EN 13445-10:2026
(Main)Unfired pressure vessels - Part 10: Additional requirements for pressure vessels of nickel and nickel alloys
- Abstract
This Part 10 of this document specifies requirements for unfired pressure vessels and their parts made of nickel and nickel alloys (see 3.1) in addition to the general requirements for unfired pressure vessels under EN 13445-1:2026, EN 13445-2:2026, EN 13445-3:2026, EN 13445-4:2026 and EN 13445-5:2026.
NOTE Cast materials are not included in this version. Details regarding cast materials will be subject to an amendment to or a revision of this document.
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Jun-2026
- Technical Committee
- CEN/TC 54 - Unfired pressure vessels
- Current Stage
- 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
- Start Date
- 01-Jul-2026
- Completion Date
- 01-Jul-2026
EN 13445-10:2026 is a CEN European Standard for unfired pressure vessels and their parts made of nickel and nickel alloys. It gives additional requirements to use with EN 13445-1:2026 to EN 13445-5:2026, covering material selection, design, manufacture, inspection and testing for these pressure vessel applications. This edition supersedes EN 13445-10:2021.
What does EN 13445-10:2026 specify?
EN 13445-10:2026 specifies extra requirements for unfired pressure vessels and their parts made of nickel and nickel alloys, in addition to the general requirements in the other EN 13445 parts. The scope is focused on nickel and nickel alloy construction for pressure equipment, not on general pressure vessel rules alone.
The standard is organized into clauses 1 to 8:
- Clause 1 Scope
- Clause 2 Normative references
- Clause 3 Terms and definitions
- Clause 4 General information
- Clause 5 Materials
- Clause 6 Design
- Clause 7 Manufacture
- Clause 8 Inspection and testing
| Annex | What it covers |
|---|---|
| Annex A | Normative grouping system for nickel alloys and lists of materials |
| Annex B | Informative designations of some nickel alloys |
| Annex Y | Informative history and differences from EN 13445-10:2021 |
| Annex ZA | Informative link to the essential requirements of EU Directive 2014/68/EU |
Cast materials are outside this version, so the document is aimed at wrought and other non-cast nickel alloy pressure-vessel parts covered by the listed rules.
What are the key requirements of EN 13445-10:2026?
EN 13445-10:2026 keeps the structure of the EN 13445 series, but it adds nickel-specific rules where alloy behavior, welding, heat treatment and testing need special control. In practice, the document tells designers, fabricators and inspectors what must change when the pressure boundary is made from nickel or nickel alloys.
Materials
Clause 5 says the general material rules from EN 13445-2:2026 apply, with the additions in 5.2 to 5.4. For this part, materials are limited to European Approval of Materials (EAM) or Particular Materials Appraisal (PMA), unless the material comes from a harmonized standard.
Clause 5.2 replaces the EN 13445-2 grouping system with the nickel-alloy grouping system in Annex A. It also requires a minimum elongation after fracture greater than 25 % and excludes precipitation-hardened materials, except for bolting. That matters because ductility and stable mechanical behavior are central to safe forming, welding and service performance.
Clause 5.3 requires inspection documentation in accordance with EN 10204:2004 and the documentation rules in EN 764-5:2014, including a declaration of compliance to the material specification. Clause 5.4 notes that there are no general brittle-fracture requirements for nickel and nickel alloys down to -196 °C, but the specific EAM or PMA requirements still apply.
Design
Clause 6 applies the EN 13445-3:2026 design methods, with nickel-specific amendments. The design stress rules in 6.2 depend on the material elongation class, and if a part is heat treated after initial certification, the design must be checked again using the heat-treated properties. In practice, this means thickness and heat-treatment planning must be coordinated early.
Clause 6.3 allows creep design where enough material data is available, using the EN 13445-3 creep approach. Clause 6.4 modifies shell design under external pressure by using the nickel alloy yield-related elastic limit in place of the usual value.
Clause 6.5 limits fatigue analysis in a practical way: no fatigue analysis is required for loads up to 500 equivalent full pressure cycles. Above that, EN 13445-3 fatigue methods apply, but with temperature limits and correction factors specific to nickel and nickel alloys, with use limited to temperatures not exceeding 450 °C. For the reader, that means cycling service needs to be checked only when the load history is significant.
Manufacture and inspection
Clause 7 applies EN 13445-4:2026 with nickel-specific changes. Welding procedure qualification, welder qualification, forming, heat treatment, sampling, testing and repair all have special rules.
A few points are especially important:
- Impact testing is normally not required down to -196 °C, except for alloys in group 47.
- For group 47 alloys below -105 °C, the weld metal and heat affected zone in the WPQR need impact testing at -196 °C with a minimum absorbed energy of 40 J.
- Welders for these vessels are qualified to EN ISO 9606-4:1999, and welding operators to EN ISO 14732:2025.
- For categories II, III and IV, the examiner or examining body must be a notified body or recognized third party organization.
Clause 7.4 gives joint-preparation rules such as removing thermally cut edge damage, cleaning coated areas near welds, and removing residues after welding. Clause 7.9 and 7.10 control forming and heat treatment: cold forming is below 300 °C, hot forming follows the manufacturer’s recommendations, and hot-formed parts require heat treatment. Clause 7.13 says post weld heat treatment is not normally needed, but when required it shall follow a written annealing procedure and manufacturer recommendations. Clause 7.14 prohibits thermal gouging in repairs.
Clause 8 governs inspection and testing. Testing groups 1 to 3 are used, and 100 % visual inspection is required for all groups; testing group 4 is not permitted. The extent of non-destructive testing depends on weld type and group, with radiographic testing (RT), ultrasonic testing (UT), magnetic particle testing (MT) and penetrant testing (PT) assigned to different joint categories in Table 8.3-1. Clause 8.4 restricts surface-imperfection testing to PT only, and 8.5 sets the standard hydrostatic test requirements for vessels designed under these testing groups.
What terms does EN 13445-10:2026 define?
EN 13445-10:2026 defines nickel alloys and uses several working abbreviations throughout the document.
- Nickel alloys - alloys containing at least 30 % nickel and more nickel than iron.
- EAM - European Approval of Materials, used here as one route for qualifying materials for pressure equipment use.
- PMA - Particular Materials Appraisal, the route used when a material needs individual appraisal for this application.
- WPQR - the qualification record for a welding procedure specification, used to prove the welding procedure is suitable.
- PWHT - post weld heat treatment, the heat treatment carried out after welding when needed.
- NDT - non-destructive testing, the inspection of welds and parts without damaging them.
- PT - penetrant testing, used in this part for surface imperfections.
- RT and UT - radiographic testing and ultrasonic testing, used for volumetric examination of welded joints.
Who uses EN 13445-10:2026?
EN 13445-10:2026 is used by designers, fabricators, welding engineers, inspection staff and quality managers working on nickel and nickel alloy pressure vessels. It is also used by material suppliers who need to provide compliant documentation and by notified bodies or recognized third party organizations involved in category II, III and IV vessels.
In practice, users apply it when they need to:
- choose permitted nickel alloy materials and material documentation
- set design stresses, fatigue checks and external pressure rules
- qualify welding procedures and welding personnel
- plan forming, heat treatment and repair methods
- define inspection, NDT and hydrostatic test requirements
What changed in EN 13445-10:2026 from the previous edition?
EN 13445-10:2026 supersedes EN 13445-10:2021. Annex Y says the 2026 edition includes updates to normative references throughout the document, with dating added where appropriate for clarity, and it adds Annex Y to show the history of the standard.
Which standards are used with EN 13445-10:2026?
EN 13445-10:2026 relies on the EN 13445 series and a small set of material, documentation and welding standards.
| Standard | What it contributes |
|---|---|
| EN 13445-1:2026 | General rules, terms, quantities, symbols and units |
| EN 13445-2:2026 | Base material requirements, replaced here in part by Annex A and clause 5 additions |
| EN 13445-3:2026 | Design methods used with the nickel-alloy amendments in clause 6 |
| EN 13445-4:2026 | Fabrication rules adapted by clause 7 |
| EN 13445-5:2026 | Inspection and testing rules adapted by clause 8 |
| EN 764-5:2014 | Inspection documentation rules for metallic materials |
| EN 10204:2004 | Types of inspection documents |
| EN ISO 9606-4:1999 | Welder approval for nickel and nickel alloys |
| EN ISO 14732:2025 | Qualification of welding operators and weld setters |
| EN ISO 15608:2025 | Grouping system for metallic materials used in Annex A |
What does the EN 13445-10:2026 document contain?
The document contains the nickel-alloy grouping tables, material lists, design-stress limits, heat-treatment tables, test-coupon rules and non-destructive testing extent tables that support design and fabrication decisions. Annex A provides the main material grouping system and material listings, including harmonized-standard and EAM-related references.
It also contains the testing-group framework for welded joints, the joint-by-joint NDT extent table, and the hydrostatic test rule for vessels in the defined testing groups. Annex ZA links the technical clauses to the essential requirements of EU Directive 2014/68/EU, which is useful for conformity assessment and regulatory mapping.
Relations
- Effective Date
- 29-Apr-2026
- Effective Date
- 29-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 29-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 29-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 29-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 29-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 29-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 29-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 29-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 15-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 29-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 08-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 08-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 08-Jul-2026
- Effective Date
- 08-Jul-2026
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Frequently Asked Questions
EN 13445-10:2026 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Unfired pressure vessels - Part 10: Additional requirements for pressure vessels of nickel and nickel alloys". This standard covers: This Part 10 of this document specifies requirements for unfired pressure vessels and their parts made of nickel and nickel alloys (see 3.1) in addition to the general requirements for unfired pressure vessels under EN 13445-1:2026, EN 13445-2:2026, EN 13445-3:2026, EN 13445-4:2026 and EN 13445-5:2026. NOTE Cast materials are not included in this version. Details regarding cast materials will be subject to an amendment to or a revision of this document.
This Part 10 of this document specifies requirements for unfired pressure vessels and their parts made of nickel and nickel alloys (see 3.1) in addition to the general requirements for unfired pressure vessels under EN 13445-1:2026, EN 13445-2:2026, EN 13445-3:2026, EN 13445-4:2026 and EN 13445-5:2026. NOTE Cast materials are not included in this version. Details regarding cast materials will be subject to an amendment to or a revision of this document.
EN 13445-10:2026 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 23.020.30 - Pressure vessels, gas cylinders. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 13445-10:2026 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 13445-10:2021, EN 764-5:2014, EN 10204:2004, EN ISO 9606-4:1999, EN 13445-3:2026, EN ISO 14732:2025, EN ISO 15608:2025, EN 13445-5:2026, EN 13445-4:2026, EN 13445-2:2026, EN 13445-1:2026, EN 1473:2007, EN ISO 13704:2022, EN ISO 13710:2004, EN 1473:2016. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 13445-10:2026 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2014/68/EU; Standardization Mandates: M/601. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
EN 13445-10:2026 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2026
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 13445-10:2021
Nekurjene tlačne posode - 10. del: Dodatne zahteve za tlačne posode iz niklja in
nikljevih zlitin
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 10: Additional requirements for pressure vessels of nickel
and nickel alloys
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 10: Zusätzliche Anforderungen an Druckbehälter aus
Nickel und Nickellegierungen
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie 10: Exigences
complémentaires pour les récipients sous pression en nickel et alliages de nickel
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13445-10:2026
ICS:
23.020.32 Tlačne posode Pressure vessels
77.150.40 Nikljevi in kromovi izdelki Nickel and chromium
products
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 13445-10
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
July 2026
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 23.020.30 Supersedes EN 13445-10:2021
English Version
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 10: Additional
requirements for pressure vessels of nickel and nickel
alloys
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 10: Zusätzliche
Partie 10: Exigences complémentaires pour les Anforderungen an Druckbehälter aus Nickel und
récipients sous pression en nickel et alliages de nickel Nickellegierungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 June 2026.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2026 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13445-10:2026 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 General information . 6
5 Materials . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Material grouping system . 6
5.3 Material documentation . 6
5.4 Prevention of brittle fracture . 6
6 Design . 7
6.1 General . 7
6.2 Time-independent nominal design stress . 7
6.3 Creep design . 8
6.4 Shells under external pressure . 8
6.5 Fatigue design . 8
7 Manufacture . 9
7.1 General . 9
7.2 Qualification of welding procedure specifications (WPQR) . 9
7.3 Qualification of welders and welding operators . 9
7.4 Joint preparation . 9
7.5 Preheat . 10
7.6 Production test, reference criteria . 10
7.7 Extent of testing . 10
7.8 Performance of test and acceptance criteria . 10
7.9 Forming procedures . 10
7.9.1 Cold forming . 10
7.9.2 Hot forming . 10
7.10 Heat treatment after forming . 11
7.10.1 General . 11
7.10.2 Heat treatment of flat products after cold forming . 11
7.10.3 Heat treatment of tubular products after cold forming . 11
7.10.4 Heat treatment after hot forming . 12
7.11 Sampling of formed products . 12
7.11.1 Cold formed products without heat treatment . 12
7.11.2 Hot formed or cold formed products with heat treatment . 12
7.12 Tests . 13
7.12.1 Base material . 13
7.12.2 Butt welds . 13
7.13 Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) . 13
7.14 Repairs . 13
8 Inspection and testing . 13
8.1 General . 13
8.2 Non-destructive testing of welded joints . 14
8.2.1 General . 14
8.2.2 Demonstration of satisfactory experience for testing group 2 . 14
8.3 Determination of extent of non-destructive testing . 15
8.4 Selection of non destructive testing methods for surface imperfections . 19
8.5 Standard hydrostatic test . 19
Annex A (normative) . 20
Annex B (informative) Designations of some nickel alloys . 22
Annex Y (informative) History of EN 13445-10 . 27
Y.1 Differences between EN 13445-10:2021 and EN 13445-10:2026 . 27
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of EU Directive 2014/68/EU aimed to be covered . 28
European foreword
This document (EN 13445-10:2026) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54 “Unfired
pressure vessels”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2026, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by December 2026.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 13445-10:2021.
Annex Y provides details of significant technical changes between this European Standard and the
previous edition.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request addressed to CEN by the European
Commission. The Standing Committee of the EFTA States subsequently approves these requests for its
Member States.
For the relationship with EU Legislation, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
A list of all parts in the EN 13445 series can be found on the CEN website.
Although these Parts may be obtained separately, it should be recognized that the Parts are
interdependent. As such, the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels requires the application of all the
relevant Parts in order for the requirements of the Standard to be satisfactorily fulfilled.
Corrections to the standard interpretations where several options seem possible are conducted through
the Migration Help Desk (MHD). Information related to the Help Desk can be found at
https://unm.fr/en/maintenance-agencies/maintenance-agency-en-13445/. A form for submitting
questions can be downloaded from the link to the MHD website. After subject experts have agreed an
answer, the answer will be communicated to the questioner. Corrected pages will be given specific issue
number and issued by CEN according to CEN Rules. Interpretation sheets will be posted on the website
of the MHD.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
the United Kingdom.
1 Scope
This Part 10 of this document specifies requirements for unfired pressure vessels and their parts made
of nickel and nickel alloys (see 3.1) in addition to the general requirements for unfired pressure vessels
under EN 13445-1:2026, EN 13445-2:2026, EN 13445-3:2026, EN 13445-4:2026 and EN 13445-5:2026.
NOTE Cast materials are not included in this version. Details regarding cast materials will be subject to an
amendment to or a revision of this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 764-5:2014, Pressure equipment — Part 5: Inspection documentation of metallic materials and
compliance with the material specification
EN 10204:2004, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents
EN 13445-1:2026 Unfired pressure vessels — Part 1: General
EN 13445-2:2026 Unfired pressure vessels — Part 2: Materials
EN 13445-3:2026, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design
EN 13445-4:2026, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 4: Fabrication
EN 13445-5:2026, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 5: Inspection and testing
EN ISO 9606-4:1999, Approval testing of welders — Fusion welding — Part 4: Nickel and nickel alloys (ISO
9606-4:1999)
EN ISO 14732. 2025, Welding personnel — Qualification testing of welding operators and weld setters for
mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials (ISO 14732: 2025)
EN ISO 15608:2025, Grouping system for metallic materials (ISO 15608: 2025)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 13445-1:2026,
EN 13445-2:2026, EN 13445-3:2026, EN 13445-4:2026 and EN 13445-5:2026 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
nickel alloys
those alloys which contain a minimum of 30 % nickel and contain more nickel than iron
4 General information
The general information given in EN 13445-1:2026 on the scope of the standard as well as terms,
definitions, quantities, symbols and units shall apply.
5 Materials
5.1 General
The general requirements of EN 13445-2:2026 shall apply with the following additions/exclusions in 5.2
to 5.4.
There are presently no European Standards specifically for nickel or nickel alloys for pressure purposes.
However, some materials in Table A.2 can also be classified as stainless steels and are included in some
harmonized standards. This part 10 of EN 13445 is therefore limited to European Approval of Materials
(EAM) or the use of Particular Materials Appraisal (PMA), except when materials are sourced in
accordance with a harmonized standard.
All materials shall meet the requirements in 5.1 to 5.4 of this part 10 of EN 13445.
5.2 Material grouping system
Annex A of EN 13445-2:2026 is not applicable to pressure vessels of nickel and nickel alloys and is
replaced by Annex A of this part 10 of EN 13445.
The grouping system for nickel and its alloys is shown in Table A.1 of this part 10 of EN 13445.
Only material having a minimum elongation after fracture greater than 25 % shall be used for
construction of pressure vessels.
Materials which have mechanical properties enhanced by precipitation hardening are excluded from this
part of EN 13445, unless they are to be used for bolting applications.
5.3 Material documentation
Materials for pressure bearing parts compliant with the requirements of this document shall be
accompanied by inspection documentation in accordance with EN 10204:2004.
The type of inspection document shall be in accordance with EN 764-5:2014 and include a declaration of
compliance to the material specification.
5.4 Prevention of brittle fracture
There are no general requirements for nickel and nickel alloys at temperatures down to −196 °C.
However, the specific requirements of individual EAMs/PMAs shall be taken into account.
6 Design
6.1 General
All the design methods included in EN 13445-3:2026 shall apply, with the following amendments, given
in 6.2 to 6.5.
The physical properties of nickel and nickel alloys may be based upon the technical data available for the
types/grades of material listed in Annex B and agreed with the material manufacturer based on the
properties in the PMA used in the design except where guaranteed properties are available in harmonized
standards.
6.2 Time-independent nominal design stress
The design methods included in EN 13445-3:2026, Clauses 5, 7 to 21, Annexes A, E, F, G, J, P and Q shall
apply.
The design stress for nickel and nickel alloy materials entering service without any subsequent heat
treatment shall be evaluated in accordance with Table 6.2-1.
If any material is subjected to subsequent heat treatment (for example, in the manufacture of dished
ends) representative material test coupons shall be heat treated with the components and subjected to
the same mechanical tests as used to certify the material at the manufacturer’s works. The nominal design
stress shall then be calculated in accordance with Table 6.2-1. If this design stress is lower than that used
in the original calculations, the design of that component and any other related components shall be
repeated using the nominal design stress derived from the properties of the heat treated material.
For designs using nickel and nickel alloys attention is drawn to the effect of heat treatment on the
materials, and care should therefore be taken when determining the thickness of the materials that will
receive subsequent heat treatments during manufacture.
Table 6.2-1 — Maximum allowed values of the nominal design stress for nickel and nickel alloy
materials for pressure parts
Minimum specified
Design stress for normal operating load Design stress for testing
elongation after fracture cases and exceptional load
(A) (%) cases
(MPa)
(MPa)
A > 35
R R
R
p1,0/T
p1,0/T
m/T test
f = min ; f =
d test
1,2 3 1,05
30 < A ≤ 35
R R
p1,0/T p1,0/T
test
f = f =
d test
1,5 1,05
A ≤ 30
R R
R
p0,2/T p0,2/T
m/20 test
f = min ; f =
d test
1,5 2,4 1,05
6.3 Creep design
Where sufficient material data is available, creep design may be applied to nickel and nickel alloys using
the formulae and approach in Clause 19 of EN 13445-3:2026.
6.4 Shells under external pressure
The requirements in Clause 8 of EN 13445-3:2026 shall apply with the following modifications:
In EN 13445-3:2026, 8.4, for shells made in nickel or nickel alloys, the nominal elastic limit shall be given
by:
R
p0,2/T
σ =
e
1,25
and for stiffeners in the same material by:
R
p0,2/T,s
σ =
es
1,25
6.5 Fatigue design
For loads up to 500 equivalent full pressure cycles no fatigue analysis is required. Above 500 cycles the
requirements of Clause 17 of EN 13445-3:2026 shall apply with the following modifications:
The application of Clause 17 of EN 13445-3:2026 (see 17.4.4 of EN 13445-3:2026) to nickel and nickel
alloys shall be limited to temperatures not exceeding 450 °C.
The correction factor to account for the influence of temperature on fatigue resistance (see 17.6.2.2 of
EN 13445-3:2026) is:
For T* ≥ 100 °C:
−4 −7
C =1,0164−1,4×10 T *−2,4×10 (T *)
t
The requirements of Clause 18 of EN 13445-3:2026 shall apply with the following modifications:
The application of Clause 18 of EN 13445-3:2026 (see 18.4.3 of EN 13445-3:2026) to nickel and nickel
alloys shall be limited to temperatures not exceeding 450 °C.
The correction factor to account for the influence of temperature on fatigue resistance, f (see 18.10.5.2
T*
of EN 13445-3:2026) is given by:
−4 −7
f =1,0164−1,4×10 T *−2,4×10 (T *)
T*
7 Manufacture
7.1 General
EN 13445-4:2026 shall apply, with the following amendments, given in 7.2 to 7.14.
NOTE 1 Not all welding processes are suitable for all nickel alloys.
NOTE 2 Welding consumables can be selected from EN ISO 14172:2023 and EN ISO 18274:2023.
7.2 Qualification of welding procedure specifications (WPQR)
The requirements of 8.3 of EN 13445-4:2026 shall apply with the following modifications:
a) Annex B of EN 13445-2:2026 shall not apply.
b) Impact testing is not normally required for pressure vessels of nickel and nickel alloys at
temperatures down to −196 °C except for alloys in group 47.
c) For nickel alloys in group 47 when the design temperature is below −105 °C, impact testing shall be
carried out at and shall meet a minimum of 40 Joules when tested at −196 °C on the weld metal and
heat affected zone of the WPQR.
7.3 Qualification of welders and welding operators
The requirements in 8.4 of EN 13445-4:2026 shall apply with the following modifications:
Replace reference to EN ISO 9606-1:2017 with EN ISO 9606-4:1999. For pressure vessels in the
categories II, III and IV the examiner/ examining body shall be a notified body or recognized third party
organization.
7.4 Joint preparation
In addition to the requirements of 8.6 in EN 13445-4:2026, the following shall apply for pressure vessels
of nickel and its alloys:
a) the edges of plates that have been thermally cut shall be dressed back by machining or grinding for
a minimum distance of 1,5 mm to remove damaged material;
NOTE Nickel and nickel alloys are not subject to hardening by thermal cutting.
b) for plates less than 20 mm thickness cold shearing is permissible, provided that the cut edges are
dressed back mechanically by not less than 1,5 mm to permit a satisfactory examination of the edges
prior to welding;
c) plates less than 10 mm thick, which are cold sheared, need not be dressed prior to welding;
d) coated parts shall be free of coating products for a minimum distance of 50 mm from the edge of the
weld preparation, in order that the coating does not interfere with the welding process, and to
safeguard the coating itself;
e) after welding, the welded areas shall be cleaned, and any residues, slag, spatter, etc. shall be removed.
7.5 Preheat
Preheating is not normally necessary for nickel and nickel alloys.
When the metal temperature is less than 5 °C, heat should be applied to a maximum temperature of 75 °C
to remove condensation.
7.6 Production test, reference criteria
The requirements in 9.2 of EN 13445-4:2026 shall apply with the following modifications:
The requirements for impact testing of production control test plates are not applicable to nickel and its
alloys; 9.2 a) of EN 13445-4:2026 is not applicable.
Production control test plates for nickel and nickel alloys vessels shall be carried out in accordance with
9.2 d) of EN 13445-4:2026.
7.7 Extent of testing
The requirements of 9.3 of EN 13445-4:2026 shall apply with the following modifications:
Table 9.3-1 shall be replaced by Table 7.7-1 below:
Table 7.7-1 — Testing of production test plates
a b
Material Group Thickness of test plate e Test specimens
mm
All e ≤ 12 1 FB, 1 RB, 1 TT, 1 Ma, 1 Mi
c
12 < e 2 SB , 1 TT, 1Ma, 1Mi
a
Thinner plate thickness.
b
The symbols for Table 7.7-1 are given in Table 9.3-2 of EN 13445-4:2026.
c
SB = side bends
7.8 Performance of test and acceptance criteria
The requirements in 9.4.1, 9.4.2, 9.4.3, 9.4.5, 9.4.6, 9.4.7, 9.4.9 and 9.4.10 of EN 13445-4:2026 shall apply.
7.9 Forming procedures
7.9.1 Cold forming
Cold forming of nickel and nickel alloy materials shall be carried out at temperatures below 300 °C. It is
preferable that nickel and nickel alloys are cold formed whenever possible.
7.9.2 Hot forming
The requirements in 10.3.2 of EN 13445-4:2026 are not applicable for pressure vessels made of nickel
and nickel alloys.
Hot forming of nickel and nickel alloy materials shall be carried out in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations such that grain boundary liquation and overheating is avoided.
The material shall be heated uniformly without flame impingement.
Most fuels may be used provided that detrimental impurities, such as sulphur, are kept at low levels.
Nickel and nickel
...