IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021

Fuel cell technologies - Part 9-102: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of fuel cell power systems based on life cycle thinking - Product category rules for environmental product declarations of stationary fuel cell power systems and alternative systems for residential applications

IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 provides a set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines (i.e. so-called product category rules (PCR) according to ISO 14025 and thus in line with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044) for characterizing the environmental performance of stationary fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) systems, and alternative systems for residential applications based on life cycle thinking primarily for communication to consumers.
This document covers stationary fuel cell CHP systems and alternative heat (and power) systems for residential applications that primarily serve heating purposes. The systems can be complemented with a hot water storage tank and one or more additional heat generators. The systems are connected to the electricity grid. The environmental performance is characterized in an EPD for each individual heat-related device or CHP generator separately. This document also describes how the environmental performance of a given combination of heat-related devices (including CHP generators) is characterized based on the environmental performance of its individual components. The domestic heat distribution system, district heating, or local infrastructures for fuel supply or for fuel storage are not considered

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 13-Jan-2021
• ICS: 27.070 - Fuel cells
• Technical Committee: TC 105 - Fuel cell technologies
• Drafting Committee: MT 209 - TC 105/MT 209
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 14-Jan-2021
• Completion Date: 21-Jan-2021

Overview

IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 specifies product category rules (PCR) for preparing Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) of stationary fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) systems and alternative residential heating (and power) systems. Aligned with ISO 14025 and consistent with ISO 14040/14044 life cycle assessment (LCA) principles, this Technical Specification defines the rules, boundaries and reporting requirements to characterize environmental performance for consumer communication. It covers individual heat-related devices (e.g., stationary fuel cell CHP, micro-CHP, heat generators, hot water storage tanks) and explains how to derive the environmental profile of combinations of devices installed in a residence. Local distribution networks, district heating and local fuel infrastructures are excluded.

Key topics and requirements

• Scope and product group definition: Stationary fuel cell CHP and alternative residential heating/power systems primarily serving heating purposes; options to include hot water storage and auxiliary generators.
• Life cycle thinking and system boundaries: Defines functional units, reference flows and life cycle stages (supply, manufacturing, operation, end-of-life) to ensure consistent LCA modelling.
• Data quality and inventory rules: Requirements for data collection, quality criteria and inclusion thresholds for inputs and outputs in the life cycle inventory (LCI).
• Allocation and multifunctionality: Rules for allocating impacts (e.g., crediting electricity from CHP, handling multifunctional manufacturing processes, credits for heat pumps) to ensure comparable results.
• Impact assessment and reporting: Specifies impact categories and LCA methods to be used and how results must be presented in an EPD for both manufacturers and installers.
• EPD contents, verification and validity: Detailed requirements for EPD content, additional environmental information for installers, verification procedures and EPD validity/update rules.
• Principles: Emphasizes accuracy, completeness, consistency, relevance and transparency in environmental communication.

Applications and who uses it

• Manufacturers of stationary fuel cell CHP, micro-CHP and residential heating systems - to create standardized EPDs for market communication and eco-design.
• LCA practitioners and EPD program operators - to ensure PCR-compliant modelling and declaration harmonization.
• Installers and product specifiers - to compile site-specific environmental information for consumers by combining component EPDs.
• Public procurers, policymakers and sustainability assessors - to compare products, support low-carbon procurement and inform regulation.

Related standards

• ISO 14025 (Type III environmental declarations / EPDs)
• ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 (LCA principles and requirements)
• Other parts of the IEC 62282 series (Fuel cell technologies)

Keywords: IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021, product category rules, EPD, fuel cell CHP, residential heating, LCA, environmental performance, ISO 14025.

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC TS 62282-9-102 ®
Edition 1.0 2021-01
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 9-102: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of fuel
cell power systems based on life cycle thinking – Product category rules for
environmental product declarations of stationary fuel cell power systems and
alternative systems for residential applications

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IEC TS 62282-9-102 ®
Edition 1.0 2021-01
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 9-102: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of fuel

cell power systems based on life cycle thinking – Product category rules for

environmental product declarations of stationary fuel cell power systems and

alternative systems for residential applications

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 27.070 ISBN 978-2-8322-9223-5

– 2 – IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Principles . 12
4.1 Accuracy . 12
4.2 Completeness . 12
4.3 Consistency . 12
4.4 Relevance . 12
4.5 Transparency . 12
4.6 Voluntary nature . 12
4.7 Units to be used . 12
4.8 Quantities to be provided . 12
5 Product group . 13
5.1 General . 13
5.2 Combination of heat-related devices . 13
5.3 Product and manufacturing company specification . 13
6 Assessment . 14
6.1 Goal of the assessment . 14
6.2 Boundary . 14
6.2.1 Functional unit and reference flow . 14
6.2.2 General system boundary and life cycle stages . 15
6.2.3 Criteria for the inclusion of inputs and outputs . 16
6.2.4 Data quality rules . 18
7 Life cycle inventory . 18
7.1 Data collection . 18
7.2 Inventory and calculation rules . 18
7.2.1 General . 18
7.2.2 Carbon neutrality and market-mediated impacts of biofuels . 19
7.3 Allocation rules and multifunctionality . 20
7.3.1 General . 20
7.3.2 Credits to electricity generated by a CHP generator for residential
application . 20
7.3.3 Credits to cold generated by heat pumps for residential application . 21
7.3.4 Dealing with multifunctionality of CHP in manufacturing . 21
8 Life cycle impact assessment . 21
8.1 General . 21
8.2 Impact categories . 21
8.3 Impact assessment methods . 21
9 Environmental product declaration (EPD) . 22
9.1 Content . 22
9.1.1 General . 22
9.1.2 Data from the LCA . 23
9.1.3 Additional environmental information to be reported . 24
9.1.4 Demonstration of verification . 25

9.1.5 Instructions for the installer on how to derive more specific
environmental information from the EPD . 26
9.2 Environmental information specific to the needs of a given consumer as
compiled by the installer based on the EPD . 26
9.2.1 General . 26
9.2.2 Case of an individual heat-related device operated at a specific site . 27
9.2.3 Case of combinations of heat-related devices operated at a specific site . 27
9.2.4 Dealing with greenhouse gas emissions from heat-related devices
burning biofuels . 28
10 Verification and validity of the EPD . 28
10.1 Report/documentation . 28
10.2 Verification. 28
10.3 Validity (period of validity) and update . 28
Bibliography . 29

Figure 1 – System boundary, foreground and background . 16

Table 1 – Combinations of space heating and hot water demands to which the
determined environmental impacts shall be related (reference flows) . 15
Table 2 – Credits by impact category attributed to a kWh of electricity produced by
CHP generators in a given country or region . 20
Table 3 – Replacing impact category names used by the LCA community by names
more readily understandable by the general public . 23
Table 4 – Environmental impact results due to the "supply of one device" to a given
market – Information for the installer . 23
Table 5 – Environmental impact results due to the "operation of device" in a given
market – Information for the installer . 24
Table 6 – Environmental impact results due to both "supply of one device" and
"operation of device" in a given market – Information for the consumer compiled by the
installer based on the EPD. 27

– 4 – IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 9-102: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of
fuel cell power systems based on life cycle thinking – Product category
rules for environmental product declarations of stationary fuel cell power
systems and alternative systems for residential applications

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
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9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC TS 62282-9-102 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 105: Fuel cell technologies.
It is a Technical Specification.
The text of this Technical Specification is based on the following documents:
DTS Report on voting
105/797/DTS 105/813A/RVDTS
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this Technical Specification is English.

This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62282 series, published under the general title Fuel cell technologies,
can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates that it
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– 6 – IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021
INTRODUCTION
In developing new or improved products, manufacturers pursue environmentally conscious
designs and evaluate their efforts, for example, by adopting a life cycle assessment (LCA)
approach, in order to improve the environmental performance and communicate it to consumers.
This part of IEC 62282 addresses core product category rules (PCR) for characterizing the
environmental performance of stationary fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) systems
(defined as: generator systems that use one or more fuel cell stack(s) to generate electric power
and heat) and alternative heat (and power) systems for residential applications based on life
cycle thinking for communication to consumers. They primarily serve heating purposes.
Alternative micro combined heat and power production (µCHP) systems (e.g. Stirling or internal
combustion engines) and residential heating systems are also covered. All of these heating
systems can be complemented with a peak boiler and/or a hot water storage tank. This shows
that there are multiple possibilities to combine stationary fuel cell CHP systems and alternative
heat (and power) systems in residential applications. This document is therefore written in a
way to allow for an environmental product declaration (EPD) for each individual heat-related
device to be established. If combined in a given home, this document also provides
requirements and guidance on how to derive specific information on their joint environmental
impacts based on the individual EPDs. Because the environmental implications of local
infrastructures are known neither to the manufacturer nor to the installer, local infrastructures
are not considered (i.e. the domestic heat distribution system and infrastructures for fuel supply
(e.g. municipal natural gas network) or fuel storage (e.g. oil tank in situ or in the municipality)).
District heating is beyond the scope of this document.
According to ISO 14025, a PCR is a set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for
developing Type III environmental declarations of one or more product categories, providing
quantified environmental data. The PCR, and the resulting EPDs, are based on life cycle
thinking in order to avoid an incomplete assessment of the systems in question and to identify
environmental burden shifting among environmental impact categories and life cycle stages.
The EPDs are accordingly generated using the principles, framework, methodologies and
practices established by the ISO 14040 series of standards (i.e. ISO 14040 and ISO 14044).
The overall goal of the EPD of stationary fuel cell CHP systems and alternative systems for
residential applications is to encourage the demand for, and supply of, those products that
cause less burden on the environment, through communication of verified and accurate
information that is not misleading, thereby stimulating the potential for market-driven continuous
environmental improvement. This document focuses on residential applications, but can also
be applied to applications in the tertiary sector.
This document is intended to be used by manufacturers of heat-related devices (including CHP
generators) on a voluntary basis. The information provided is then used by consumers or
installers.
The installation of a heating system (including CHP systems) individually or in combination with
other heat-related devices (e.g. µCHP combined with a peak boiler and a hot water storage
tank) depends on the heating demand of the consumer in a given home (in turn depending on
e.g. the climate, and the size and insulation level of the building) and also on the consumer's
technical preferences (e.g. CHP versus only heating, fuel cell CHP systems versus other
systems). The environmental performance of an individual heat-related device or a combination
thereof will therefore depend on the specific setting that the manufacturer cannot anticipate in
the EPD of its heat-related device. It will, therefore, be the task of the installer of a heat-related
device (including CHP generators), or a combination thereof, to adapt or integrate the
information of the EPD(s) of the heat-related device(s) in order to provide information on the
environmental performance of the overall heating systems that can potentially be installed in a
given home. Neither will the manufacturers be necessarily able to know to which extent the
devices run on biofuels (including on which kind of biofuel) and in particular whether the biofuels
used can be regarded as carbon neutral. Therefore, the case of carbon neutrality of biofuels is
not quantitatively dealt with in the EPD. However, it is discussed in the EPD so that the
consumer or installer of a heat-related device can take potentially existing carbon neutrality into
account.
NOTE At the time of publication of this document, a new ISO standard on "carbon neutrality" (ISO 14068) is under
development.
– 8 – IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 9-102: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of
fuel cell power systems based on life cycle thinking – Product category
rules for environmental product declarations of stationary fuel cell power
systems and alternative systems for residential applications

1 Scope
This part of IEC 62282 provides a set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines (i.e. so-
called product category rules (PCR) according to ISO 14025 and thus in line with ISO 14040
and ISO 14044) for characterizing the environmental performance of stationary fuel cell
combined heat and power (CHP) systems, and alternative systems for residential applications
based on life cycle thinking primarily for communication to consumers. The environmental
performance of a system is communicated to the consumer and the installer by means of an
environmental product declaration (EPD).
This document covers stationary fuel cell CHP systems and alternative heat (and power)
systems for residential applications that primarily serve heating purposes. The systems can be
complemented with a hot water storage tank and one or more additional heat generators. The
systems are connected to the electricity grid. The environmental performance is characterized
in an EPD for each individual heat-related device or CHP generator separately. This document
also describes how the environmental performance of a given combination of heat-related
devices (including CHP generators) is characterized based on the environmental performance
of its individual components. The domestic heat distribution system, district heating, or local
infrastructures for fuel supply or for fuel storage are not considered.
This document focuses on residential applications, but can also be used to assess applications
in the tertiary or service sector.
This document does not override, or in any way change, legally required environmental
information, claims or labelling, or any other applicable legal requirements.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
ISO 14020:2000, Environmental labels and declarations – General principles
ISO 14021:2016, Environmental labels and declarations – Self-declared environmental claims
(Type II environmental labelling)
ISO 14025:2006, Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations
– Principles and procedures
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
fuel cell stack
assembly of cells, separators, cooling plates, manifolds and a supporting structure that
electrochemically converts, typically, hydrogen-rich gas and air reactants to DC power, heat
and other reaction products
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-06-01]
3.2
combined heat and power
CHP
simultaneous generation of thermal and electric energy in one process
[SOURCE: IEC 62282-3-400:2016, 3.1.19]
3.3
CHP generator
system that produces thermal and electric energy
[SOURCE: IEC 62282-3-400:2016, 3.1.21, modified – "includes a fuel cell power system
producing" replaced by "produces"; "and is the preferential source of heat" and Note 1 to entry
deleted.]
3.4
fuel cell combined heat and power system
fuel cell CHP system
device consisting of one or more fuel cell stack(s) that is intended to simultaneously produce
both electric power and heat
Note 1 to entry: The configuration of a fuel cell CHP system neither includes a supplementary heat generator nor a
hot water storage tank. As a result, it is not necessarily identical to a fuel cell cogeneration system as defined in
IEC 60050-485.
3.5
heat generator
system that produces thermal energy
3.6
domestic hot water
water delivered by a heat generator or a CHP generator, raised to a certain temperature in
order to use it for domestic needs, such as kitchen, bathroom
[SOURCE: IEC 62282-3-400:2016, 3.1.37, modified – "the small fuel cell CHP appliance"
replaced by "a heat generator or a CHP generator".]
3.7
heat-related device
device that can generate, store, transfer or control thermal energy
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, the transfer function is generally not included.
Note 2 to entry: CHP generators are also considered as heat-related devices.

– 10 – IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021
3.8
functional unit
quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.20]
3.9
reference flow
measure of the outputs from processes in a given product system required to fulfil the function
expressed by the functional unit
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.29]
3.10
foreground system
element of the life cycle of a product that is specific to it
Note 1 to entry: The foreground system notably comprises the manufacturing, use and end-of-life of the product.
3.11
background system
element of the life cycle of a product that is not specific to it
EXAMPLE Material supply for constructing the manufacturing site or machinery used.
3.12
elementary flow
material or energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn from the environment
without previous human transformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied
that is released into the environment without subsequent human transformation
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.12]
3.13
environmental aspect
element of an organization's activities or products or services that interacts or can interact with
the environment
Note 1 to entry: An environmental aspect can cause (an) environmental impact(s). A significant environmental
aspect is one that has or can have one or more significant environmental impact(s).
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.2, modified – Note 2 to entry deleted.]
3.14
environmental impact
change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an
organization's environmental aspects
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.4]
3.15
impact category
class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis results
may be assigned
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.39]

3.16
characterization factor
factor derived from a characterization model which is applied to convert an assigned life cycle
inventory analysis result to the common unit of the category indicator
Note 1 to entry: The common unit allows calculation of the category indicator result.
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.37]
3.17
primary data
information determined by direct measurement, estimation or calculation for the foreground
system
3.18
secondary data
information obtained from sources other than primary data (3.17)
Note 1 to entry: Sources can include reports, websites, books, databases, journal articles, broadcasts, etc.
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, 3.2.4, modified – "data" replaced by "information", Note 1 to
entry replaced by a new Note 1 to entry.]
3.19
product category
group of products that can fulfil equivalent functions
[SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.12]
3.20
environmental label
environmental declaration
claim which indicates the environmental aspects of a product or service
Note 1 to entry: An environmental label or declaration may take the form of a statement, symbol or graphic on a
product or package label, in product literature, in technical bulletins, in advertising or in publicity, amongst other
things.
[SOURCE: ISO 14020:2000, 2.1]
3.21
Type III environmental declaration
environmental performance declaration
environmental declaration providing quantified environmental data using predetermined
parameters and, where relevant, additional environmental information
Note 1 to entry: The predetermined parameters are based on the ISO 14040 series of standards, which is made up
of ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.
Note 2 to entry: The additional environmental information may be quantitative or qualitative.
Note 3 to entry: In the practice of developing Type III environmental declarations, programmes or their declarations
are referred to by various names such as Eco-Leaf, eco-profile, environmental declaration of product, environmental
product declaration (EPD), environmental performance declaration and environmental profile.
[SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.2, modified – Second preferred term "environmental
performance declaration" and Note 3 to entry added.]

– 12 – IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021
3.22
product category rules
PCR
set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for developing Type III environmental
declarations for one or more product categories
[SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.5]
4 Principles
4.1 Accuracy
Aim for accuracy by minimizing uncertainty and eliminating bias towards a particular perspective.
4.2 Completeness
Ensure that all significant information is included in such a way that no other relevant
information needs to be added and no additional information will change the results significantly.
4.3 Consistency
Ensure that assumptions, methods and data are applied in the same way throughout the
process of creating the EPD and are consistent with the goal and scope.
4.4 Relevance
Ensure that sources, time-related, spatial and technological coverage and representativeness
of data, and methods used (e.g. for data estimation) are appropriate for the process of creating
the EPD.
4.5 Transparency
Ensure documentation is comprehensive, understandable and not misleading to the largest
extent possible, including procedures, data sources, tools, assumptions, extrapolations,
simplifications, cut-offs and their justifications in order to allow verifiers to gain confidence in
the results presented in the EPD and the underlying report and facilitate replicability of the
analysis.
4.6 Voluntary nature
The development and use of the EPD is voluntary.
4.7 Units to be used
The International System of Units shall be used. For a better understanding, reasonable
multiples can be used.
Units that are not part of the International System of Units may be used in the case of:
– kWh for electricity, heat and hot water energy content;
– kW (or multiples hereof: e.g. MW, GW) for power.
4.8 Quantities to be provided
When reporting LCA results, a minimum of two and a maximum of three significant digits shall
be indicated.
5 Product group
5.1 General
The product group in the scope of this PCR consists of heat-related devices for residential
applications. It includes fuel cell CHP systems, other kinds of CHP generators, stand-alone and
additional heat generators and hot water storage tanks.
Mobile applications, heat-related devices exclusively serving cooling purposes and the
domestic heat distribution system are not included.
5.2 Combination of heat-related devices
If several heat-related devices for residential applications are combined, the information
requirements in 5.3 shall be provided by the respective manufacturer for each heat-related
device or CHP generator separately (e.g. fuel cell µCHP and back-up boiler).
5.3 Product and manufacturing company specification
The following properties and characteristics of the heat-related device or CHP generator for
residential applications shall be documented:
– short description of the heat-related device or CHP generator;
– trade name;
– manufacturer name and production site of the heat-related device or CHP generator for
residential applications;
– type of electrolyte used if the heat-related device or CHP generator for residential
applications is a fuel cell;
– primary functions (e.g. production of electricity, hot water and/or space heating);
– electrical power (rated or peak output) if the system produces electricity;
– thermal power (rated output);
– electrical efficiency as an average over the system's lifetime in accordance with the market-
specific operation conditions as shown in Table 1 if the system produces electricity; it shall
be specified whether the electrical efficiency was determined based on the higher or on the
lower heating value;
– thermal efficiency as an average over the system's lifetime; it shall be specified whether the
thermal efficiency was determined based on the higher or the lower heating value;
– rated voltage if applicable;
– rated current if applicable;
– coefficient of performance as an average over the system's lifetime in accordance with the
market-specific operation conditions as shown in Table 1 if the heat-related device is a heat
pump;
– range of temperatures and operating temperature (including outlet temperature) if
applicable;
– weight;
– dimensions;
– expected service life that amongst other things depends on the expected operation profile
and the heat/power demand.
The way in which average efficiencies that are representative over a system's lifetime is defined
(notably including degradation phenomena) shall be documented and justified.

– 14 – IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021
To the extent that such documents exist, the properties and characteristics shall be determined
according to (descending order of priority):
– appropriate IEC standards or technical specifications;
– appropriate ISO standards or technical specifications;
– appropriate supranational standards or technical specifications (e.g. from CEN or
CENELEC);
– appropriate national standards or technical specifications; or
– appropriate national guidance documents (e.g. from VDI, the Association of German
Engineers).
NOTE In the case of fuel cell (combined heat and) power systems, examples of IEC standards include
IEC 60050-485, IEC 62282-3-200, IEC 62282-3-201 and IEC 62282-3-400.
The documents according to which the properties and characteristics are determined shall be
stated in the report/documentation (10.1).
6 Assessment
6.1 Goal of the assessment
The goal of the assessment described in Clauses 7 and 8 is the establishment of an EPD
(Clause 9), characterizing the environmental performance of a heat-related device for
residential applications, as specified in Clause 5, in a specific market. The market shall be
defined in terms of country or region. The EPD shall be specific for a given market. If the
manufacturer intends to sell its heat-related device in different countries or regions, specific
EPD versions shall be provided.
The EPDs elaborated can be disclosed to the public and used for comparison purposes.
6.2 Boundary
6.2.1 Functional unit and reference flow
The functional unit is the annual satisfaction of the space heating and hot water demand of a
given home. The space heating and hot water demands vary between homes of different sizes,
of different levels of insulation, in different climates, and with different numbers and behaviours
of inhabitants. It is the task of the installer of a heat-related device or CHP generator to
determine the annual heat demand valid for a given home (9.2).
In order to allow for fair comparisons between systems, the reference lifetime shall be 10 years.
If devices or components thereof last shorter than 10 years, respective replacements shall be
taken into account. For replaced devices or components whose lifetime will not be fully used,
the elementary flows and related environmental impacts related to the supply of the device shall
be spread equally over the lifetime of the device or the component in question. In this case,
only the years that fall into the reference lifetime of 10 years shall be taken into account. If
devices or components thereof last longer than 10 years, the elementary flows and related
environmental impacts related to the supply of the device shall be spread equally over the
lifetime of the device or the component in question. In this case, only the first 10 years shall be
taken into account.
NOTE The selection of a reference lifetime of 10 years was motivated by the expected lifetime of a fuel cell stack,
noting that the expected lifetime of other heat-related devices can deviate.
In order to enable the installer to assess the specific environmental performance of an individual
heat-related device or a CHP generator, or of a combination of these, the functional unit is split
into the supply of a given heat-related device or CHP generator to the regional market on which
it is used, and the system operation.

The reference flow for the supply of a given heat-related device or CHP generator to the regional
market on which it is used is the device itself, referred to as "supply of device". Different
combinations of space heating and hot water demands constitute the reference flows for the
operation phase, referred to as "operation of device". Table 1 indicates the scenarios of space
heating and hot water demands for which environmental performance-related information shall
be determined by the manufacturer, as appropriate, averaged over the lifetime of the heat-
related device or of the CHP generator. For each scenario, the following information shall
additionally be documented and justified, preferably based on evidence:
– the overall lifetime of the heat-related device or the CHP generator expressed in expected
years of operation, and
– the frequency of replacement of components (e.g. stack, desulfurizer, refrigerant) during
that time.
Table 1 – Combinations of space heating and hot water demands to which
the determined environmental impacts shall be related (reference flows)
Scenario ID Heating demand Percentage of hot water demand
[kWh/year]
Si10 10 000 10 %
Si20 10 000 20 %
Si35 10 000 35 %
Si50 10 000 50 %
Sii10 20 000 10 %
Sii20 20 000 20 %
Sii35 20 000 35 %
Sii50 20 000 50 %
Sv10 50 000 10 %
Sv20 50 000 20 %
Sv35 50 000 35 %
Sv50 50 000 50 %
Sx10 100 000 10 %
Sx20 100 000 20 %
Sx35 100 000 35 %
Sx50 100 000 50 %
When a given space heating and hot water demand is provided by a CHP generator, a credit
may be given to the electricity produced (7.3.2). When a heat-related device also serves cooling
purposes (e.g. heat pumps), a credit may be given to the cold produced (7.3.3).
6.2.2 General system boundary and life cycle stages
The life cycle of the heat-related device or of the CHP generator shall include and be split into
the following life cycle stages:
– manufacturing (including material and component supply and all related relevant
transports),
– operation (including the fuel and electricity supply to the device, and maintenance), and
– end-of-life.
– 16 – IEC TS 62282-9-102:2021 © IEC 2021
The considered system is distinguished into the foreground system and the background system
(Figure 1). The foreground system consists of heat-related devices as described in 5.1. The
foreground system includes the manufacturing, the use and the end-of-life of the heat-related
devices in question.
Figure 1 – System boundary, foreground and background
The remainder of the considered system (termed technosphere in Figure 1) constitutes the
background system. Fuel and electricity supply is part of the background system. Secondary
data may be used to describe fuel and electricity supply (6.2.3).
The way in which the end-of-life stage is treated is described in 6.2.3.4.
The boundaries of the heat-related device or of the CHP generator are defined according to the
criteria as specified in 6.2.3.
6.2.3 Criteria for the inclusion of inputs and outputs
6.2.3.1 General
In the following Subclauses 6.2.3.2 to 6.2.3.5, requirements regarding the inclusion of inputs
and outputs are given. If data cannot be obtained with reasonable effort, it shall be documented
and reported for which processes, materials, energy uses, etc. data is missing.
6.2.3.2 Manufacturing
Primary data shall be used for:
– material composition of the different components of the heat-related device,
– material composition of auxiliary equipment (e.g. for fuel preparation such as a desulfurizer,
inverter, provisions for mounting the device), if any,
– energy use for constructing and assembling the heat-related device and its components,
– distances by mode of transport, and related energy uses and releases for material supply,

– distances by mode of transport for delivering the heat-related device to the regional market
on which it is used.
Secondary data may be used for energy uses and releases associated with transport in the
manufacturing stage.
For the fuel, heat (including cold) or electricity supply at the manufacturing site(s), 6.2.3.5
applies.
All hazardous and toxic materials used for manufacturing the heat-related device or the CHP
generator that are under the control of the organization making the EPD shall be included in
the inventory, regardless of their contribution to final environmental impacts. This also applies
to materials that are critical in the sense of global scarc
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