prEN IEC 60086-1:2025
(Main)Primary batteries - Part 1: General
Primary batteries - Part 1: General
Primärbatterien - Teil 1: Allgemeines
Piles électriques - Partie 1: Généralités
Primarne baterije - 1. del: Splošno
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2025
Primarne baterije - 1. del: Splošno
Primary batteries - Part 1: General
Primärbatterien - Teil 1: Allgemeines
Piles électriques - Partie 1: Généralités
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN IEC 60086-1:2025
ICS:
29.220.10 Primarni členi in baterije Primary cells and batteries
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
35/1582/CDV
COMMITTEE DRAFT FOR VOTE (CDV)
PROJECT NUMBER:
IEC 60086-1 ED14
DATE OF CIRCULATION: CLOSING DATE FOR VOTING:
2025-03-07 2025-05-30
SUPERSEDES DOCUMENTS:
35/1572/CD, 35/1581/CC
IEC TC 35 : PRIMARY CELLS AND BATTERIES
SECRETARIAT: SECRETARY:
Japan Mr Takao Uyama
OF INTEREST TO THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEES: HORIZONTAL FUNCTION(S):
SC 3C,TC 21,SC 21A,TC 61,TC 108
ASPECTS CONCERNED:
SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING NOT SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING
Attention IEC-CENELEC parallel voting
The attention of IEC National Committees, members of
CENELEC, is drawn to the fact that this Committee Draft for
Vote (CDV) is submitted for parallel voting.
The CENELEC members are invited to vote through the
CENELEC online voting system.
This document is still under study and subject to change. It should not be used for reference purposes.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they
are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant “In Some Countries”
clauses to be included should this proposal proceed. Recipients are reminded that the CDV stage is the final stage for
submitting ISC clauses. (SEE AC/22/2007 OR NEW GUIDANCE DOC).
TITLE:
Primary batteries - Part 1: General
PROPOSED STABILITY DATE: 2029
NOTE FROM TC/SC OFFICERS:
electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions.
You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without
permission in writing from IEC.
35/1582/CDV 2 IEC CDV 60086-1 © IEC 2025
1 CONTENTS
2 CONTENTS . 2
3 FOREWORD . 6
4 INTRODUCTION . 8
5 1 Scope . 9
6 2 Normative references . 9
7 3 Terms and definitions . 9
8 4 Requirements . 12
9 4.1 General . 12
10 4.1.1 Design . 12
11 4.1.2 Battery dimensions . 12
12 4.1.3 Terminals . 12
13 4.1.4 Classification (electrochemical system) . 14
14 4.1.5 Designation . 15
15 4.1.6 Marking . 15
16 4.1.7 Interchangeability: battery voltage . 16
17 4.1.8 Other requirements, conformity checklist . 17
18 4.2 Performance . 17
19 4.2.1 Discharge performance . 17
20 4.2.2 Dimensional stability . 17
21 4.2.3 Leakage . 17
22 4.2.4 Open-circuit voltage limits . 17
23 4.2.5 Service output . 17
24 4.2.6 Safety . 18
25 4.2.7 Validity of testing . 18
26 5 Performance – Testing . 18
27 5.1 Capacity testing versus application and service output testing . 18
28 5.2 Discharge testing . 18
29 5.2.1 General . 18
30 5.2.2 Application tests . 19
31 5.2.3 Service output tests . 20
32 5.3 Conformance check to a specified minimum average duration . 20
33 5.4 Guidance for considering proposed value of minimum average duration . 20
34 5.5 OCV testing . 20
35 5.6 Insulation resistance . 21
36 5.7 Battery dimensions . 21
37 5.8 Leakage and deformation . 21
38 6 Performance – Test conditions . 21
39 6.1 Storage and discharge conditions . 21
40 6.2 Commencement of discharge tests after storage . 21
41 6.3 Discharge test conditions . 22
42 6.3.1 General . 22
43 6.3.2 Compliance . 22
44 6.4 Load resistance . 22
45 6.5 Time periods . 22
46 6.6 Test condition tolerances . 23
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47 6.7 Activation of ‘P’-system batteries . 23
48 6.8 Measuring equipment . 23
49 6.8.1 Voltage measurement . 23
50 6.8.2 Mechanical measurement . 23
51 7 Sampling and quality assurance . 23
52 8 Battery packaging . 23
53 Annex A (normative) Criteria for the standardization of batteries . 24
54 Annex B (informative) Recommendations for equipment design . 25
55 B.1 Technical liaison . 25
56 B.2 Battery compartment . 25
57 B.2.1 General . 25
58 B.2.2 Limiting access by children . 26
59 B.3 Equipment voltage cut-off . 26
60 Annex C (normative) Designation system (nomenclature) . 27
61 C.1 General . 27
62 C.2 Designation system in use up to October 1990. 27
63 C.2.1 General . 27
64 C.2.2 Cells . 27
65 C.2.3 Electrochemical system . 29
66 C.2.4 Batteries . 29
67 C.2.5 Modifiers . 30
68 C.2.6 Examples. 30
69 C.3 Designation system in use since October 1990 . 30
70 C.3.1 General . 30
71 C.3.2 Round batteries . 30
72 C.3.3 Non-round batteries . 34
73 C.3.4 Ambiguity . 37
74 Annex D (informative) Standard discharge voltage U – Definition and method of
s
75 determination . 39
76 D.1 Definition . 39
77 D.2 Determination . 39
78 D.2.1 General considerations: the C/R-plot . 39
79 D.2.2 Determination of the standard discharge resistor R . 40
s
80 D.2.3 Determination of the standard discharge capacity C and standard
s
81 discharge time t . 41
s
82 D.3 Experimental conditions to be observed and test results . 42
83 Annex E (informative) Preparation of standard methods of measuring performance
84 (SMMP) of consumer goods . 43
85 E.1 General . 43
86 E.2 Performance characteristics . 43
87 E.3 Criteria for the development of test methods . 43
88 Annex F (informative) Guidance for proposing value of minimum average duration . 44
89 F.1 General . 44
90 F.2 Sampling. 44
91 F.3 Calculation method . 44
92 Annex G (normative) Code of practice for packaging, shipment, storage, use and
93 disposal of primary batteries . 45
94 G.1 General . 45
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95 G.2 Packaging . 45
96 G.3 Transport and handling . 45
97 G.4 Storage and stock rotation . 45
98 G.5 Displays at sales points . 46
99 G.6 Selection, use and disposal . 46
100 G.6.1 Purchase . 46
101 G.6.2 Installation . 46
102 G.6.3 Use . 46
103 G.6.4 Replacement . 47
104 G.6.5 Disposal . 47
105 Annex H (informative) Common designation. 48
106 Annex I (informative) Measurement methods for the determination of the performance
107 and durability of non-rechargeable portable batteries . 49
108 I.1 Scope . 49
109 I.2 Normative references . 49
110 I.3 Terms and definitions . 49
111 I.3.1 non-rechargeable battery . 49
112 I.3.2 portable battery of general use . 49
113 I.4 Interoperability . 49
114 I.5 IEC designations of portable batteries of general use . 50
115 I.6 Performance and durability tests for non-rechargeable portable batteries of
116 general use . 50
117 I.6.1 Average duration of discharge . 50
118 I.6.2 Delayed discharge performance . 52
119 I.6.3 Resistance to leakage . 52
120 I.7 Determination of average duration for the purpose of labelling . 52
121 Annex J (informative) Compliance checklist . 53
122 Bibliography . 54
124 Figure 1 – Pulse tests with multiple load . 20
125 Figure C.1 – Designation system for round batteries: diameter d < 100 mm;
126 height h < 100 mm . 31
127 Figure C.2 – Diameter code for non-recommended diameters . 32
128 Figure C.3 – Height code for denoting the hundredths of a millimetre of height . 33
129 Figure C.4 – Designation system for round batteries: diameter d ≥ 100 mm;
130 height h ≥ 100 mm . 34
131 Figure C.5 – Designation system for non-round batteries, dimensions < 100 mm . 35
132 Figure C.6 – Designation system for non-round batteries, dimensions ≥ 100 mm . 36
133 Figure C.7 – Height code for discrimination per tenth of a millimetre . 36
134 Figure D.1 – Normalized C/R-plot (schematic) . 40
135 Figure D.2 – Standard discharge voltage (schematic) . 41
137 Table 1 – Standardized electrochemical systems . 14
138 Table 2 – Marking requirements . 16
139 Table 3 – Conditions for storage before and during discharge testing . 21
140 Table 4 – Resistive loads for tests . 22
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141 Table 5 – Time periods for tests . 22
142 Table 6 – Test condition tolerances . 23
143 Table A.1 – Items necessary to standardize . 24
144 Table C.1 – Physical designation and dimensions of round cells and batteries . 28
145 Table C.2 – Physical designation and nominal overall dimensions of flat cells . 29
146 Table C.3 – Physical designation and dimensions of square cells and batteries . 29
147 Table C.4 – Diameter code for recommended diameter . 32
148 Table C.5 – Physical designation and dimensions of round cells and batteries
149 based on Clause C.3 . 37
150 Table C.6 – Physical designation and dimensions of non-round batteries
151 based on Clause C.3 . 38
152 Table D.1 – Standard discharge voltage by system . 42
153 Table H.1 – Index . 48
154 Table I.1 – IEC and common formats of portable batteries of general use . 50
155 Table I.2 – Discharge testing of non-rechargeable portable batteries of general use . 51
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157 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
158 ____________
160 PRIMARY BATTERIES –
162 Part 1: General
164 FOREWORD
165 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
166 all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
167 co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
168 in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
169 Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
170 preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
171 may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
172 with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
173 Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
174 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
175 consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
176 interested IEC National Committees.
177 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
178 Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
179 Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
180 misinterpretation by any end user.
181 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
182 transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
183 any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
184 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
185 assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
186 services carried out by independent certification bodies.
187 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
188 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
189 members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
190 other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
191 expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications.
192 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
193 indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
194 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
195 rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
196 International Standard IEC 60086-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 35: Primary
197 cells and batteries.
198 This fourteenth edition cancels and replaces the thirteenth edition published in 2021. This
199 edition constitutes a technical revision.
200 This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
201 edition:
202 a) In Clause 3, terms were reordered according their functions: basic terms, electrochemical
203 systems, battery shapes, electrical characteristics, specifications, failure modes;
204 b) New letter "T" was added in Table 1 Standardized electrochemical systems of 4.1.4
205 classification;
206 c) Maximum open circuit voltage of letter "F" was changed from 1,83 to 1,90 V;
207 d) Drawing of pulse tests with multiple load was moved from IEC 60086-2 to 5.2.2.2 application
208 tests with multiple loads;
209 e) Annex F: Guidance for proposing value of minimum average duration was modified;
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210 f) Annex D of IEC 60086-2:2021, Common designation, has transferred to Annex H of this
211 document;
212 g) Table H.1, common designation index, was modified to provide reference to IEC 60086-2-1
213 and IEC 60086-2-2 for each battery;
214 h) Annex I identifies the batteries of general use and the applicable tests to compare their
215 performance, in support of Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (Batteries Regulation).
217 The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
35/XXXX/CD 35/XXXX/XX
219 Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in the
220 report on voting indicated in the above table.
221 The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
222 This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
223 accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
224 at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
225 described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
226 A list of all parts in the IEC 60086 series, under the general title Primary batteries, can be found
227 on the IEC website.
228 The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
229 stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
230 the specific document. At this date, the document will be
231 • reconfirmed,
232 • withdrawn,
233 • replaced by a revised edition, or
234 • amended.
35/1582/CDV 8 IEC CDV 60086-1 © IEC 2025
237 INTRODUCTION
238 The technical content of this part of IEC 60086 provides fundamental requirements and
239 information on primary cells and batteries. In this sense, IEC 60086-1 is the main component
240 of the IEC 60086 series and forms the basis for the subsequent parts. For example, this part
241 includes elementary information on definitions, nomenclature, dimensions and marking. While
242 specific requirements are included, the content of this part tends to explain methodology (how)
243 and justification (why).
244 Over the years, this part has been changed to improve its content and remains under continual
245 scrutiny to ensure that the publication is kept up to date with the advances in both battery and
246 battery-powered device technologies.
247 Safety requirements and recommendations are available in IEC 60086-4, IEC 60086-5 and
248 IEC 62281. Specifications are available in IEC 60086-2-1, IEC 60086-2-2 and IEC 60086-3.
249 Environmental aspects are dealt with in IEC 60086-6.
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252 PRIMARY BATTERIES –
254 Part 1: General
258 1 Scope
259 This part of IEC 60086 is intended to standardize primary batteries with respect to dimensions,
260 nomenclature, terminal configurations, markings, test methods, typical performance, safety and
261 environmental aspects.
262 This document on one side specifies requirements for primary cells and batteries. On the other
263 side, this document also specifies procedures of how requirements for these batteries are to be
264 standardised.
265 As a classification tool for primary batteries, this document specifies system letters, electrodes,
266 electrolytes, and nominal as well as maximum open circuit voltage of electrochemical systems.
267 The object of this part of IEC 60086 is to benefit primary battery users, device designers and
268 battery manufacturers by ensuring that batteries from different manufacturers are
269 interchangeable according to standard form, fit and function. Furthermore, to ensure
270 compliance with the above, this part specifies standard test methods for testing primary cells
271 and batteries.
272 This document also contains requirements in Annex A justifying the inclusion or the ongoing
273 retention of batteries in the IEC 60086 series.
274 2 Normative references
275 The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
276 constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
277 For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
278 amendments) applies.
279 IEC 60086-2-1, Primary batteries – Part 2-1: Physical and electrical specifications of batteries
280 with aqueous electrolyte
281 IEC 60086-2-2, Primary batteries – Part 2-2: Physical and electrical specifications of lithium
282 batteries
283 IEC 60086-3, Primary batteries – Part 3: Watch batteries
284 IEC 60086-4, Primary batteries – Part 4: Safety of lithium batteries
285 IEC 60086-5, Primary batteries – Part 5: Safety of batteries with aqueous electrolyte
286 3 Terms and definitions
287 For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
288 ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
289 addresses:
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290 • IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org
291 • ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
292 3.1
293 cell
294 basic functional unit, consisting of an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte, container, terminals
295 and usually separators, that is a source of electric energy obtained by direct conversion of
296 chemical energy
297 [SOURCE:IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-01-01]
298 3.2
299 battery
300 one or more cells electrically connected and fitted in a case, with terminals, markings and
301 protective devices etc., as necessary for use
302 [SOURCE:IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-01-04, modified – removal of "fitted with devices
303 necessary for use.]
304 3.3
305 primary cell
306 primary battery
307 cell or battery that is not designed to be electrically recharged
308 3.4
309 round cell
310 round battery
311 cell or battery with circular cross section
312 3.5
313 button cell
314 button battery
315 small round cell or battery where the overall height is less than the diameter, containing
316 aqueous electrolyte
317 Note 1 to entry: See coin cell, coin battery, lithium button cell, lithium button battery.
318 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-482:2004 482-02-40]
319 3.6
320 coin cell
321 coin battery
322 lithium button cell
323 lithium button battery
324 small round cell or battery where the overall height is less than the diameter, containing non-
325 aqueous electrolyte
326 Note 1 to entry: The nominal voltage of lithium batteries is typically greater than 2 V.
327 Note 2 to entry: See button cell, button battery.
328 3.7
329 cylindrical cell
330 cylindrical battery
331 round cell or battery in which the overall height is equal to or greater than the diameter
332 [SOURCE:IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-02-39, modified – "cell with a cylindrical shape" replaced
333 with "round cell or battery"]
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334 3.8
335 nominal voltage
336 U
n
337 suitable approximate value of the voltage used to designate or identify a cell, a battery or an
338 electrochemical system
339 [SOURCE:IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-03-31, modified – addition of U .]
n
340 3.9
341 open-circuit voltage
342 OCV
343 voltage across the terminals of a cell or battery when it is off discharge
344 3.10
345 closed-circuit voltage
346 CCV
347 voltage across the terminals of a battery when it is on discharge
348 [SOURCE:IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-03-28, modified – "voltage between the terminals of a cell
349 or battery" replaced by "voltage across the terminals of a battery".]
350 3.11
351 end-point voltage
352 EV
353 specified voltage of a battery at which the battery discharge is terminated
354 [SOURCE:IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-03-30]
355 3.12
356 minimum average duration
357 MAD
358 minimum average time on discharge which is met by a sample of batteries
359 Note 1 to entry: The discharge test is carried out according to the specified methods or standards and designed to
360 show conformity with the standard applicable to the battery types.
361 3.13
362 application test
363 simulation of the actual use of a battery in a specific application
364 3.14
365 discharge
366 operation during which a battery delivers current to an external circuit
367 3.15
368 service output
369 service life, or capacity, or energy output of a battery under specified conditions of discharge
370 3.16
371 service output test
372 test designed to measure the service output of a battery
373 Note 1 to entry: A service output test may be prescribed, for example, when
374 a) an application test is too complex to replicate;
375 b) the duration of an application test would make it impractical for routine testing purposes.
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376 3.17
377 storage life
378 duration under specified conditions at the end of which a battery retains its ability to perform a
379 specified service output
380 [SOURCE:IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-03-47, modified – "function" replaced by "service output".]
381 3.18
382 terminal
383 conductive parts of a battery providing connection to an external circuit
384 [SOURCE:IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-02-22, modified – “conductive part of a device, electric
385 circuit or electric network, provided” replaced by to “conductive parts of a battery providing” and
386 “device, electric circuit or electric network to one or more external conductor” replaced by “an
387 external circuit”.]
388 3.19
389 leakage
390 unplanned escape of electrolyte, gas or other material from a cell or battery
391 Note 1 to entry: Leakage in this sense should not be confused with the test evaluation criteria for leakage specified
392 in Clause 4 and Clause 5 of this document.
393 [SOURCE:IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-02-32]
394 4 Requirements
395 4.1 General
396 4.1.1 Design
397 Primary batteries are sold mainly in consumer markets. In recent years, they have become more
398 sophisticated in both chemistry and construction, for example both capacity and rate capability
399 have increased to meet the growing demands from new, battery-powered equipment technology.
400 When designing primary batteries, the aforementioned considerations shall be taken into
401 account. Specifically, their dimensional conformity and stability, their physical and electrical
402 performance and their safe operation under normal use and foreseeable misuse conditions shall
403 be assured.
404 Additional information on equipment design can be found in Annex B.
405 4.1.2 Battery dimensions
406 The dimensions for individual types of batteries are given in IEC 60086-2-1, IEC 60086-2-2 and
407 IEC 60086-3.
408 4.1.3 Terminals
409 4.1.3.1 General
410 Terminals shall be in accordance with Clause 8 of IEC 60086-2-1 and IEC 60086-2-2.
411 Their physical shape shall be designed in such a way that they ensure that the batteries make
412 and maintain good electrical contact at all times.
413 They shall be made of materials that provide good electrical conductivity and resistance to
414 corrosion.
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415 4.1.3.2 Contact pressure resistance
416 Where stated in the battery specification tables or the individual specification sheets in
417 IEC 60086-2-1 and IEC 60086-2-2, the following applies:
418 – a force of 10 N applied through a steel ball of 1 mm diameter at the centre of each contact
419 area for a period of 10 s shall not cause any apparent deformation which might prevent
420 satisfactory operation of the battery.
421 NOTE See also IEC 60086-3:2021, 4.5 for exceptions.
422 4.1.3.3 Cap and base
423 This type of terminal is used for batteries which have their dimensions specified according to
424 Figures 1 to 6 of IEC 60086-2-1 and Figures 1 to 4 of IEC 60086-2-2 which have the cylindrical
425 side of the battery insulated from the terminals.
426 4.1.3.4 Cap and case
427 This type of terminal is used for batteries which have their dimensions specified according to
428 Figures 7, 8, 9, 13, 14 of IEC 60086-2-1 and Figures 5, 6, 7 of IEC 60086-2-2, but in which the
429 cylindrical side of the battery forms part of the positive terminal.
430 4.1.3.5 Screw terminals
431 This contact consists of a threaded rod in combination with either a metal or insulated metal
432 nut.
433 4.1.3.6 Flat contacts
434 These are essentially flat metal surfaces adapted to make electrical contact by suitable contact
435 mechanisms bearing against them.
436 4.1.3.7 Flat or spiral springs
437 These contacts comprise flat metal strips or spirally wound wires which are in a form that
438 provides pressure contact.
439 4.1.3.8 Plug-in-sockets
440 These are made up of a suitable assembly of metal contacts, mounted in an insulated housing
441 or holding device and adapted to receive the corresponding pins of a mating plug.
442 NOTE This standard currently does not contain such batteries.
443 4.1.3.9 Snap fasteners
444 4.1.3.9.1 General
445 These contacts are composed of a combination comprising a stud (non-resilient) for the positive
446 terminal and a socket (resilient) for the negative terminal.
447 They shall be of suitable metal so as to provide efficient electrical connection when joined to
448 the corresponding parts of an external circuit.
449 4.1.3.9.2 Snap fastener
450 This type of terminal consists of a stud for the positive terminal and a socket for the negative
451 terminal. These shall be made from nickel plated steel or other suitable material. They shall be
452 designed to provide a secure physical and electrical connection, when fitted with similar
453 corresponding parts for connection to an electrical circuit.
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454 4.1.3.10 Wire
455 Wire leads may be single or multi-strand flexible insulated tinned copper. The positive terminal
456 wire covering shall be red and the negative black.
457 4.1.3.11 Other spring contacts or clips
458 These contacts are generally used on batteries when the corresponding parts of the external
459 circuit are not precisely known. They shall be of spring brass or of other material having similar
460 properties.
461 4.1.4 Classification (electrochemical system)
462 Primary batteries are classified according to their electrochemical system.
463 Each system, with the exception of the zinc-ammonium chloride, zinc chloride-manganese
464 dioxide system, has been allocated a letter denoting the particular system.
465 The electrochemical systems that have been standardized up to now are given in Table 1.
466 Table 1 – Standardized electrochemical systems
Maximum
Negative Nominal
Letter Electrolyte Positive electrode open circuit
electrode voltage
voltage
V V
No letter Zinc (Zn) Ammonium chloride, Manganese dioxide (MnO ) 1,5 1,73
zinc chloride
A Zinc (Zn) Ammonium chloride, Oxygen (O ) 1,4 1,55
zinc chloride
B Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Carbon monofluoride (CF) 3,0 3,7
x
C Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Manganese dioxide (MnO ) 3,0 3,7
E Lithium (Li) Non-aqueous Thionyl chloride (SOCl ) 3,6 3,9
inorganic
F Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Iron disulfide (FeS ) 1,5 1,90
G Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Copper (II) oxide (CuO) 1,5 2,3
L Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Manganese dioxide (MnO ) 1,5 1,68
P Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Oxygen (O ) 1,4 or 1,45 1,59
S Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Silver oxide (Ag O) 1,55 1,63
T Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Manganese dioxide (MnO ) / 1,5 1,75
Nickel (III) oxide (NiO )
x
W Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Sulfur dioxide (SO ) 3,0 3,05
Y Lithium (Li) Non-aqueous Sulfuryl chloride (SO Cl ) 3,9 4,1
2 2
inorganic
Z Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Nickel oxyhydroxide 1,5 1,78
(NiOOH)
NOTE 1 The value of the nominal voltage is not verifiable; therefore it is only given as a reference.
NOTE 2 The maximum open-circuit voltage (see 3.9) is measured as defined in 5.5 and 6.8.1.
NOTE 3 When referring to an electrochemical system, common protocol is to list negative electrode first, followed
by positive electrode, e.g. lithium-iron disulfide.
NOTE 4 Reference to the electrochemical systems of this table usually appears in a simplified form such as, for
example, “B and C system batteries” or “batteries of the no letter system”.
IEC CDV 60086-1 © IEC 2025 15 35/1582/CDV
468 4.1.5 Designation
469 The designation of primary batteries is based on their physical parameters, their
470 electrochemical system as well as modifiers, if needed.
471 A comprehensive explanation of the designation system (nomenclature) can be found in
472 Annex C.
473 4.1.6 Marking
474 4.1.6.1 General
475 For an overview of marking requirements refer to Table 2. With the exception of batteries too
476 small to mark with all items (see 4.1.6.2), each battery shall be marked with the following
477 information:
478 a) designation, IEC or common;
479 b) expiration of a recommended usage period or year and month or week of manufacture.
480 The year and month or week of manufacture may be in code;
481 c) polarity of the positive (+) terminal;
482 d) nominal voltage;
483 e) name or trademark of the manufacturer or supplier;
484 f) cautionary advice.
485 NOTE Examples of the common designations can be found in Annex H.
486 4.1.6.2 Marking of batteries too small to accommodate all markings
487 a) Some batteries, mainly category 3 and category 4 batteries, have a surface too small to
488 accommodate all markings shown in 4.1.6.1. For these batteries the designation 4.1.6.1a)
489 and the polarity 4.1.6.1c) shall be marked on the battery. All other markings shown in 4.1.6.1
490 may be given on the immediate packaging instead of on the battery.
491 b) For P-system batteries, 4.1.6.1a) may be on the battery, the sealing tab or the package.
492 4.1.6.1c) may be marked on the sealing tab and/or on the battery. 4.1.6.1b), 4.1.6.1d) and
493 4.1.6.1e) may be given on the immediate packaging i
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