shell panels (cylindrical, conical or spherical) are not explicitly covered by EN 1999-1-5. However, the provisions can be applicable if the appropriate boundary conditions are duly taken into account.
(6)   Types of shell walls covered in EN 1999-1-5 can be (see Figure 1.1):
-   shell wall constructed from flat rolled sheet with adjacent plates connected with butt welds, termed “isotropic”;
-   shell wall with lap joints formed by connecting adjacent plates with overlapping sections, termed “lap-jointed”;
-   shell wall with stiffeners attached to the outside, termed “externally stiffened” irrespective of the spacing of stiffeners;
-   shell wall with the corrugations running up the meridian, termed “axially corrugated”;
-   shell wall constructed from corrugated sheets with the corrugations running around the shell circumference, termed “circumferentially corrugated”.
[Figure 1.1 - Illustration of cylindrical shell form]
(7)   The provisions of EN 1999-1-5 are intended to be applied within the temperature range defined in EN 1999-1-1. The maximum temperature is restricted so that the influence of creep can be neglected. For structures subject to elevated temperatures associated with fire, see EN 1999-1-2.
(8)   EN 1999-1-5 does not cover the aspect of leakage.
1.2   Assumptions
(1)   The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2)   The provisions of EN 1999-1-1 apply.
(3)   The design procedures are valid only when the requirements for execution in EN 1090-3 or other equivalent requirements are complied with.
(4)   For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
(5)   EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
-   European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures;
-   EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components;
-   EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures.

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1.1   Scope of EN 1999-1-2
(1)   EN 1999-1-2 deals with the design of aluminium structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1999-1-1, EN 1999-1-2, EN 1999-1-3, EN 1999-1-4 and EN 1999-1-5. This document only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2)   EN 1999-1-2 applies to aluminium structures required to fulfil a load bearing function.
(3)   EN 1999-1-2 gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned function and the levels of performance.
(4)   EN 1999-1-2 applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1999 1 1 and are designed accordingly.
(5)   The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable to the following aluminium alloys:
EN AW-3004 - H34   EN AW-5083 - O and H12   EN AW-6063 - T5 and T6
EN AW-5005  -  O and H34   EN AW-5454 - O and H34   EN AW-6082 - T4 and T6
EN AW-5052  - H34      EN AW-6061 - T6   
(6)   The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable also to other aluminium alloy/tempers of EN 1999 1-1, if reliable material properties at elevated temperatures are available or the simplified assumptions in 5.2.1 are applied.
1.2   Assumptions
(1)   In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the following assumptions apply:
-   the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation.
-   any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained.
(2)   For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997, EN 1998 and EN 1999.
(3)   EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
-   European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
-   EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
-   EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures

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1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-3
(1) This document gives the basis for the design of aluminium alloy structures subject to fatigue in the ultimate limit state.
(2) This document gives rules for:
- safe life design;
- damage tolerant design;
- design assisted by testing.
(3) This document does not cover pressurized containment vessels or pipework.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) The provisions of EN 1999-1-1 apply.
(3) EN 1999-1-3 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), relevant parts in EN 1992 to EN 1999, EN 1090-1 and EN 1090-3 for requirements for execution, and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to aluminium structures.

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1.1   Scope of EN 1999-1-4
(1)   EN 1999-1-4 gives design requirements for cold-formed trapezoidal aluminium sheeting. It applies to cold-formed aluminium products made from hot rolled or cold rolled sheet or strip that have been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-breaking.
NOTE 1   The rules in this part complement the rules in other parts of EN 1999-1.
NOTE 2   The execution of aluminium structures made of cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications is covered in EN 1090-5.
(2)   EN 1999-1-4 gives methods for stressed-skin design using aluminium sheeting as a structural diaphragm.
(3)   EN 1999-1-4 does not apply to cold-formed aluminium profiles like C- and Z- profiles nor cold-formed and welded circular or rectangular hollow sections.
(4)   EN 1999-1-4 gives methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for the design by calculation apply only within stated ranges of material properties and geometrical properties for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design by testing.
(5)   EN 1999-1-4 does not cover load arrangement for loads during execution and maintenance.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
-   European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures;
-   EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components;
-   EN 1090-5, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications.

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Scope of FprEN 1990
(1) This document establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, appropriate to the consequences of failure.
(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the other Eurocodes for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including temporary structures.
(3) This document describes the basis for structural and geotechnical design and verification according to the limit state principle.
(4) The verification methods in this document are based primarily on the partial factor method.
NOTE 1   Alternative methods are given in the other Eurocodes for specific applications.
NOTE 2   The Annexes to this document also provide general guidance concerning the use of alternative methods.
(5) This document is also applicable for:
-   structural assessment of existing structures;
-   developing the design of repairs, improvements and alterations;
-   assessing changes of use.
NOTE   Additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
(6) This document is applicable for the design of structures where materials or actions outside the scope of EN 1991 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) are involved.
NOTE   In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) It is assumed that reasonable skill and care appropriate to the circumstances is exercised in the design, based on the knowledge and good practice generally available at the time the structure is designed.
(2) It is assumed that the design of the structure is made by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel.
(3) The design rules provided in the Eurocodes assume that:
-   execution will be carried out by personnel having appropriate skill and experience;
-   adequate control and supervision will be provided during design and execution of the works, whether in factories, plants, or on site;
-   construction materials and products will be used in accordance with the Eurocodes, in the relevant product and execution standards, and project specifications;
-   the structure will be adequately maintained;
-   the structure will be used in accordance with the design assumptions.
NOTE   Guidance on management measures to satisfy the assumptions for design and execution is given in
Annex B.

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1.1 Scope of FprEN 1999-1-1
(1) FprEN 1999-1-1 gives basic design rules for structures made of wrought aluminium alloys and limited guidance for cast alloys (see Clause 5 and Annex C).
This document does not cover the following, unless otherwise explicitly stated in this document:
- components with material thickness less than 0,6 mm;
- welded components with material thickness less than 1,5 mm;
- connections with:
- steel bolts and pins with diameter less than 5 mm;
- aluminium bolts and pins with diameter less than 8 mm;
- rivets and thread forming screws with diameter less than 3,9 mm.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
- execution complies with EN 1090-3 and EN 1090-5;
- the mechanical properties comply with the product standards listed in 5.2.2.
(2) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures;
- EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components;
- EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures;
- EN 1090-5, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications.

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1.1   Scope of EN 1993 1 1
(1) EN 1993 1 1 gives basic design rules for steel structures.
(2) It also gives supplementary provisions for the structural design of steel buildings. These supplementary provisions are indicated by the letter "B" after the paragraph number, thus (  )B.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to EN 1993 1 1.
(2) EN 1993 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), the parts of EN 1992 to EN 1999 where steel structures or steel components are referred to within those documents, EN 1090 2, EN 1090 4 and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to steel structures.

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1.1   Scope of FprCEN/TS 19101
(1) This document applies to the design of buildings, bridges and other civil engineering structures in fibre-polymer composite materials, including permanent and temporary structures. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability and durability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990.
NOTE   In this document, fibre-polymer composite materials are referred to as composite materials or as composites.
(2) This document is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of composite structures.
NOTE 1   Specific requirements concerning seismic design are not considered.
NOTE 2   Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or acoustic insulation, are not considered.
(3) This document gives a general basis for the design of composite structures composed of (i) composite members, or (ii) combinations of composite members and members of other materials (hybrid-composite structures), and (iii) the joints between these members.
(4) This document applies to composite structures in which the values of material temperature in members, joints and components in service conditions are (i) higher than -40 °C and (ii) lower than   - 20 °C, where   is the glass transition temperature of composite, core and adhesive materials, defined according to 5.1(1).
(5) This document applies to:
(i) composite members, i.e. profiles and sandwich panels, and
(ii) bolted, bonded and hybrid joints and their connections.
NOTE 1   Profiles and sandwich panels can be applied in structural systems such as beams, columns, frames, trusses, slabs, plates and shells.
NOTE 2   Sandwich panels include homogenous core and web-core panels. In web-core panels, the cells between webs can be filled (e.g. with foam) or remain empty (e.g. panels from pultruded profiles).
NOTE 3   This document does not apply to sandwich panels made of metallic face sheets.
NOTE 4   Built-up members can result from the assembly of two or more profiles, through bolting and/or adhesive bonding.
NOTE 5   The main manufacturing processes of composite members include pultrusion, filament winding, hand layup, resin transfer moulding (RTM), resin infusion moulding (RIM), vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM).
NOTE 6   This document does not apply to composite cables or special types of civil engineering works (e.g. pressure vessels, tanks or chemical storage containers).
(6) This document applies to:
(i) the composite components of composite members, i.e. composite plies, composite laminates, sandwich cores and plates or profiles, and
(ii) the components of joints or their connections, i.e. connection plates or profiles (e.g. cleats), bolts, and adhesive layers.
NOTE 1   Composite components are composed of composite materials (i.e. fibres and matrix resins) and core materials. Components of joints and their connections are also composed of composite, steel or adhesive materials.
NOTE 2   The fibre architecture of composite components can comprise a single type of fibres or a hybrid of two or more types of fibres.
NOTE 3   This document does not apply to composite components used for internal reinforcement of concrete structures (composite rebars) or strengthening of existing structures (composite rebars, strips or sheets).
(7) This document applies to composite materials, comprising:
(i) glass, carbon, basalt or aramid fibres, and
(ii) a matrix based on unsaturated polyester, vinylester, epoxy or phenolic thermoset resins.

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(1) This document provides an alternative method for the stability verification of steel members under compression axial force and bending moment, with reference to EN 1993 1 1.
NOTE   For the applicability of this document, see Clause 4.
(2) The method given in this document applies to uniform steel members with double symmetric cross-section under axial compression force and bi-axial bending.

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1.1   Scope of FprCEN/TS 19101
(1) This document applies to the design of buildings, bridges and other civil engineering structures in fibre-polymer composite materials, including permanent and temporary structures. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability and durability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990.
NOTE   In this document, fibre-polymer composite materials are referred to as composite materials or as composites.
(2) This document is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of composite structures.
NOTE 1   Specific requirements concerning seismic design are not considered.
NOTE 2   Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or acoustic insulation, are not considered.
(3) This document gives a general basis for the design of composite structures composed of (i) composite members, or (ii) combinations of composite members and members of other materials (hybrid-composite structures), and (iii) the joints between these members.
(4) This document applies to composite structures in which the values of material temperature in members, joints and components in service conditions are (i) higher than -40 °C and (ii) lower than   - 20 °C, where   is the glass transition temperature of composite, core and adhesive materials, defined according to 5.1(1).
(5) This document applies to:
(i) composite members, i.e. profiles and sandwich panels, and
(ii) bolted, bonded and hybrid joints and their connections.
NOTE 1   Profiles and sandwich panels can be applied in structural systems such as beams, columns, frames, trusses, slabs, plates and shells.
NOTE 2   Sandwich panels include homogenous core and web-core panels. In web-core panels, the cells between webs can be filled (e.g. with foam) or remain empty (e.g. panels from pultruded profiles).
NOTE 3   This document does not apply to sandwich panels made of metallic face sheets.
NOTE 4   Built-up members can result from the assembly of two or more profiles, through bolting and/or adhesive bonding.
NOTE 5   The main manufacturing processes of composite members include pultrusion, filament winding, hand layup, resin transfer moulding (RTM), resin infusion moulding (RIM), vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM).
NOTE 6   This document does not apply to composite cables or special types of civil engineering works (e.g. pressure vessels, tanks or chemical storage containers).
(6) This document applies to:
(i) the composite components of composite members, i.e. composite plies, composite laminates, sandwich cores and plates or profiles, and
(ii) the components of joints or their connections, i.e. connection plates or profiles (e.g. cleats), bolts, and adhesive layers.
NOTE 1   Composite components are composed of composite materials (i.e. fibres and matrix resins) and core materials. Components of joints and their connections are also composed of composite, steel or adhesive materials.
NOTE 2   The fibre architecture of composite components can comprise a single type of fibres or a hybrid of two or more types of fibres.
NOTE 3   This document does not apply to composite components used for internal reinforcement of concrete structures (composite rebars) or strengthening of existing structures (composite rebars, strips or sheets).
(7) This document applies to composite materials, comprising:
(i) glass, carbon, basalt or aramid fibres, and
(ii) a matrix based on unsaturated polyester, vinylester, epoxy or phenolic thermoset resins.

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1.1   Scope of FprEN 1993 1 1
(1) FprEN 1993 1 1 gives basic design rules for steel structures.
(2) It also gives supplementary provisions for the structural design of steel buildings. These supplementary provisions are indicated by the letter "B" after the paragraph number, thus (  )B.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to FprEN 1993 1 1.
(2) EN 1993 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), the parts of EN 1992 to EN 1999 where steel structures or steel components are referred to within those documents, EN 1090 2, EN 1090 4 and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to steel structures.

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(1) This document provides an alternative method for the stability verification of steel members under compression axial force and bending moment, with reference to EN 1993 1 1.
NOTE   For the applicability of this document, see Clause 4.
(2) The method given in this document applies to uniform steel members with double symmetric cross-section under axial compression force and bi-axial bending.

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(1) The basis for the design of building and civil engineering works in masonry is given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996, which deals with unreinforced masonry, reinforced masonry and confined masonry. Principles for the design of prestressed masonry are also given. This Part 1-1 of EN 1996 is not valid for masonry elements with a plan area of less than 0,04 m2.
(2) For those types of structures not covered entirely, for new structural uses for established materials, for new materials, or where actions and other influences outside normal experience have to be resisted, the provisions given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996 may be applicable, but may need to be supplemented.
(3) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 gives detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical reasons or due to simplifications; any limits of applicability are given in the text where necessary.
(4) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 does not cover:
—   resistance to fire (which is dealt with in EN 1996-1-2);
—   particular aspects of special types of building (for example, dynamic effects on tall buildings);
—   particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as masonry bridges, dams, chimneys or liquid-retaining structures);
—   particular aspects of special types of structures (such as arches or domes);
—   masonry where gypsum, with or without cement, mortars are used;
—   masonry where the units are not laid in a regular pattern of courses (rubble masonry);
—   masonry reinforced with other materials than steel.

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(1) The basis for the design of building and civil engineering works in masonry is given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996, which deals with unreinforced masonry, reinforced masonry and confined masonry. Principles for the design of prestressed masonry are also given. This Part 1-1 of EN 1996 is not valid for masonry elements with a plan area of less than 0,04 m2.
(2) For those types of structures not covered entirely, for new structural uses for established materials, for new materials, or where actions and other influences outside normal experience have to be resisted, the provisions given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996 may be applicable, but may need to be supplemented.
(3) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 gives detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical reasons or due to simplifications; any limits of applicability are given in the text where necessary.
(4) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 does not cover:
-   resistance to fire (which is dealt with in EN 1996-1-2);
-   particular aspects of special types of building (for example, dynamic effects on tall buildings);
-   particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as masonry bridges, dams, chimneys or liquid-retaining structures);
-   particular aspects of special types of structures (such as arches or domes);
-   masonry where gypsum, with or without cement, mortars are used;
-   masonry where the units are not laid in a regular pattern of courses (rubble masonry);
-   masonry reinforced with other materials than steel.

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1.1   Scope of CEN/TS 19103
(1)   CEN/TS 19103 gives general design rules for timber-concrete composite structures.
(2)   It provides requirements for materials, design parameters, connections, detailing and execution for timber-concrete composite structures. Recommendations for environmental parameters (temperature and moisture content), design methods and test methods are given in the Annexes.
(3)   It includes rules common to many types of timber-concrete composite, but does not include details for the design of glued timber-concrete composites, nor for bridges.
NOTE   For the design of glued timber-concrete composites or bridges alternative references are available.
(4)   It covers the design of timber-concrete composite structures in both quasi-constant and variable environmental conditions. For ease of use, it provides simple design rules for quasi-constant environmental conditions and more complex rules for variable environmental conditions.
1.2   Assumptions
(1)   The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2)   CEN/TS 19103 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN  1992 (all parts), EN  1994 (all parts), EN 1995 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts) when timber structures are built in seismic regions, and ENs for construction products relevant to timber structures.

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1.1   Scope of CEN/TS 19103
(1)   CEN/TS 19103 gives general design rules for timber-concrete composite structures.
(2)   It provides requirements for materials, design parameters, connections, detailing and execution for timber-concrete composite structures. Recommendations for environmental parameters (temperature and moisture content), design methods and test methods are given in the Annexes.
(3)   It includes rules common to many types of timber-concrete composite, but does not include details for the design of glued timber-concrete composites, nor for bridges.
NOTE   For the design of glued timber-concrete composites or bridges alternative references are available.
(4)   It covers the design of timber-concrete composite structures in both quasi-constant and variable environmental conditions. For ease of use, it provides simple design rules for quasi-constant environmental conditions and more complex rules for variable environmental conditions.
1.2   Assumptions
(1)   The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2)   CEN/TS 19103 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN  1992 (all parts), EN  1994 (all parts), EN 1995 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts) when timber structures are built in seismic regions, and ENs for construction products relevant to timber structures.

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This document has been developed to support EN 17210, “Accessibility and usability of the built environment – Functional requirements”. This document provides and exemplifies technical performance criteria and specifications for an accessible and usable built environment, following the Design for All/Universal design principles. The document specifies what is necessary to align with these principles which will facilitate equitable and safe use for a wide range of users.
The technical performance criteria and specifications are applicable across the full spectrum of the built environment and can be used as criteria for awarding public contracts (in support of the Public Procurement Directives).
These technical performance criteria and specifications are specifically applicable to the design, construction, refurbishment or adaptation, and maintenance of public or public-use environments including external areas.
Alternatively, national standards and regulations may determine the technical performance criteria and specifications to fulfil the functional requirements of EN 17210.
NOTE 1     Design for All and Universal Design share a similar inclusive design philosophy. Universal Design means the design of products, environments, programmes and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. Universal Design shall not exclude assistive devices for particular groups of persons with disabilities where this is needed (UN CRPD).
NOTE 2     Terms such as "design for all", "universal design", "accessible design", "barrier-free design", "inclusive design" and "transgenerational design" are often used interchangeably with the same meaning.

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EN 1993-1-5 gives design requirements of stiffened and unstiffened plates which are subject to inplane forces. Effects due to shear lag, in-plane load introduction and plate buckling for I-section girders and box girders are covered. Also covered are plated structural components subject to in-plane loads as in tanks and silos. The effects of out-of-plane loading are outside the scope of this document.

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1.1   Scope of CEN/TS 17440
(1)This document provides additional or amended provisions to EN 1990 to cover the assessment of existing structures (see EN 1990:2002, 1.1(4)), and the retained parts of existing structures that are being modified, extended, strengthened or retrofitted.
NOTE 1   The assessment of an existing structure is, in many aspects, different from the design of a new structure, see Introduction.
NOTE 2   There can be some aspects of EN 1990 that are required for design but are not applicable for assessment. The definition of those aspects of EN 1990 that are not applicable can be included in the definition of the assessment objectives and the approach to the assessment, see 5.
NOTE 3   This document is based on the general requirements and principles of structural reliability provided in Eurocodes EN 1990 and EN 1991.
(2) This document covers general principles regarding actions for assessment complementing EN 1991.
NOTE   Supplementary provisions for seismic actions due to earthquake are provided in EN 1998.
(3) This document includes general principles for the assessment of the structural resistance of existing structures.
NOTE   The specific models used to assess resistance are not provided in this document and will depend on the materials and structure types.
(4) This document does not provide specific rules for initiation of assessment.
(5) This document does not provide specific rules on how to undertake interventions that can be carried out as a result of an assessment.
(6) This document does not cover the design of new elements that will be integrated into an existing structure.
NOTE   For the design of new elements, see EN 1990.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of CEN/TS 17440 are:
-   the assessment of the structure is made by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel;
-   adequate supervision and quality control is provided during the assessment process;
-   the structure will be used in accordance with the assessment assumptions;
-   the structure will be maintained in accordance with the assessment assumptions.

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1.1   Scope of CEN/TS 17440
(1)This document provides additional or amended provisions to EN 1990 to cover the assessment of existing structures (see EN 1990:2002, 1.1(4)), and the retained parts of existing structures that are being modified, extended, strengthened or retrofitted.
NOTE 1   The assessment of an existing structure is, in many aspects, different from the design of a new structure, see Introduction.
NOTE 2   There can be some aspects of EN 1990 that are required for design but are not applicable for assessment. The definition of those aspects of EN 1990 that are not applicable can be included in the definition of the assessment objectives and the approach to the assessment, see 5.
NOTE 3   This document is based on the general requirements and principles of structural reliability provided in Eurocodes EN 1990 and EN 1991.
(2) This document covers general principles regarding actions for assessment complementing EN 1991.
NOTE   Supplementary provisions for seismic actions due to earthquake are provided in EN 1998.
(3) This document includes general principles for the assessment of the structural resistance of existing structures.
NOTE   The specific models used to assess resistance are not provided in this document and will depend on the materials and structure types.
(4) This document does not provide specific rules for initiation of assessment.
(5) This document does not provide specific rules on how to undertake interventions that can be carried out as a result of an assessment.
(6) This document does not cover the design of new elements that will be integrated into an existing structure.
NOTE   For the design of new elements, see EN 1990.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of CEN/TS 17440 are:
-   the assessment of the structure is made by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel;
-   adequate supervision and quality control is provided during the assessment process;
-   the structure will be used in accordance with the assessment assumptions;
-   the structure will be maintained in accordance with the assessment assumptions.

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This document establishes the values of basic module, multimodules for horizontal coordinating dimensions and sub-modular increments for use in modular coordination of buildings. This document also specifies preferred vertical modular dimensions, series of preferred multimodular sizes for horizontal dimensions for all types in accordance with general principles and rules for modular coordination.

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EN 1993-1-5 gives design requirements of stiffened and unstiffened plates which are subject to inplane forces. Effects due to shear lag, in-plane load introduction and plate buckling for I-section girders and box girders are covered. Also covered are plated structural components subject to in-plane loads as in tanks and silos. The effects of out-of-plane loading are outside the scope of this document.

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1.1   General
(1) This European Standard provides a design method for fastenings (connection of structural elements and non-structural elements to structural components), which are used to transmit actions to the concrete. This design method uses physical models which are based on a combination of tests and numerical analysis consistent with EN 1990:2002, 5.2.
The requirements for the transmission of the fastener loads within the concrete member to its supports are given in EN 1992-1-1 and Annex A of this EN.
Inserts embedded in precast concrete elements during production, under Factory Production Control (FPC) conditions and with the due reinforcement, intended for use only during transient situations for lifting and handling, are covered by CEN/TR 15728.
(2) This EN is intended for safety related applications in which the failure of fastenings may result in collapse or partial collapse of the structure, cause risk to human life or lead to significant economic loss. In this context it also covers non-structural elements.
(3) The support of the fixture can be either statically determinate or statically indeterminate. Each support can consist of one fastener or a group of fasteners.
(4) This EN is valid for applications which fall within the scope of the EN 1992 series. In applications where special considerations apply, e.g. nuclear power plants or civil defence structures, modifications can be necessary.
(5) This EN does not cover the design of the fixture. The requirements for the design of the fixture are given in the appropriate Standards and fulfil the requirements on the fixture as given in this EN.
(6) This document relies on characteristic resistances and distances which are stated in a European Technical Product Specification (see Annex E). At least the characteristics of Annex E are given in a European Technical Product Specification for the corresponding loading conditions providing a basis for the design methods of this EN.
NOTE   The numerical values for certain parameters given in Notes can be used for pre-dimensioning. The values for verification are given in the European Technical Product Specifications and may be different.
1.2   Type of fasteners and fastening groups
(1)   This EN uses the fastener design theory ) (see Figure 1.1) and applies to:
a)   cast-in fasteners such as headed fasteners, anchor channels with rigid connection (e.g. welded, forged) between anchor and channel;
b)   post-installed mechanical fasteners such as expansion fasteners, undercut fasteners and concrete screws;
c)   post-installed bonded fasteners and bonded expansion fasteners.
(2)   For other types of fasteners modifications of the design provisions can be necessary.
(3)   This EN applies to fasteners with established suitability for the specified application in concrete covered by provisions, which refer to this EN and provide data required by this EN. The suitability of the fastener is stated in the relevant European Technical Product Specification.
(...)
(4)   This EN applies to single fasteners and groups of fasteners. In a group of fasteners the loads are applied to the individual fasteners of the group by means of a common fixture. In a group of fasteners this European Standard applies only if fasteners of the same type and size are used.
(5)   The configurations of fastenings with cast-in place headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners covered by this EN are shown in Figure 1.2.
(6)   For anchor channels the number of anchors is not limited.
(...)
(7)   Post-installed ribbed reinforcing bars used to connect concrete members are covered by a European Technical Product Specification. This EN applies when connections are designed in accordance with EN 1992-1-1.
1.3   Fastener dimensions and materials
(1)   This EN applies to fasteners with a minimum diameter or a minimum thread size of 6 mm (M6) or a corresponding cross section. (....)

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This European Standard specifies requirements for the execution, i.e. the manufacture and the installation, of cold-formed structural steel members and sheeting and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor, wall and cladding applications.
This European Standard applies to structures designed according to the EN 1993 series.
This European Standard applies to structural members and sheeting to be designed according to EN 1993 1 3.
This European Standard may be used for structures designed according to other design rules provided that conditions for execution comply with them and any necessary additional requirements are specified.
This European Standard also specifies requirements for the execution i.e. the manufacture and the installation of structures made from cold formed profiled sheeting for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications under predominately static loading or seismic loading conditions and their documentation.
This European Standard covers sheeting of structural classes I and II according to EN 1993 1 3 used in structures.
This European Standard covers structural members of all structural classes according to EN 1993 1 3.
Structural sheeting are understood here to be:
-   profiled sheet, such as trapezoidal, sinusoidal or liner trays (Figure 1), or
Structural members are understood here to be:
-   members (linear profiled cross sections) that are produced by cold forming (Figure 2).
This European Standard also covers:
-   not welded built-up sections (Figure 2b and 2c);
-   cold-formed hollow sections including the welding of the longitudinal seam, not covered by EN 10219 1;
-   perforated, punctured and micro profiled sheeting and members;
NOTE 1   Welded built-up sections, are not covered, the execution provisions are given in EN 1090–2.
This European Standard also covers spacer constructions between the outer and inner or upper and lower skins for roofs, walls and ceilings made from cold-formed profiled sheeting and the connections and attachments of the afore mentioned elements as long as all are involved in load transfer.
This European Standard covers steel profiled sheeting for composite floors, e.g. during installation and in stage of pouring concrete.
Composite structural members where the interaction between dissimilar materials are an integral part of the structural behaviour such as sandwich panels and composite floors are not covered by this standard.
This European Standard does not cover the necessary analyses and detailing and execution rules for thermal insulation, moisture protection, noise control and fire protection.
This European Standard does not cover regulations of roof cladding and wall cladding, produced by traditional plumber methods or tinsmith methods.
Annex B of this standard concerns provisions which are not yet included in EN 1993 1 3. The guidelines in this annex may be wholly or partially superseded by future guidelines added to EN 1993.
This European Standard does not cover detailed requirements for water tightness or air permeability resistance and thermal aspects of sheeting.
NOTE 2   The structures covered in this standard can be for example
-   single- or multi-skin roofs, whereby the load-bearing structure (lower skin) or the actual roof covering (upper skin) or both consist of cold-formed structural members and sheeting;
-   single- or multi-skin walls whereby the load-bearing structure (inner skin), the actual cladding (outer skin) or both consist of cold-formed structural members and sheeting, or
-   trusses from cold formed members.
NOTE 3   Structures can consist of an assembly of structural members and sheeting made of steel according to EN 1090–4 and of aluminium according to EN 1090-5.

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1.1   General
(1)   This EN provides a design method for fastenings (connection of structural elements and non-structural elements to structural components), which are used to transmit actions to the concrete.
Inserts embedded in precast concrete elements during production, under Factory Production Control (FPC) conditions and with the due reinforcement, intended for use only during transient situations for lifting and handling, are covered by the CEN/TR “Design and Use of Inserts for Lifting and Handling Precast Concrete Elements”, by CEN/TC 229.
(2)   This EN is intended for safety related applications in which the failure of fastenings will result in collapse or partial collapse of the structure, cause risk to human life or lead to significant economic loss.  In this context it also covers non-structural elements.
(3)   The support of the fixture may be either statically determinate or statically indeterminate. Each support may consist of one fastener or a group of fasteners.
(4)   This EN is valid for applications which fall within the scope of the series EN 1992. In applications where special considerations apply, e.g. nuclear power plants or civil defence structures, modifications may be necessary. The transmission of the fastener loads to the supports of the concrete member shall be shown for the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state according to EN 1992-1-1.
(5)   This EN does not cover the design of the fixture. The design of the fixture shall be carried out to comply with the appropriate Standards.
(6)   This document relies on characteristic resistances and distances which are stated in a European Technical Product Specification (see Annex E). At least the characteristics of Annex E, Table E.1 should be given in a European Technical Product Specification providing a basis for the design methods of this EN.
1.2   Type of fasteners and fastening groups
(1)   This EN uses the fastener design theory ) (Figure 1.1) and applies to:
a)   cast-in fasteners such as headed fasteners, anchor channels with rigid connection between anchor and channel;
b)   post-installed mechanical fasteners such as expansion anchors, undercut anchors and concrete screws;
c)   post-installed bonded anchors, bonded expansion anchors and bonded undercut anchors.
NOTE   Connections with post-installed ribbed reinforcing bars should be covered by a European Technical Product Specification and comply with the requirements of EN 1992-1-1.
(2)   For other types of fasteners modifications of the design provisions may be necessary.
(3)   This EN applies to fasteners with established suitability for the specified application in concrete covered by provisions, which refer to this EN and provide data required by this EN. The suitability of the fastener is stated in the relevant European Technical Product Specification.
(...)
(4)   This EN applies to single fasteners and groups of fasteners. In a fastening group the loads are applied to the individual fasteners of the group by means of a common fixture. In this EN it is assumed that in a fastener group only fasteners of the same type and size are used.
The configurations of fastenings with cast-in place headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners covered by this EN are shown in Figure 1.2.
For anchor channels the number of fasteners is not limited.
(...)
NOTE   Configuration with three fasteners is not recommended close to an edge (ci < 100mm) as there are no safe design models for shear loads.
1.3   Fastener dimensions and materials
(1)   This EN applies to fasteners with a minimum diameter or a minimum thread size of 6 mm (M6) or a corresponding cross section. In general, the effective embedment depth should be: hef  40 mm. The actual value for a particular fastener shall be taken from the relevant European Technical Product Specification. In case of post-installed chemical fasteners the effective embedment depth is limited to hef  20dnom. (....)

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This Technical Report reviews current practice with regard to designing, constructing and maintaining the parts of bridges and tracks where railway rails are installed across discontinuities in supporting structures. Current Standards and Codes of Practice are examined and some particular case histories are reviewed. The Technical Report gives guidance with respect to current best practice and makes recommendations for future standards development and also identifies areas in which further research and development is needed.

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This Technical Report reviews current practice with regard to designing, constructing and maintaining the parts of bridges and tracks where railway rails are installed across discontinuities in supporting structures. Current Standards and Codes of Practice are examined and some particular case histories are reviewed. The Technical Report gives guidance with respect to current best practice and makes recommendations for future standards development and also identifies areas in which further research and development is needed.

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Assessment of loads imposed by snow to be used in the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works on sites at altitudes below 1500 m.

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- Grades of stainless steel covered in EN 1993-1-4
- Section classification
- Shear buckling
- Cold worked grads (including undermatched welding)
- Grade selection and durability

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