prEN ISO 19123-1
(Main)Geographic information - Schema for coverage geometry and functions - Part 1: Fundamentals (ISO/FDIS 19123-1:2023)
Geographic information - Schema for coverage geometry and functions - Part 1: Fundamentals (ISO/FDIS 19123-1:2023)
Geoinformation - Coverage Geometrie- und Funktionsschema - Teil 1: Grundlagen (ISO/FDIS 19123-1:2023)
Information géographique - Schéma de la géométrie et des fonctions de couverture - Partie 1: Principes de base (ISO/FDIS 19123-1:2023)
Geografske informacije - Shema za geometrijo podatkovnega sloja in funkcije - 1. del: Osnove (ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022)
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 19123-1:2022
01-april-2022
Geografske informacije - Shema za geometrijo podatkovnega sloja in funkcije - 1.
del: Osnove (ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022)
Geographic information - Schema for coverage geometry and functions - Part 1:
Fundamentals (ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022)
Geoinformation - Coverage Geometrie- und Funktionsschema (ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022)
Information géographique -- Schéma de la géométrie et des fonctions de couverture -
Partie 1: Principes de base (ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022)Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 19123-1
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
oSIST prEN ISO 19123-1:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 19123-1:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 19123-1
ISO/TC 211 Secretariat: SIS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2022-02-09 2022-05-04
Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry
and functions —
Part 1:
Fundamentals
Information géographique — Schéma de la géométrie et des fonctions de couverture —
Partie 1: Principes de baseICS: 35.240.70
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
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ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO 2022
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oSIST prEN ISO 19123-1:2022
ISO 19123-1:####
ISO TC 211/WG 6
ISO/DIS 19123-1:2022(E)
Date: 2021-12-08
Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and
functions — Part 1: Fundamentals
DIS stage
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© ISO 2022
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Contents
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................. v
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... vi
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ................................................................................................................................. 1
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and notation ...................................................................... 1
3.1 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................ 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms ....................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Notation ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
4 Conformance .................................................................................................................................................. 9
4.1 Interoperability and Conformance Testing ........................................................................................ 9
4.2 Organization ............................................................................................................................................... 10
5 Coverages ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
5.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
5.2 Coverage Schema ...................................................................................................................................... 12
5.3 Probing Coverages: evaluate() Function .......................................................................................... 13
5.4 Domain of a coverage .............................................................................................................................. 14
5.5 Range of a coverage .................................................................................................................................. 18
5.6 Interpolation .............................................................................................................................................. 18
5.7 Common Point Rule .................................................................................................................................. 20
5.8 Realization Variants ................................................................................................................................. 20
5.9 Envelope ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
6 Multi-Point Coverages ............................................................................................................................. 24
7 Grid Coverages ........................................................................................................................................... 24
7.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 24
7.2 Grids ............................................................................................................................................................... 24
7.3 Grid Cells ...................................................................................................................................................... 29
7.4 Grid Coverage ............................................................................................................................................. 30
7.5 Rectified and Referenceable Grid Coverages .................................................................................. 30
7.6 Further Grid Coverages........................................................................................................................... 32
8 Multi-Curve Coverages ............................................................................................................................ 33
8.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
8.2 General Multi-Curve Coverages ........................................................................................................... 33
8.3 Segmented curve coverages .................................................................................................................. 33
9 Multi-Surface Coverages ......................................................................................................................... 34
9.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
9.2 General Multi-Surface Coverages ........................................................................................................ 34
9.3 Further Surface Coverages .................................................................................................................... 35
10 Multi-Solid Coverages .............................................................................................................................. 37
Annex A (normative) Conformance Tests ............................................................................................... 39
Annex B (informative) Interpolation methods ..................................................................................... 43
Annex C (informative) Sequential enumeration .................................................................................. 47
Annex D (normative) Legacy Data-Centric Coverage Specification ............................................... 53
Annex E (informative) Backward Compatibility .................................................................................. 71
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Annex F (normative) Data dictionary .......................................................................................................73
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 138
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each memb er body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmen tal, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19123 series can be found on the ISO website.Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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Introduction
This standard defines, at a high, implementation-independent level, the notion of coverages as digital
representations of space-time varying geographic phenomena, corresponding to a field in physics: a
physical quantity that has a value for each point in space-time. Such coverages can be discrete or
continuous.Historically, geographic information has been treated in terms of two fundamental types called vector
data and raster data.“Vector data” deals with discrete phenomena, each of which is conceived of as a feature. The spatial
characteristics of a discrete real-world phenomenon are represented by a set of one or more geometric
primitives (points, curves, surfaces or solids). Other characteristics of the phenomenon are recorded as
feature attributes. Usually, a single feature is associated with a single set of attribute values.
ISO 19107:2019 provides a schema for describing features in terms of geometric and topological
primitives.“Raster data ”, on the other hand, deals with real-world phenomena that vary over space and time. It
contains a set of values, each associated with one of the elements in an array of points or cells. It is usually
associated with a method for interpolating values at spatial positions between the points or within the
cells. Since this data structure is not the only one that can be used to represent phenomena that vary
continuously over space, this document uses the term “coverage,” adopted from the Abstract
Specification of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) [11], to refer to any data representation that
assigns values directly to spatio-temporal position. A coverage is a function from a spatial, temporal or
spatio-temporal domain to an attribute range. A coverage associates a position within its domain to a
record of values of defined data types.A coverage function has as its domain, an area or space defined by any combination of the three physical
spatial dimensions plus the physical dimension time. Mathematics also uses the word dimension to
represent an axis in a numeric space. The mathematical meanings of dimension and space are broader
than those used in the physical world. The three physical spatial dimensions plus the physical dimension
time may be mapped to mathematical dimensions. The range of a coverage function is a set of attribute
values for each of the attribute types. These range values may also be represented as mathematical
dimensions. That is, we have two complementary ways of viewing a coverage function, as a domain and
range or as a mathematical space based on axes.In this document, coverage is modelled as a subtype of feature as defined in ISO 19101. A coverage is a
feature that has multiple values for each attribute type, where each direct position within the geometric
representation of the feature has a single value for each attribute type.A coverage consists of spatio-temporally extended objects where information content depends on (and
varies with) the particular coordinate where it is probed. Standardization in this area is a cornerstone for
other geographic information design, specification and standardization.Such space-time varying objects are described as sets of geographic objects (“features”), called coverages.
The feature objects collected in a coverage define the positions where values are available (called Direct
Positions), and the individual values associated with each feature.NOTE Direct Positions can be of different dimensions. For example, in a raster image modelled as a coverage the
Direct Positions will be the grid points; in a Multi-Solid Coverage a Direct Position is given by the interior of a 3D
solid.In practice, coverages encompass regular and irregular grids, point clouds, and general meshes. Examples
include raster data, triangulated irregular networks, point sets and polygon coverages. Coverages are
multi-dimensional, including examples like 1D sensor timeseries, 2D satellite images, 3D x/y/t image
“Raster” is a widely used but imprecise colloquial term that encompasses imagery, gridded and other types of coverage
data.© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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timeseries and x/y/z geophysical voxel data, and 4D x/y/z/t climate and ocean data. Axes of such
coverages can have spatial, temporal, or any other dimension, and they can be combined freely.
EXAMPLE The electromagnetic spectrum is an example for an axis with neither spatial nor temporal
semantics. As such a spectral axis can be defined following the rules of ISO 19111, so it qualifies as a coverage axis.
A coverage which provides values only at the Direct Positions is called “a discrete coverage” (discrete in
its domain); if interpolation information is added so that values can be obtained also beyond the
coverage’s Direct Positions such a coverage is called “a continuous coverage”.Just as the concepts of discrete and continuous phenomena are not mutually exclusive, their
representations as discrete features or coverages are not mutually exclusive. The same phenomenon may
be represented as either a discrete feature or a coverage. A city may be viewed as a discrete feature that
returns a single value for each attribute, such as its name, area and total population. The city feature may
also be represented as a coverage that returns values such as population density, land value or air quality
index for each position in the city.A coverage, moreover, can be derived from a collection of discrete features with common attributes, the
values of the coverage at each position being the values of the attributes of the feature located at that
position. Conversely, a collection of discrete features can be derived from a coverage; each discrete
feature being composed of a set of positions associated with specified attribute values.
The previous version of this standard ISO 19123:2005 addressed coverage modelling on both conceptual
and (to some extent) implementation level. For this edition of the document, coverage modelling has been
split into two separate, but connected documents: ISO 19123-1 (this document) establishes an abstract,
high-level coverage model while ISO 19123-2 establishes an implementation-level model ensuring
interoperability, based on the concepts of ISO 19123-1.© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and
functions — Part 1: Fundamentals
1 Scope
This document defines a conceptual schema for coverages. A coverage is a mapping from a spatial,
temporal or spatio-temporal domain to attribute values sharing the same type within the domain. A
coverage domain consists of a collection of direct positions in a coordinate space that may be defined in
terms of spatial and/or temporal dimensions. Examples of coverages include meshes/grids, triangulated
irregular networks, point coverages and polygon coverages. Coverages are the prevailing data structures
in a number of application areas, such as remote sensing, meteorology and mapping of bathymetry,
elevation, soil and vegetation. This document defines the relationship between the domain of a coverage
and an associated attribute range. The characteristics of the domain are defined whereas the
characteristics of the attribute range are not part of this standard.2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/TS 19101-2:2018, Geographic information — Reference model — Part 2: ImageryISO 19103:2015, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO 19107:2019, Geographic information — Spatial schema
ISO 19108:2002, Geographic information — Temporal schema
ISO 19109:2015, Geographic information — Rules for application schema
ISO 19111:2019, Geographic information —Referencing by coordinates
ISO 19115-1:2014, Geographic information — Metadata — Part 1: Fundamentals
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and notation
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1.1
analytical coverage
type of continuous coverage which is a spatially bounded, but transfinite set of direct positions, and a
mathematical function that relates direct position to feature attribute value3.1.2
axis
linear feature from which a one-dimensional coordinate system is constructed
Note 1 to entry: This definition is established in accordance with ISO 19111:2019, Clause 10.4.
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3.1.3
continuous coverage
coverage that returns different values for the same feature attribute at different direct positions within a
single spatial object, temporal object or spatio-temporal object in its domainNote 1 to entry: Although the domain of a continuous coverage is ordinarily bounded in terms of its spatial and/or
temporal extent, it can be subdivided into an infinite number of direct positions.
3.1.4coordinate
one of a sequence of numbers designating the position of a point
Note 1 to entry: A direct position is described by an ordered sequence of coordinates. The number of elements in a
direct position is established by the number of axes of the coverage.[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.5, modified — Original N ote 1 to entry has been replaced with a new note
to entry.]3.1.5
coordinate dimension
number of measurements separate decisions needed to describe a position in a
coordinate systemNote 1 to entry: The number of separate decisions corresponds to the number of axes.
[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.17, modified — Original Note 1 to entry has been replaced with a new note
to entry.]3.1.6
coordinate system
set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assigned to points
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.11]3.1.7
coordinate reference system
coordinate system that is related to an object by a datum
Note 1 to entry: Geodetic and vertical datums are referred to as reference frames.
Note 2 to entry: For geodetic and vertical reference frames, the object will be the Earth. In planetary applications,
geodetic and vertical reference frames may be applied to other celestial bodies.[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.9]
3.1.8
coverage
feature that acts as a function to return values from its range for any direct position within its domain
3.1.9coverage CRS
the common CRS in which all coordinates of a coverage are expressed
Note 1 to entry: Sometimes a coverage’s CRS is also referred to as the coverage’s Native CRS.
3.1.10coverage dimension
coordinate dimension
number of separate decisions needed to describe a position in a coordinate
system© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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Note 1 to entry: This is equivalent to “the number of axes in the coordinate reference system of the coverage domain
set[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.17, modified — Original Note 1 to entry has been replaced with a new note
to entry.]3.1.11
coverage geometry
configuration of the domain of a coverage described in terms of coordinates
3.1.12
Delaunay triangulation
network of triangles such that the circle passing through the vertices of any triangle does not contain, in
its interior, the vertex of any other triangle3.1.13
direct position
position described by a single set of coordinates within a coordinate reference
systemNote 1 to entry: Cells in a grid coverage are identified by their direct position in the domain set of this coverage.
[SOURCE: ISO 19136-1:2020, 3.1.20, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]3.1.14
cell
neighbourhood around a direct position in a coverage grid
Note 1 to entry: Coverage cells are also known as grid cells.
3.1.15
discrete coverage
coverage that returns the same feature attribute values for every direct position within any object in its
domainNote 1 to entry: The domain of a discrete coverage consists of a finite set of spatial, temporal, or spatio-temporal
objects.Note 2 to entry: Discrete coverages have values only where they are defined, whereas continuous coverages can be
interpolated thereby providing intermediate values.3.1.16
domain
well-defined set
Note 1 to entry: All elements within a domain (set) are of a given type
[SOURCE: ISO 19109:2015, 4.8, modified — Original Note 1 to entry has been replaced with a new note
to entry.]3.1.17
external coordinate reference system
coordinate reference system whose datum is independent of the object that is located by it
[SOURCE: ISO 19130-1:2018, 3.25]3.1.18
evaluation
determination of the values of a coverage at a direct position within the domain of the
coverage© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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3.1.19
feature
abstraction of real world phenomena
[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.11, modified — Note 1 to entry has been removed.]
3.1.20
feature attribute
characteristic of a feature
Note 1 to entry: Also known as “feature property” and may support potential attribute, quality, or characteristic of
a feature.[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.12, modified — Original Notes to entry have been deleted and a new
Note 1 to entry added.]3.1.21
function
rule that associates each element from a domain (“source domain”, or
“domain” of the function) to a unique element in another domain (“target domain”, “co-domain” or
“range” of the function)[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.41]
3.1.22
geometric dimension
largest number n such that each point in a set of points can be associated with a
subset that has that point in its interior and is topologically isomorphic to 𝔼𝔼 , Euclidean n-space
[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.48 modified — Original Notes to entry have been deleted.]
3.1.23geometric object
spatial object representing a geometric set
Note 1 to entry: A geometric object consists of a geometric primitive, a collection of geometric primitives, or a
geometric complex treated as a single entity. A geometric object may be the spatial representation of a feature
object.[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.49]
3.1.24
geometric set
set of direct positions
[SOURCE: ISO 19136-1:2020, 3.1.32, modified — Original Note to entry has been deleted.]
3.1.25georectified
corrected for positional displacement with respect to the surface of the earth.
[SOURCE: ISO 19115-2:2019, 3.11]
3.1.26
georeferenceable
associated with a geopositioning information that can be used to convert grid coordinate values to values
of coordinates referenced to an external coordinate reference system related to the Earth by a datum.
[SOURCE: ISO 19163-1:2016]© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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3.1.27
georeferencing
geopositioning an object using a Correspondence Model derived from a set of points for which both
ground and image coordinates are known.[SOURCE:
...
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