91.010.30 - Technical aspects
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Technical aspects
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(1) EN 1993-1-5 gives design requirements of stiffened and unstiffened plates which are subject to inplane
forces.
(2) Effects due to shear lag, in-plane load introduction and plate buckling for I-section girders and box
girders are covered. Also covered are plated structural components subject to in-plane loads as in tanks and
silos. The effects of out-of-plane loading are outside the scope of this document.
NOTE 1: The rules in this part complement the rules for class 1, 2, 3 and 4 sections, see EN 1993-1-1.
NOTE 2: For the design of slender plates which are subject to repeated direct stress and/or shear and also
fatigue due to out-of-plane bending of plate elements (breathing) see EN 1993-2 and EN 1993-6.
NOTE 3: For the effects of out-of-plane loading and for the combination of in-plane effects and out-of-plane
loading effects see EN 1993-2 and EN 1993-1-7.
NOTE 4: Single plate elements may be considered as flat where the curvature radius r satisfies:
t
a
r
2
³ (1.1)
where a is the panel width
t is the plate thickness
- Standard82 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1993 1 8
(1) This document gives design methods for the design of joints subject to predominantly static loading using all steel grades from S235 up to and including S700 unless otherwise stated in individual clauses.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 and EN 1993-1-1 apply to this document.
(2) The design methods given in this part of EN 1993 are applicable when the quality of construction is as specified in EN 1090 2 or EN 1090 4, and that the construction materials and products used are those specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993, or in the relevant material and product specifications.
- Standard216 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of prEN 1993-1-3
(1) This document provides rules for structural design of cold-formed steel members and sheeting.
(2) This document applies to cold-formed steel products made from coated or uncoated hot- or cold-rolled sheet or strip, which have been cold-formed by processes such as roll-forming or press braking. It also covers sheeting and members which are curved during fabrication by continuous bending or roll-forming. Sheeting which has the curvature created by crushing the inner flanges is not included. This document is also applicable to the design of profiled steel sheeting for composite steel and concrete slabs at the construction stage, see EN 1994. The execution of steel structures made of cold-formed steel members and sheeting is covered in EN 1090 4. Provisions for bolted connections are provided in EN 1090 2.
NOTE The rules in prEN 1993 1 3 complement the rules in other parts of EN 1993 1.
(3) Methods are also given for stressed-skin design, using steel sheeting as a structural diaphragm.
(4) This document does not apply to cold-formed circular and rectangular structural hollow sections supplied to EN 10219, for which reference is made to EN 1993 1 1 and EN 1993 1 8.
(5) This document provides methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for design by calculation apply only within the stated ranges of material properties and geometric proportions, for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design assisted by testing.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 1 apply.
(2) The design methods given in prEN 1993 1 3 are applicable if:
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090 4, the execution quality of bolted connections is as specified in EN 1090 2, and
- the construction materials and products are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(2) EN 1993 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- the parts of EN 1992 to EN 1999 where steel structures or steel components are referred to within those documents;
- EN, EAD and ETA standards for construction products relevant to steel structures.
- Standard209 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1991 1 2
(1) The methods given in this Eurocode are applicable to buildings and civil engineering works, with a fire load related to the building and its occupancy.
(2) EN 1991 1 2 deals with thermal and mechanical actions on structures exposed to fire. It is intended to be used in conjunction with the fire design Parts of EN 1992 to EN 1996 and EN 1999 which give rules for designing structures for fire resistance.
(3) EN 1991 1 2 contains thermal actions either nominal or physically based. More data and models for physically based thermal actions are given in annexes.
(4) EN 1991 1 2 does not cover the assessment of the damage of a structure after a fire.
(5) EN 1991 1 2 does not cover supplementary requirements concerning, for example:
- the possible installation and maintenance of sprinkler systems;
- conditions on occupancy of building or fire compartment;
- the use of approved insulation and coating materials, including their maintenance.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
- any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained;
- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of prEN 1993-1-13
1.1.1 General
(1) This document gives supplementary provisions that extend the application of EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993 1 5 to the design of rolled and welded steel sections with various shapes of web openings. The following cases are considered:
— rolled or welded beams with widely spaced web openings;
— rolled or welded beams with closely spaced web openings;
— cellular beams with circular openings made by cutting and re-welding two parts of steel sections that may be different in dimensions;
— beams with hexagonal and sinusoidal openings made by cutting and re-welding two parts of steel sections that may be different in dimensions.
(2) This document applies to uniform members with I or H profiles, which are symmetric about the weak axis. It does not apply to non-prismatic or curved beams although the same principles can apply.
(3) This document applies to steel beams with web openings that are subjected to sagging (positive) and to beams that are also subjected to hogging (negative) bending moments.
(4) This document covers the verification of the resistance at the openings and their effect on the global behaviour of the beam, including lateral torsional buckling.
(5) Alternative methods are presented for beams with circular openings and with sinusoidal openings in which the forces and resistances are calculated by increments around or along the openings and which are suitable for computer methods.
(6) This document applies to web slenderness, hw/tw, not exceeding 121ε. The local checks at and between adjacent openings apply to web slenderness up to this limit. Tension field action of plate girders is not part of the scope.
NOTE The limit of 121ε corresponds to the section classification for a symmetric steel section and is used as a convenient limit for the application of this document, including asymmetric sections. The material parameter ε is defined in prEN 1993-1-1:2020, 5.2.5 (2).
(7) This document does not cover fatigue. In case of fatigue, EN 1993-1-9 applies.
(8) This document does not cover fire design. For the design in case of fire, EN 1993-1-2 applies.
(9) This document does not cover the buckling verification of members with web openings under axial force.
1.1.2 Shapes of openings
(1) The different shapes of openings that are considered in this document are shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1...
1.1.3 Stiffened openings
(1) This document also covers openings in the web of beams that are reinforced by longitudinal stiffeners and/or transverse stiffeners on one or both sides of the web, see Figure 1.2.
NOTE The National Annex can give rules for alternative types of stiffener.
Figure 1.2...
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993-1-1 apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-13 are applicable if
— the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and
— the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
- Standard47 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of prEN 1993-1-2
(1) This document provides rules for the design of steel structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure. This Part of EN 1993 only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2) This document applies to steel structures required to fulfil a loadbearing function.
(3) This document does not include rules for separating function.
(4) This document gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned function and the levels of performance.
(5) This document applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1993 1 1 and are designed accordingly.
(6) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1991-1-2, EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993 1-3, EN 1993-1-4, EN 1993-1-5, EN 1993-1-6, EN 1993-1-7, EN 1993-1-8, EN 1993-1-11, EN 1993-1-13 or EN 1993-1-14.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991(all parts) and EN 1993-1-1 apply.
(2) The design methods given in prEN 1993-1-2 are applicable if
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 and/or EN 1090-4, and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in prEN 1993-1-1:2020, Table 5.1 and Table 5.2 and in prEN 1993-1-3:2022, Table 5.1 and Table 5.2, or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(3) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation;
- any fire protection measure taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained.
- Standard97 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of prEN 1993-1-3
(1) This document provides rules for structural design of cold-formed steel members and sheeting.
(2) This document applies to cold-formed steel products made from coated or uncoated hot- or cold-rolled sheet or strip, which have been cold-formed by processes such as roll-forming or press braking. It also covers sheeting and members which are curved during fabrication by continuous bending or roll-forming. Sheeting which has the curvature created by crushing the inner flanges is not included. This document is also applicable to the design of profiled steel sheeting for composite steel and concrete slabs at the construction stage, see EN 1994. The execution of steel structures made of cold-formed steel members and sheeting is covered in EN 1090 4. Provisions for bolted connections are provided in EN 1090 2.
NOTE The rules in prEN 1993 1 3 complement the rules in other parts of EN 1993 1.
(3) Methods are also given for stressed-skin design, using steel sheeting as a structural diaphragm.
(4) This document does not apply to cold-formed circular and rectangular structural hollow sections supplied to EN 10219, for which reference is made to EN 1993 1 1 and EN 1993 1 8.
(5) This document provides methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for design by calculation apply only within the stated ranges of material properties and geometric proportions, for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design assisted by testing.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 1 apply.
(2) The design methods given in prEN 1993 1 3 are applicable if:
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090 4, the execution quality of bolted connections is as specified in EN 1090 2, and
- the construction materials and products are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(2) EN 1993 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- the parts of EN 1992 to EN 1999 where steel structures or steel components are referred to within those documents;
- EN, EAD and ETA standards for construction products relevant to steel structures.
- Standard209 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of FprEN 1993-1-8
(1) FprEN 1993-1-8 provides rules for structural design of joints subject to predominantly static loading using all steel grades from S235 up to and including S700, unless otherwise stated in individual clauses.
NOTE As an alternative to the design rules provided in Clause 9, the design rules given in CEN/TR 1993-1-801 "Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1 801: Hollow section joints design according to the component method" can be used.
(2) The provisions in this document apply to steels complying with the requirements given in EN 1993 1 1 and to material thickness greater than or equal to 3 mm, unless otherwise stated in individual clauses.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and the other relevant parts of EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in FprEN 1993-1-8 are applicable if:
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2,
and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
- Standard216 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of prEN 1993-1-2
(1) This document provides rules for the design of steel structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure. This Part of EN 1993 only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2) This document applies to steel structures required to fulfil a loadbearing function.
(3) This document does not include rules for separating function.
(4) This document gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned function and the levels of performance.
(5) This document applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1993 1 1 and are designed accordingly.
(6) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1991-1-2, EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993 1-3, EN 1993-1-4, EN 1993-1-5, EN 1993-1-6, EN 1993-1-7, EN 1993-1-8, EN 1993-1-11, EN 1993-1-13 or EN 1993-1-14.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991(all parts) and EN 1993-1-1 apply.
(2) The design methods given in prEN 1993-1-2 are applicable if
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 and/or EN 1090-4, and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in prEN 1993-1-1:2020, Table 5.1 and Table 5.2 and in prEN 1993-1-3:2022, Table 5.1 and Table 5.2, or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(3) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation;
- any fire protection measure taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained.
- Standard97 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1991 1 2
(1) The methods given in this Eurocode are applicable to buildings and civil engineering works, with a fire load related to the building and its occupancy.
(2) EN 1991 1 2 deals with thermal and mechanical actions on structures exposed to fire. It is intended to be used in conjunction with the fire design Parts of EN 1992 to EN 1996 and EN 1999 which give rules for designing structures for fire resistance.
(3) EN 1991 1 2 contains thermal actions either nominal or physically based. More data and models for physically based thermal actions are given in annexes.
(4) EN 1991 1 2 does not cover the assessment of the damage of a structure after a fire.
(5) EN 1991 1 2 does not cover supplementary requirements concerning, for example:
- the possible installation and maintenance of sprinkler systems;
- conditions on occupancy of building or fire compartment;
- the use of approved insulation and coating materials, including their maintenance.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
- any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained;
- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-5
(1) This document provides rules for structural design of stiffened and unstiffened nominally flat plates which are subject to in-plane forces.
(2) Non-uniform stress distributions due to shear lag, in-plane load introduction and plate buckling are covered. The effects of out-of-plane loading are outside the scope of this document.
NOTE 1 The rules in this part complement the rules for class 1, 2, 3 and 4 sections, see EN 1993-1-1.
NOTE 2 For the design of slender plates which are subject to repeated direct stress and/or shear and also fatigue due to out-of-plane bending of plate elements ("breathing"), see EN 1993-2 and EN 1993-6.
NOTE 3 For the effects of out-of-plane loading and for the combination of in-plane effects and out-of-plane loading effects, see EN 1993-2 and EN 1993-1-7.
(3) Single plate elements are considered as nominally flat where the curvature radius r in the direction perpendicular to the compression satisfies, as illustrated in Figure 1.1:
r≥b^2/t (1.1)
where
b is the panel width;
t is the plate thickness.
Figure 1.1 - Definition of plate curvature
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, the EN 1991 series and EN 1993-1-1 apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-5 are applicable if
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series or in the relevant material product specifications.
- Standard82 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
(1) This document provides simplified calculation methods to facilitate the design of the following
unreinforced masonry walls, subject to certain conditions of application:
— walls subjected to vertical and wind loading;
— walls subjected to concentrated loads;
— shear walls;
— basement walls subjected to lateral earth pressure and vertical loading;
— walls subjected to lateral loading but not subjected to vertical loading.
NOTE 1 For those types of masonry structures or parts of structures not covered by (1), the design can be based
on EN 1996-1-1.
NOTE 2 The rules given in this document are consistent with those given in EN 1996-1-1 but are more
conservative in respect of the conditions and limitations of their use.
(2) This document applies only to those masonry structures, or parts thereof, that are described in
EN 1996-1-1 and EN 1996-2.
(3) The simplified calculation methods given in this document do not cover the design of double-leaf
walls.
(4) The simplified calculation methods given in this document do not cover the design for accidental
situations.
- Standard39 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
(1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations.
(2) Imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including piers, abutments, upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls, noise barriers, canopies etc., and their foundations. Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary.
(3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models.
(4) This document is intended to be used with prEN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.
- Standard160 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
(1) This document deals with the design of concrete structures for the accidental situation of fire
exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1991-1-2:—1. This
document identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2) This document applies to concrete structures required to fulfil a loadbearing function, separating
function, insulation function or all of them.
(3) This document gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified
requirements in respect of the aforementioned functions and the levels of performance.
(4) This document applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of
EN 1992-1-1 and are designed accordingly.
- Standard88 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This standard gives the general basis for the design of structures in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal weight, lightweight and heavyweight aggregates together with specific rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures, including temporary structures, under temperature conditions between –40 °C and +100 °C generally. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, durability and robustness of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990 Basis of structural and geotechnical design.
EN 1992 is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability, robustness and fire resistance of concrete structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
This Part 1-1 does not cover:
− resistance to fire (see EN 1992-1-2),
− fastenings in concrete (see EN 1992-4),
− seismic design (see EN 1998),
− particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as dams, pressure
vessels),
− design with galvanised reinforcing steel,
− structures made with no-fines concrete, aerated or cellular concrete, lightweight aggregate
concrete with open structure components,
− structures containing structural steel sections (see EN 1994 for composite steel-concrete
structures),
− Structural parts made of concrete with D_lower < 8 mm, unless otherwise stated in the code.
- Standard402 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides requirements for the statistical distribution of material properties and dimensional parameters of structural steel products, allowing the proof of consistency of the safety approach of the properties of the product standards compared to those of the design standards for the design of steel buildings. It also describes the evaluation procedures for the verification of the compliance of structural steels with these requirements.
This document applies for the following structural steel products intended for buildings: hot rolled and welded I- and H-sections, hot rolled plates rolled on a reversing mill, sheets/plates cut from hot-rolled wide strip and hot finished and cold formed welded structural hollow sections.
It is intended to be used as a background document to support the assessment of the partial factors for steel constructions (as detailed in EN 1993-1-1).
This document can be used for neither product ordering nor certification.
NOTE The background of statistical requirements on mechanical properties and geometrical parameters is detailed in EN 1993-1-1:2022, Annex E.
- Technical specification14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of FprEN 1992-1-1
(1) This document gives the general basis for the design of structures in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal weight, lightweight and heavyweight aggregates. It gives specific rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures, including temporary structures; additional requirements specific to bridges are given in Annex K. The rules are valid under temperature conditions between −40 °C and +100 °C generally. This document complies with the principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, durability and robustness of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990.
(2) This document is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability, robustness and fire resistance of concrete structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
(3) This document does not cover:
- resistance to fire (see EN 1992 1 2);
- fastenings in concrete (see EN 1992 4);
- seismic design (see EN 1998 (all parts));
- particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as dams, pressure vessels);
- structures made with no-fines concrete, aerated or cellular concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete with open structure components;
- structures containing steel sections considered in design (see EN 1994 (all parts)) for composite steel and concrete structures;
- structural parts made of concrete with a smallest value of the upper sieve aggregate size Dlower < 8 mm (or if known Dmax < 8 mm) unless otherwise stated in this Eurocode.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to FprEN 1992-1-1.
(2) It is assumed that the requirements for execution and workmanship given in EN 13670 are complied with.
- Standard402 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1996-3
(1) This document provides simplified calculation methods to facilitate the design of the following unreinforced masonry walls, subject to certain conditions of application:
- walls subjected to vertical and wind loading;
- walls subjected to concentrated loads;
- shear walls;
- basement walls subjected to lateral earth pressure and vertical loading;
- walls subjected to lateral loading but not subjected to vertical loading.
NOTE 1 For those types of masonry structures or parts of structures not covered by (1), the design can be based on EN 1996-1-1.
NOTE 2 The rules given in this document are consistent with those given in EN 1996-1-1 but are more conservative in respect of the conditions and limitations of their use.
(2) This document applies only to those masonry structures, or parts thereof, that are described in EN 1996-1-1 and EN 1996-2.
(3) The simplified calculation methods given in this document do not cover the design of double-leaf walls.
(4) The simplified calculation methods given in this document do not cover the design for accidental situations.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document.
(2) This document is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, the EN 1991 series, EN 1996 1-1, EN 1996-1-2 and EN 1996-2.
(3) The rules given in this document assume that concrete floors are designed according to EN 1992-1-1.
- Standard39 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of prEN 1992 1 2
(1) This document deals with the design of concrete structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with prEN 1992 1 1 and EN 1991 1 2. This document identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2) This document applies to concrete structures required to fulfil a loadbearing function, separating function or both.
(3) This document gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned functions and the levels of performance.
(4) This document applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of prEN 1992 1 1 and are designed accordingly.
(5) The methods given in this document are applicable to normal weight concrete up to strength class C100/115 and lightweight concrete up to strength class LC50/60.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of prEN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel or is given by the relevant national regulation;
- any fire protection measure taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained.
- Standard88 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides requirements for the statistical distribution of material properties and dimensional parameters of structural steel products, allowing the proof of consistency of the safety approach of the properties of the product standards compared to those of the design standards for the design of steel buildings. It also describes the evaluation procedures for the verification of the compliance of structural steels with these requirements.
This document applies for the following structural steel products intended for buildings: hot rolled and welded I- and H-sections, hot rolled plates rolled on a reversing mill, sheets/plates cut from hot-rolled wide strip and hot finished and cold formed welded structural hollow sections.
It is intended to be used as a background document to support the assessment of the partial factors for steel constructions (as detailed in EN 1993-1-1).
This document can be used for neither product ordering nor certification.
NOTE The background of statistical requirements on mechanical properties and geometrical parameters is detailed in EN 1993-1-1:2022, Annex E.
- Technical specification14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
(1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations.
(2) Imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including piers, abutments, upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls, noise barriers, canopies etc., and their foundations. Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary.
(3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models.
(4) This document is intended to be used with prEN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.
- Standard160 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-4
(1)P This document gives design requirements for cold-formed trapezoidal aluminium sheeting. It applies to cold-formed aluminium products made from hot rolled or cold rolled sheet or strip that have been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-breaking.
NOTE 1 The rules in this part complement the rules in other parts of EN 1999-1.
NOTE 2 The execution of aluminium structures made of cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications is covered in EN 1090-5.
(2) This document gives methods for stressed-skin design using aluminium sheeting as a structural diaphragm.
(3) This document does not apply to cold-formed aluminium profiles like C- and Z- profiles nor cold-formed and welded circular or rectangular hollow sections.
(4) This document gives methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for the design by calculation apply only within stated ranges of material properties and geometrical properties for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design by testing.
(5) This document does not cover load arrangement for loads during execution and maintenance.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) For the design of new structures, prEN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
EN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
- EN 1090-1: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
- EN 1090-5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications
- Standard83 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-2
(1) EN 1999-1-2 deals with the design of aluminium structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1999-1-1, EN 1999-1-2, EN 1999-1-3, EN 1999-1-4 and EN 1999-1-5. This document only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2) EN 1999-1-2 applies to aluminium structures required to fulfil a load bearing function.
(3) EN 1999-1-2 gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned function and the levels of performance.
(4) EN 1999-1-2 applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1999 1 1 and are designed accordingly.
(5) The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable to the following aluminium alloys:
EN AW-3004 - H34 EN AW-5083 - O and H12 EN AW-6063 - T5 and T6
EN AW-5005 - O and H34 EN AW-5454 - O and H34 EN AW-6082 - T4 and T6
EN AW-5052 - H34 EN AW-6061 - T6
(6) The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable also to other aluminium alloy/tempers of EN 1999 1-1, if reliable material properties at elevated temperatures are available or the simplified assumptions in 5.2.1 are applied.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the following assumptions apply:
- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation.
- any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained.
(2) For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997, EN 1998 and EN 1999.
(3) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
- EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
- EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures
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EN 1999 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering and structural works made of aluminium. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety and serviceability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990 – Basis of structural design.
EN 1999 is only concerned with requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of aluminium structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
— EN 1990 Basis of structural design
— EN 1991 Actions on structures
— European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
— EN 1090-1: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
— EN 1090-3: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures.
EN 1999-1-1 gives basic design rules for structures made of wrought aluminium alloys and limited guidance for cast alloys.
The following limits are recommended – if not otherwise explicitly stated in this standard:
components with material thickness not less than 0,6 mm;
welded components with material thickness not less than 1,5 mm;
connections with:
— steel bolts and pins with diameter not less than 5 mm;
— aluminium bolts and pins with diameter not less than 8 mm;
— rivets and thread forming screws with diameter not less than 3,9 mm
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(1) This document establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, appropriate to the consequences of failure.
(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the other Eurocodes for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including temporary structures.
(3) This document describes the basis for structural and geotechnical design and verification according to the limit state principle.
(4) Design and verification in this document are based primarily on the partial factor method.
NOTE 1 Alternative methods are given in the other Eurocodes for specific applications.
NOTE 2 The Annexes to this document also provide general guidance concerning the use of alternative methods.
(5) This document is applicable for:
— structural appraisal of existing construction;
— developing the design of repairs, improvements and alterations;
— assessing changes of use.
(6) This document is applicable for the design of structures where materials or actions outside the scope of EN 1991 to EN 1999 are involved.
NOTE In this case additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-3
(1) This document gives the basis for the design of aluminium alloy structures subject to fatigue in the ultimate limit state.
(2) This document gives rules for:
- safe life design;
- damage tolerant design;
- design assisted by testing.
(3) This document does not cover pressurized containment vessels or pipework.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) The provisions of EN 1999-1-1 apply.
(3) EN 1999-1-3 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), relevant parts in EN 1992 to EN 1999, EN 1090-1 and EN 1090-3 for requirements for execution, and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to aluminium structures.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1999 1 5
(1) EN 1999 1 5 applies to the structural design of aluminium structures, stiffened and unstiffened, that have the form of a shell of revolution or of a round panel in monocoque structures.
(2) EN 1999 1 5 covers additional provisions to those given in the relevant parts of EN 1999 for design of aluminium structures.
NOTE Supplementary information for certain types of shells is given in EN 1993 1 6 and the relevant application parts which include:
- Part 3-1 for towers and masts;
- Part 3-2 for chimneys;
- Part 4-1 for silos;
- Part 4-2 for tanks;
- Part 4-3 for pipelines.
(4) The provisions in EN 1999 1 5 apply to axisymmetric shells (cylinders, cones, spheres) and associated circular or annular plates, beam section rings and stringer stiffeners, where they form part of the complete structure.
(5) Single shell panels (cylindrical, conical or spherical) are not explicitly covered by EN 1999 1 5. However, the provisions can be applicable if the appropriate boundary conditions are duly taken into account.
(6) Types of shell walls covered in EN 1999 1 5 can be (see Figure 1.1):
- shell wall constructed from flat rolled sheet with adjacent plates connected with butt welds, termed ‘isotropic’;
- shell wall with lap joints formed by connecting adjacent plates with overlapping sections, termed lap-jointed;
- shell wall with stiffeners attached to the outside, termed ‘externally stiffened’ irrespective of the spacing of stiffeners;
- shell wall with the corrugations running up the meridian, termed ‘axially corrugated’;
- shell wall constructed from corrugated sheets with the corrugations running around the shell circumference, termed ‘circumferentially corrugated’.
(7) The provisions of EN 1999 1 5 are intended to be applied within the temperature range defined in EN 1999 1 1. The maximum temperature is restricted so that the influence of creep can be neglected. For structures subject to elevated temperatures associated with fire see EN 1999 1 2.
(8) EN 1999 1 5 does not cover the aspect of leakage.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) The provisions of EN 1999 1 1 apply.
(3) The design procedures are valid only when the requirements for execution in EN 1090 3 or other equivalent requirements are complied with.
(4) For the design of new structures, prEN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
(5) EN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
- EN 1090 1: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
- EN 1090 3: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures
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1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-5
(1) EN 1999-1-5 applies to the structural design of aluminium structures, stiffened and unstiffened, that have the form of a shell of revolution or of a round panel in monocoque structures.
(2) EN 1999-1-5 covers additional provisions to those given in the relevant parts of EN 1999 for design of aluminium structures.
NOTE Supplementary information for certain types of shells is given in EN 1993-1-6 and the relevant application parts of EN 1993 which include:
- Part 3-1 for towers and masts;
- Part 3-2 for chimneys;
- Part 4-1 for silos;
- Part 4-2 for tanks;
- Part 4-3 for pipelines.
(4) The provisions in EN 1999-1-5 apply to axisymmetric shells (cylinders, cones, spheres) and associated circular or annular plates, beam section rings and stringer stiffeners, where they form part of the complete structure.
(5) Single shell panels (cylindrical, conical or spherical) are not explicitly covered by EN 1999-1-5. However, the provisions can be applicable if the appropriate boundary conditions are duly taken into account.
(6) Types of shell walls covered in EN 1999-1-5 can be (see Figure 1.1):
- shell wall constructed from flat rolled sheet with adjacent plates connected with butt welds, termed “isotropic”;
- shell wall with lap joints formed by connecting adjacent plates with overlapping sections, termed “lap-jointed”;
- shell wall with stiffeners attached to the outside, termed “externally stiffened” irrespective of the spacing of stiffeners;
- shell wall with the corrugations running up the meridian, termed “axially corrugated”;
- shell wall constructed from corrugated sheets with the corrugations running around the shell circumference, termed “circumferentially corrugated”.
[Figure 1.1 - Illustration of cylindrical shell form]
(7) The provisions of EN 1999-1-5 are intended to be applied within the temperature range defined in EN 1999-1-1. The maximum temperature is restricted so that the influence of creep can be neglected. For structures subject to elevated temperatures associated with fire, see EN 1999-1-2.
(8) EN 1999-1-5 does not cover the aspect of leakage.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) The provisions of EN 1999-1-1 apply.
(3) The design procedures are valid only when the requirements for execution in EN 1090-3 or other equivalent requirements are complied with.
(4) For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
(5) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures;
- EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components;
- EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-3
(1) This document gives the basis for the design of aluminium alloy structures subject to fatigue in the ultimate limit state.
(2) This document gives rules for:
- safe life design;
- damage tolerant design;
- design assisted by testing.
(3) This document does not cover pressurized containment vessels or pipework.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) The provisions of EN 1999-1-1 apply.
(3) EN 1999-1-3 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), relevant parts in EN 1992 to EN 1999, EN 1090-1 and EN 1090-3 for requirements for execution, and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to aluminium structures.
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1.1 Scope of FprEN 1999-1-1
(1) FprEN 1999-1-1 gives basic design rules for structures made of wrought aluminium alloys and limited guidance for cast alloys (see Clause 5 and Annex C).
This document does not cover the following, unless otherwise explicitly stated in this document:
- components with material thickness less than 0,6 mm;
- welded components with material thickness less than 1,5 mm;
- connections with:
- steel bolts and pins with diameter less than 5 mm;
- aluminium bolts and pins with diameter less than 8 mm;
- rivets and thread forming screws with diameter less than 3,9 mm.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
- execution complies with EN 1090-3 and EN 1090-5;
- the mechanical properties comply with the product standards listed in 5.2.2.
(2) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures;
- EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components;
- EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures;
- EN 1090-5, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-2
(1) EN 1999-1-2 deals with the design of aluminium structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1999-1-1, EN 1999-1-2, EN 1999-1-3, EN 1999-1-4 and EN 1999-1-5. This document only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2) EN 1999-1-2 applies to aluminium structures required to fulfil a load bearing function.
(3) EN 1999-1-2 gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned function and the levels of performance.
(4) EN 1999-1-2 applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1999 1 1 and are designed accordingly.
(5) The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable to the following aluminium alloys:
EN AW-3004 - H34 EN AW-5083 - O and H12 EN AW-6063 - T5 and T6
EN AW-5005 - O and H34 EN AW-5454 - O and H34 EN AW-6082 - T4 and T6
EN AW-5052 - H34 EN AW-6061 - T6
(6) The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable also to other aluminium alloy/tempers of EN 1999 1-1, if reliable material properties at elevated temperatures are available or the simplified assumptions in 5.2.1 are applied.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the following assumptions apply:
- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation.
- any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained.
(2) For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997, EN 1998 and EN 1999.
(3) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
- EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
- EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures
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Scope of FprEN 1990
(1) This document establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, appropriate to the consequences of failure.
(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the other Eurocodes for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including temporary structures.
(3) This document describes the basis for structural and geotechnical design and verification according to the limit state principle.
(4) The verification methods in this document are based primarily on the partial factor method.
NOTE 1 Alternative methods are given in the other Eurocodes for specific applications.
NOTE 2 The Annexes to this document also provide general guidance concerning the use of alternative methods.
(5) This document is also applicable for:
- structural assessment of existing structures;
- developing the design of repairs, improvements and alterations;
- assessing changes of use.
NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
(6) This document is applicable for the design of structures where materials or actions outside the scope of EN 1991 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) are involved.
NOTE In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) It is assumed that reasonable skill and care appropriate to the circumstances is exercised in the design, based on the knowledge and good practice generally available at the time the structure is designed.
(2) It is assumed that the design of the structure is made by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel.
(3) The design rules provided in the Eurocodes assume that:
- execution will be carried out by personnel having appropriate skill and experience;
- adequate control and supervision will be provided during design and execution of the works, whether in factories, plants, or on site;
- construction materials and products will be used in accordance with the Eurocodes, in the relevant product and execution standards, and project specifications;
- the structure will be adequately maintained;
- the structure will be used in accordance with the design assumptions.
NOTE Guidance on management measures to satisfy the assumptions for design and execution is given in
Annex B.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-4
(1) EN 1999-1-4 gives design requirements for cold-formed trapezoidal aluminium sheeting. It applies to cold-formed aluminium products made from hot rolled or cold rolled sheet or strip that have been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-breaking.
NOTE 1 The rules in this part complement the rules in other parts of EN 1999-1.
NOTE 2 The execution of aluminium structures made of cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications is covered in EN 1090-5.
(2) EN 1999-1-4 gives methods for stressed-skin design using aluminium sheeting as a structural diaphragm.
(3) EN 1999-1-4 does not apply to cold-formed aluminium profiles like C- and Z- profiles nor cold-formed and welded circular or rectangular hollow sections.
(4) EN 1999-1-4 gives methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for the design by calculation apply only within stated ranges of material properties and geometrical properties for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design by testing.
(5) EN 1999-1-4 does not cover load arrangement for loads during execution and maintenance.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures;
- EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components;
- EN 1090-5, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications.
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(1) This document provides an alternative method for the stability verification of steel members under compression axial force and bending moment, with reference to EN 1993 1 1.
NOTE For the applicability of this document, see Clause 4.
(2) The method given in this document applies to uniform steel members with double symmetric cross-section under axial compression force and bi-axial bending.
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1.1 Scope of FprCEN/TS 19101
(1) This document applies to the design of buildings, bridges and other civil engineering structures in fibre-polymer composite materials, including permanent and temporary structures. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability and durability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990.
NOTE In this document, fibre-polymer composite materials are referred to as composite materials or as composites.
(2) This document is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of composite structures.
NOTE 1 Specific requirements concerning seismic design are not considered.
NOTE 2 Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or acoustic insulation, are not considered.
(3) This document gives a general basis for the design of composite structures composed of (i) composite members, or (ii) combinations of composite members and members of other materials (hybrid-composite structures), and (iii) the joints between these members.
(4) This document applies to composite structures in which the values of material temperature in members, joints and components in service conditions are (i) higher than -40 °C and (ii) lower than - 20 °C, where is the glass transition temperature of composite, core and adhesive materials, defined according to 5.1(1).
(5) This document applies to:
(i) composite members, i.e. profiles and sandwich panels, and
(ii) bolted, bonded and hybrid joints and their connections.
NOTE 1 Profiles and sandwich panels can be applied in structural systems such as beams, columns, frames, trusses, slabs, plates and shells.
NOTE 2 Sandwich panels include homogenous core and web-core panels. In web-core panels, the cells between webs can be filled (e.g. with foam) or remain empty (e.g. panels from pultruded profiles).
NOTE 3 This document does not apply to sandwich panels made of metallic face sheets.
NOTE 4 Built-up members can result from the assembly of two or more profiles, through bolting and/or adhesive bonding.
NOTE 5 The main manufacturing processes of composite members include pultrusion, filament winding, hand layup, resin transfer moulding (RTM), resin infusion moulding (RIM), vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM).
NOTE 6 This document does not apply to composite cables or special types of civil engineering works (e.g. pressure vessels, tanks or chemical storage containers).
(6) This document applies to:
(i) the composite components of composite members, i.e. composite plies, composite laminates, sandwich cores and plates or profiles, and
(ii) the components of joints or their connections, i.e. connection plates or profiles (e.g. cleats), bolts, and adhesive layers.
NOTE 1 Composite components are composed of composite materials (i.e. fibres and matrix resins) and core materials. Components of joints and their connections are also composed of composite, steel or adhesive materials.
NOTE 2 The fibre architecture of composite components can comprise a single type of fibres or a hybrid of two or more types of fibres.
NOTE 3 This document does not apply to composite components used for internal reinforcement of concrete structures (composite rebars) or strengthening of existing structures (composite rebars, strips or sheets).
(7) This document applies to composite materials, comprising:
(i) glass, carbon, basalt or aramid fibres, and
(ii) a matrix based on unsaturated polyester, vinylester, epoxy or phenolic thermoset resins.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1993 1 1
(1) EN 1993 1 1 gives basic design rules for steel structures.
(2) It also gives supplementary provisions for the structural design of steel buildings. These supplementary provisions are indicated by the letter "B" after the paragraph number, thus ( )B.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to EN 1993 1 1.
(2) EN 1993 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), the parts of EN 1992 to EN 1999 where steel structures or steel components are referred to within those documents, EN 1090 2, EN 1090 4 and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to steel structures.
- Standard120 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of FprCEN/TS 19101
(1) This document applies to the design of buildings, bridges and other civil engineering structures in fibre-polymer composite materials, including permanent and temporary structures. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability and durability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990.
NOTE In this document, fibre-polymer composite materials are referred to as composite materials or as composites.
(2) This document is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of composite structures.
NOTE 1 Specific requirements concerning seismic design are not considered.
NOTE 2 Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or acoustic insulation, are not considered.
(3) This document gives a general basis for the design of composite structures composed of (i) composite members, or (ii) combinations of composite members and members of other materials (hybrid-composite structures), and (iii) the joints between these members.
(4) This document applies to composite structures in which the values of material temperature in members, joints and components in service conditions are (i) higher than -40 °C and (ii) lower than - 20 °C, where is the glass transition temperature of composite, core and adhesive materials, defined according to 5.1(1).
(5) This document applies to:
(i) composite members, i.e. profiles and sandwich panels, and
(ii) bolted, bonded and hybrid joints and their connections.
NOTE 1 Profiles and sandwich panels can be applied in structural systems such as beams, columns, frames, trusses, slabs, plates and shells.
NOTE 2 Sandwich panels include homogenous core and web-core panels. In web-core panels, the cells between webs can be filled (e.g. with foam) or remain empty (e.g. panels from pultruded profiles).
NOTE 3 This document does not apply to sandwich panels made of metallic face sheets.
NOTE 4 Built-up members can result from the assembly of two or more profiles, through bolting and/or adhesive bonding.
NOTE 5 The main manufacturing processes of composite members include pultrusion, filament winding, hand layup, resin transfer moulding (RTM), resin infusion moulding (RIM), vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM).
NOTE 6 This document does not apply to composite cables or special types of civil engineering works (e.g. pressure vessels, tanks or chemical storage containers).
(6) This document applies to:
(i) the composite components of composite members, i.e. composite plies, composite laminates, sandwich cores and plates or profiles, and
(ii) the components of joints or their connections, i.e. connection plates or profiles (e.g. cleats), bolts, and adhesive layers.
NOTE 1 Composite components are composed of composite materials (i.e. fibres and matrix resins) and core materials. Components of joints and their connections are also composed of composite, steel or adhesive materials.
NOTE 2 The fibre architecture of composite components can comprise a single type of fibres or a hybrid of two or more types of fibres.
NOTE 3 This document does not apply to composite components used for internal reinforcement of concrete structures (composite rebars) or strengthening of existing structures (composite rebars, strips or sheets).
(7) This document applies to composite materials, comprising:
(i) glass, carbon, basalt or aramid fibres, and
(ii) a matrix based on unsaturated polyester, vinylester, epoxy or phenolic thermoset resins.
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1.1 Scope of FprEN 1993 1 1
(1) FprEN 1993 1 1 gives basic design rules for steel structures.
(2) It also gives supplementary provisions for the structural design of steel buildings. These supplementary provisions are indicated by the letter "B" after the paragraph number, thus ( )B.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to FprEN 1993 1 1.
(2) EN 1993 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), the parts of EN 1992 to EN 1999 where steel structures or steel components are referred to within those documents, EN 1090 2, EN 1090 4 and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to steel structures.
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(1) This document provides an alternative method for the stability verification of steel members under compression axial force and bending moment, with reference to EN 1993 1 1.
NOTE For the applicability of this document, see Clause 4.
(2) The method given in this document applies to uniform steel members with double symmetric cross-section under axial compression force and bi-axial bending.
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- Technical specification9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
(1) The basis for the design of building and civil engineering works in masonry is given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996, which deals with unreinforced masonry, reinforced masonry and confined masonry. Principles for the design of prestressed masonry are also given. This Part 1-1 of EN 1996 is not valid for masonry elements with a plan area of less than 0,04 m2.
(2) For those types of structures not covered entirely, for new structural uses for established materials, for new materials, or where actions and other influences outside normal experience have to be resisted, the provisions given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996 may be applicable, but may need to be supplemented.
(3) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 gives detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical reasons or due to simplifications; any limits of applicability are given in the text where necessary.
(4) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 does not cover:
— resistance to fire (which is dealt with in EN 1996-1-2);
— particular aspects of special types of building (for example, dynamic effects on tall buildings);
— particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as masonry bridges, dams, chimneys or liquid-retaining structures);
— particular aspects of special types of structures (such as arches or domes);
— masonry where gypsum, with or without cement, mortars are used;
— masonry where the units are not laid in a regular pattern of courses (rubble masonry);
— masonry reinforced with other materials than steel.
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(1) The basis for the design of building and civil engineering works in masonry is given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996, which deals with unreinforced masonry, reinforced masonry and confined masonry. Principles for the design of prestressed masonry are also given. This Part 1-1 of EN 1996 is not valid for masonry elements with a plan area of less than 0,04 m2.
(2) For those types of structures not covered entirely, for new structural uses for established materials, for new materials, or where actions and other influences outside normal experience have to be resisted, the provisions given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996 may be applicable, but may need to be supplemented.
(3) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 gives detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical reasons or due to simplifications; any limits of applicability are given in the text where necessary.
(4) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 does not cover:
- resistance to fire (which is dealt with in EN 1996-1-2);
- particular aspects of special types of building (for example, dynamic effects on tall buildings);
- particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as masonry bridges, dams, chimneys or liquid-retaining structures);
- particular aspects of special types of structures (such as arches or domes);
- masonry where gypsum, with or without cement, mortars are used;
- masonry where the units are not laid in a regular pattern of courses (rubble masonry);
- masonry reinforced with other materials than steel.
- Standard137 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of CEN/TS 19103
(1) CEN/TS 19103 gives general design rules for timber-concrete composite structures.
(2) It provides requirements for materials, design parameters, connections, detailing and execution for timber-concrete composite structures. Recommendations for environmental parameters (temperature and moisture content), design methods and test methods are given in the Annexes.
(3) It includes rules common to many types of timber-concrete composite, but does not include details for the design of glued timber-concrete composites, nor for bridges.
NOTE For the design of glued timber-concrete composites or bridges alternative references are available.
(4) It covers the design of timber-concrete composite structures in both quasi-constant and variable environmental conditions. For ease of use, it provides simple design rules for quasi-constant environmental conditions and more complex rules for variable environmental conditions.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) CEN/TS 19103 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1992 (all parts), EN 1994 (all parts), EN 1995 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts) when timber structures are built in seismic regions, and ENs for construction products relevant to timber structures.
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DOP of 12 months
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1.1 Scope of CEN/TS 19103
(1) CEN/TS 19103 gives general design rules for timber-concrete composite structures.
(2) It provides requirements for materials, design parameters, connections, detailing and execution for timber-concrete composite structures. Recommendations for environmental parameters (temperature and moisture content), design methods and test methods are given in the Annexes.
(3) It includes rules common to many types of timber-concrete composite, but does not include details for the design of glued timber-concrete composites, nor for bridges.
NOTE For the design of glued timber-concrete composites or bridges alternative references are available.
(4) It covers the design of timber-concrete composite structures in both quasi-constant and variable environmental conditions. For ease of use, it provides simple design rules for quasi-constant environmental conditions and more complex rules for variable environmental conditions.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) CEN/TS 19103 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1992 (all parts), EN 1994 (all parts), EN 1995 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts) when timber structures are built in seismic regions, and ENs for construction products relevant to timber structures.
- Technical specification58 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document has been developed to support EN 17210, “Accessibility and usability of the built environment – Functional requirements”. This document provides and exemplifies technical performance criteria and specifications for an accessible and usable built environment, following the Design for All/Universal design principles. The document specifies what is necessary to align with these principles which will facilitate equitable and safe use for a wide range of users.
The technical performance criteria and specifications are applicable across the full spectrum of the built environment and can be used as criteria for awarding public contracts (in support of the Public Procurement Directives).
These technical performance criteria and specifications are specifically applicable to the design, construction, refurbishment or adaptation, and maintenance of public or public-use environments including external areas.
Alternatively, national standards and regulations may determine the technical performance criteria and specifications to fulfil the functional requirements of EN 17210.
NOTE 1 Design for All and Universal Design share a similar inclusive design philosophy. Universal Design means the design of products, environments, programmes and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. Universal Design shall not exclude assistive devices for particular groups of persons with disabilities where this is needed (UN CRPD).
NOTE 2 Terms such as "design for all", "universal design", "accessible design", "barrier-free design", "inclusive design" and "transgenerational design" are often used interchangeably with the same meaning.
- Technical report234 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
DOP of 12 months
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1.1 Scope of CEN/TS 17440
(1)This document provides additional or amended provisions to EN 1990 to cover the assessment of existing structures (see EN 1990:2002, 1.1(4)), and the retained parts of existing structures that are being modified, extended, strengthened or retrofitted.
NOTE 1 The assessment of an existing structure is, in many aspects, different from the design of a new structure, see Introduction.
NOTE 2 There can be some aspects of EN 1990 that are required for design but are not applicable for assessment. The definition of those aspects of EN 1990 that are not applicable can be included in the definition of the assessment objectives and the approach to the assessment, see 5.
NOTE 3 This document is based on the general requirements and principles of structural reliability provided in Eurocodes EN 1990 and EN 1991.
(2) This document covers general principles regarding actions for assessment complementing EN 1991.
NOTE Supplementary provisions for seismic actions due to earthquake are provided in EN 1998.
(3) This document includes general principles for the assessment of the structural resistance of existing structures.
NOTE The specific models used to assess resistance are not provided in this document and will depend on the materials and structure types.
(4) This document does not provide specific rules for initiation of assessment.
(5) This document does not provide specific rules on how to undertake interventions that can be carried out as a result of an assessment.
(6) This document does not cover the design of new elements that will be integrated into an existing structure.
NOTE For the design of new elements, see EN 1990.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of CEN/TS 17440 are:
- the assessment of the structure is made by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel;
- adequate supervision and quality control is provided during the assessment process;
- the structure will be used in accordance with the assessment assumptions;
- the structure will be maintained in accordance with the assessment assumptions.
- Technical specification50 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of CEN/TS 17440
(1)This document provides additional or amended provisions to EN 1990 to cover the assessment of existing structures (see EN 1990:2002, 1.1(4)), and the retained parts of existing structures that are being modified, extended, strengthened or retrofitted.
NOTE 1 The assessment of an existing structure is, in many aspects, different from the design of a new structure, see Introduction.
NOTE 2 There can be some aspects of EN 1990 that are required for design but are not applicable for assessment. The definition of those aspects of EN 1990 that are not applicable can be included in the definition of the assessment objectives and the approach to the assessment, see 5.
NOTE 3 This document is based on the general requirements and principles of structural reliability provided in Eurocodes EN 1990 and EN 1991.
(2) This document covers general principles regarding actions for assessment complementing EN 1991.
NOTE Supplementary provisions for seismic actions due to earthquake are provided in EN 1998.
(3) This document includes general principles for the assessment of the structural resistance of existing structures.
NOTE The specific models used to assess resistance are not provided in this document and will depend on the materials and structure types.
(4) This document does not provide specific rules for initiation of assessment.
(5) This document does not provide specific rules on how to undertake interventions that can be carried out as a result of an assessment.
(6) This document does not cover the design of new elements that will be integrated into an existing structure.
NOTE For the design of new elements, see EN 1990.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of CEN/TS 17440 are:
- the assessment of the structure is made by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel;
- adequate supervision and quality control is provided during the assessment process;
- the structure will be used in accordance with the assessment assumptions;
- the structure will be maintained in accordance with the assessment assumptions.
- Technical specification50 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes the values of basic module, multimodules for horizontal coordinating dimensions and sub-modular increments for use in modular coordination of buildings. This document also specifies preferred vertical modular dimensions, series of preferred multimodular sizes for horizontal dimensions for all types in accordance with general principles and rules for modular coordination.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off