Geographic information - Schema for coverage geometry and functions - Part 1: Fundamentals (ISO/FDIS 19123-1:2023)

Geoinformation - Coverage Geometrie- und Funktionsschema - Teil 1: Grundlagen (ISO/FDIS 19123-1:2023)

Information géographique - Schéma de la géométrie et des fonctions de couverture - Partie 1: Principes de base (ISO/FDIS 19123-1:2023)

Geografske informacije - Shema za geometrijo podatkovnega sloja in funkcije - 1. del: Osnove (ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022)

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Publication Date
16-Jan-2024
Current Stage
4599 - Dispatch of FV draft to CMC - Finalization for Vote
Start Date
11-Nov-2022
Completion Date
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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 19123-1:2022
01-april-2022
Geografske informacije - Shema za geometrijo podatkovnega sloja in funkcije - 1.
del: Osnove (ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022)
Geographic information - Schema for coverage geometry and functions - Part 1:
Fundamentals (ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022)
Geoinformation - Coverage Geometrie- und Funktionsschema (ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022)

Information géographique -- Schéma de la géométrie et des fonctions de couverture -

Partie 1: Principes de base (ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 19123-1
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
oSIST prEN ISO 19123-1:2022 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO 19123-1:2022
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oSIST prEN ISO 19123-1:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 19123-1
ISO/TC 211 Secretariat: SIS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2022-02-09 2022-05-04
Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry
and functions —
Part 1:
Fundamentals

Information géographique — Schéma de la géométrie et des fonctions de couverture —

Partie 1: Principes de base
ICS: 35.240.70
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
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ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO 2022
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oSIST prEN ISO 19123-1:2022
ISO 19123-1:####
ISO TC 211/WG 6
ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022(E)
Date: 2021-12-08
Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and
functions — Part 1: Fundamentals
DIS stage
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

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Contents

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................. v

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ................................................................................................................................. 1

3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and notation ...................................................................... 1

3.1 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................ 1

3.2 Abbreviated terms ....................................................................................................................................... 9

3.3 Notation ........................................................................................................................................................... 9

4 Conformance .................................................................................................................................................. 9

4.1 Interoperability and Conformance Testing ........................................................................................ 9

4.2 Organization ............................................................................................................................................... 10

5 Coverages ..................................................................................................................................................... 12

5.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 12

5.2 Coverage Schema ...................................................................................................................................... 12

5.3 Probing Coverages: evaluate() Function .......................................................................................... 13

5.4 Domain of a coverage .............................................................................................................................. 14

5.5 Range of a coverage .................................................................................................................................. 18

5.6 Interpolation .............................................................................................................................................. 18

5.7 Common Point Rule .................................................................................................................................. 20

5.8 Realization Variants ................................................................................................................................. 20

5.9 Envelope ....................................................................................................................................................... 23

6 Multi-Point Coverages ............................................................................................................................. 24

7 Grid Coverages ........................................................................................................................................... 24

7.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 24

7.2 Grids ............................................................................................................................................................... 24

7.3 Grid Cells ...................................................................................................................................................... 29

7.4 Grid Coverage ............................................................................................................................................. 30

7.5 Rectified and Referenceable Grid Coverages .................................................................................. 30

7.6 Further Grid Coverages........................................................................................................................... 32

8 Multi-Curve Coverages ............................................................................................................................ 33

8.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 33

8.2 General Multi-Curve Coverages ........................................................................................................... 33

8.3 Segmented curve coverages .................................................................................................................. 33

9 Multi-Surface Coverages ......................................................................................................................... 34

9.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 34

9.2 General Multi-Surface Coverages ........................................................................................................ 34

9.3 Further Surface Coverages .................................................................................................................... 35

10 Multi-Solid Coverages .............................................................................................................................. 37

Annex A (normative) Conformance Tests ............................................................................................... 39

Annex B (informative) Interpolation methods ..................................................................................... 43

Annex C (informative) Sequential enumeration .................................................................................. 47

Annex D (normative) Legacy Data-Centric Coverage Specification ............................................... 53

Annex E (informative) Backward Compatibility .................................................................................. 71

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Annex F (normative) Data dictionary .......................................................................................................73

Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 138

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Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each memb er body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmen tal, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO

collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any

patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on

the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World

Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.

A list of all parts in the ISO 19123 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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Introduction

This standard defines, at a high, implementation-independent level, the notion of coverages as digital

representations of space-time varying geographic phenomena, corresponding to a field in physics: a

physical quantity that has a value for each point in space-time. Such coverages can be discrete or

continuous.

Historically, geographic information has been treated in terms of two fundamental types called vector

data and raster data.

“Vector data” deals with discrete phenomena, each of which is conceived of as a feature. The spatial

characteristics of a discrete real-world phenomenon are represented by a set of one or more geometric

primitives (points, curves, surfaces or solids). Other characteristics of the phenomenon are recorded as

feature attributes. Usually, a single feature is associated with a single set of attribute values.

ISO 19107:2019 provides a schema for describing features in terms of geometric and topological

primitives.

“Raster data ”, on the other hand, deals with real-world phenomena that vary over space and time. It

contains a set of values, each associated with one of the elements in an array of points or cells. It is usually

associated with a method for interpolating values at spatial positions between the points or within the

cells. Since this data structure is not the only one that can be used to represent phenomena that vary

continuously over space, this document uses the term “coverage,” adopted from the Abstract

Specification of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) [11], to refer to any data representation that

assigns values directly to spatio-temporal position. A coverage is a function from a spatial, temporal or

spatio-temporal domain to an attribute range. A coverage associates a position within its domain to a

record of values of defined data types.

A coverage function has as its domain, an area or space defined by any combination of the three physical

spatial dimensions plus the physical dimension time. Mathematics also uses the word dimension to

represent an axis in a numeric space. The mathematical meanings of dimension and space are broader

than those used in the physical world. The three physical spatial dimensions plus the physical dimension

time may be mapped to mathematical dimensions. The range of a coverage function is a set of attribute

values for each of the attribute types. These range values may also be represented as mathematical

dimensions. That is, we have two complementary ways of viewing a coverage function, as a domain and

range or as a mathematical space based on axes.

In this document, coverage is modelled as a subtype of feature as defined in ISO 19101. A coverage is a

feature that has multiple values for each attribute type, where each direct position within the geometric

representation of the feature has a single value for each attribute type.

A coverage consists of spatio-temporally extended objects where information content depends on (and

varies with) the particular coordinate where it is probed. Standardization in this area is a cornerstone for

other geographic information design, specification and standardization.

Such space-time varying objects are described as sets of geographic objects (“features”), called coverages.

The feature objects collected in a coverage define the positions where values are available (called Direct

Positions), and the individual values associated with each feature.

NOTE Direct Positions can be of different dimensions. For example, in a raster image modelled as a coverage the

Direct Positions will be the grid points; in a Multi-Solid Coverage a Direct Position is given by the interior of a 3D

solid.

In practice, coverages encompass regular and irregular grids, point clouds, and general meshes. Examples

include raster data, triangulated irregular networks, point sets and polygon coverages. Coverages are

multi-dimensional, including examples like 1D sensor timeseries, 2D satellite images, 3D x/y/t image

“Raster” is a widely used but imprecise colloquial term that encompasses imagery, gridded and other types of coverage

data.
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timeseries and x/y/z geophysical voxel data, and 4D x/y/z/t climate and ocean data. Axes of such

coverages can have spatial, temporal, or any other dimension, and they can be combined freely.

EXAMPLE The electromagnetic spectrum is an example for an axis with neither spatial nor temporal

semantics. As such a spectral axis can be defined following the rules of ISO 19111, so it qualifies as a coverage axis.

A coverage which provides values only at the Direct Positions is called “a discrete coverage” (discrete in

its domain); if interpolation information is added so that values can be obtained also beyond the

coverage’s Direct Positions such a coverage is called “a continuous coverage”.

Just as the concepts of discrete and continuous phenomena are not mutually exclusive, their

representations as discrete features or coverages are not mutually exclusive. The same phenomenon may

be represented as either a discrete feature or a coverage. A city may be viewed as a discrete feature that

returns a single value for each attribute, such as its name, area and total population. The city feature may

also be represented as a coverage that returns values such as population density, land value or air quality

index for each position in the city.

A coverage, moreover, can be derived from a collection of discrete features with common attributes, the

values of the coverage at each position being the values of the attributes of the feature located at that

position. Conversely, a collection of discrete features can be derived from a coverage; each discrete

feature being composed of a set of positions associated with specified attribute values.

The previous version of this standard ISO 19123:2005 addressed coverage modelling on both conceptual

and (to some extent) implementation level. For this edition of the document, coverage modelling has been

split into two separate, but connected documents: ISO 19123-1 (this document) establishes an abstract,

high-level coverage model while ISO 19123-2 establishes an implementation-level model ensuring

interoperability, based on the concepts of ISO 19123-1.
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Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and
functions — Part 1: Fundamentals
1 Scope

This document defines a conceptual schema for coverages. A coverage is a mapping from a spatial,

temporal or spatio-temporal domain to attribute values sharing the same type within the domain. A

coverage domain consists of a collection of direct positions in a coordinate space that may be defined in

terms of spatial and/or temporal dimensions. Examples of coverages include meshes/grids, triangulated

irregular networks, point coverages and polygon coverages. Coverages are the prevailing data structures

in a number of application areas, such as remote sensing, meteorology and mapping of bathymetry,

elevation, soil and vegetation. This document defines the relationship between the domain of a coverage

and an associated attribute range. The characteristics of the domain are defined whereas the

characteristics of the attribute range are not part of this standard.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO/TS 19101-2:2018, Geographic information — Reference model — Part 2: Imagery
ISO 19103:2015, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO 19107:2019, Geographic information — Spatial schema
ISO 19108:2002, Geographic information — Temporal schema
ISO 19109:2015, Geographic information — Rules for application schema
ISO 19111:2019, Geographic information —Referencing by coordinates
ISO 19115-1:2014, Geographic information — Metadata — Part 1: Fundamentals
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and notation
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1.1
analytical coverage

type of continuous coverage which is a spatially bounded, but transfinite set of direct positions, and a

mathematical function that relates direct position to feature attribute value
3.1.2
axis

linear feature from which a one-dimensional coordinate system is constructed

Note 1 to entry: This definition is established in accordance with ISO 19111:2019, Clause 10.4.

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3.1.3
continuous coverage

coverage that returns different values for the same feature attribute at different direct positions within a

single spatial object, temporal object or spatio-temporal object in its domain

Note 1 to entry: Although the domain of a continuous coverage is ordinarily bounded in terms of its spatial and/or

temporal extent, it can be subdivided into an infinite number of direct positions.

3.1.4
coordinate
one of a sequence of numbers designating the position of a point

Note 1 to entry: A direct position is described by an ordered sequence of coordinates. The number of elements in a

direct position is established by the number of axes of the coverage.

[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.5, modified — Original N ote 1 to entry has been replaced with a new note

to entry.]
3.1.5
coordinate dimension

number of measurements separate decisions needed to describe a position in a

coordinate system

Note 1 to entry: The number of separate decisions corresponds to the number of axes.

[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.17, modified — Original Note 1 to entry has been replaced with a new note

to entry.]
3.1.6
coordinate system

set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assigned to points

[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.11]
3.1.7
coordinate reference system
coordinate system that is related to an object by a datum

Note 1 to entry: Geodetic and vertical datums are referred to as reference frames.

Note 2 to entry: For geodetic and vertical reference frames, the object will be the Earth. In planetary applications,

geodetic and vertical reference frames may be applied to other celestial bodies.
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.9]
3.1.8
coverage

feature that acts as a function to return values from its range for any direct position within its domain

3.1.9
coverage CRS
the common CRS in which all coordinates of a coverage are expressed

Note 1 to entry: Sometimes a coverage’s CRS is also referred to as the coverage’s Native CRS.

3.1.10
coverage dimension
coordinate dimension

number of separate decisions needed to describe a position in a coordinate

system
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Note 1 to entry: This is equivalent to “the number of axes in the coordinate reference system of the coverage domain

set

[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.17, modified — Original Note 1 to entry has been replaced with a new note

to entry.]
3.1.11
coverage geometry
configuration of the domain of a coverage described in terms of coordinates
3.1.12
Delaunay triangulation

network of triangles such that the circle passing through the vertices of any triangle does not contain, in

its interior, the vertex of any other triangle
3.1.13
direct position

position described by a single set of coordinates within a coordinate reference

system

Note 1 to entry: Cells in a grid coverage are identified by their direct position in the domain set of this coverage.

[SOURCE: ISO 19136-1:2020, 3.1.20, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.1.14
cell
neighbourhood around a direct position in a coverage grid
Note 1 to entry: Coverage cells are also known as grid cells.
3.1.15
discrete coverage

coverage that returns the same feature attribute values for every direct position within any object in its

domain

Note 1 to entry: The domain of a discrete coverage consists of a finite set of spatial, temporal, or spatio-temporal

objects.

Note 2 to entry: Discrete coverages have values only where they are defined, whereas continuous coverages can be

interpolated thereby providing intermediate values.
3.1.16
domain
well-defined set
Note 1 to entry: All elements within a domain (set) are of a given type

[SOURCE: ISO 19109:2015, 4.8, modified — Original Note 1 to entry has been replaced with a new note

to entry.]
3.1.17
external coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system whose datum is independent of the object that is located by it

[SOURCE: ISO 19130-1:2018, 3.25]
3.1.18
evaluation

determination of the values of a coverage at a direct position within the domain of the

coverage
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3.1.19
feature
abstraction of real world phenomena
[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.11, modified — Note 1 to entry has been removed.]
3.1.20
feature attribute
characteristic of a feature

Note 1 to entry: Also known as “feature property” and may support potential attribute, quality, or characteristic of

a feature.

[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.12, modified — Original Notes to entry have been deleted and a new

Note 1 to entry added.]
3.1.21
function

rule that associates each element from a domain (“source domain”, or

“domain” of the function) to a unique element in another domain (“target domain”, “co-domain” or

“range” of the function)
[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.41]
3.1.22
geometric dimension

largest number n such that each point in a set of points can be associated with a

subset that has that point in its interior and is topologically isomorphic to 𝔼𝔼 , Euclidean n-space

[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.48 modified — Original Notes to entry have been deleted.]

3.1.23
geometric object
spatial object representing a geometric set

Note 1 to entry: A geometric object consists of a geometric primitive, a collection of geometric primitives, or a

geometric complex treated as a single entity. A geometric object may be the spatial representation of a feature

object.
[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.49]
3.1.24
geometric set
set of direct positions

[SOURCE: ISO 19136-1:2020, 3.1.32, modified — Original Note to entry has been deleted.]

3.1.25
georectified
corrected for positional displacement with respect to the surface of the earth.
[SOURCE: ISO 19115-2:2019, 3.11]
3.1.26
georeferenceable

associated with a geopositioning information that can be used to convert grid coordinate values to values

of coordinates referenced to an external coordinate reference system related to the Earth by a datum.

[SOURCE: ISO 19163-1:2016]
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3.1.27
georeferencing

geopositioning an object using a Correspondence Model derived from a set of points for which both

ground and image coordinates are known.
[SOURCE:
...

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