IEC 62028:2002
(Main)General methods of measurement for digital television receivers
General methods of measurement for digital television receivers
IEC 62028:2002 describes standard conditions and methods of measurement on digital television receivers which receive digital television broadcast transmissions. It deals with the determination of performance and allows the comparison of equipment by listing the characteristics which are useful for specifications and by laying down uniform measuring methods of these characteristics. Performance requirements are not specified, since they are specified by other international, regional or domestic standards for the systems. This bilingual version corresponds to the monolingual English version, published in 2002-02.
Méthodes de mesure générales pour récepteurs de télévision numériques
La CEI 62028:2002 traite des conditions et méthodes standardisées de mesure des récepteurs de télévision numérique qui reçoivent de la télévision numérique radiodiffusée. Elle traite de la détermination des performances; elle permet la comparaison des matériels en énumérant les caractéristiques utiles pour les spécifier et en définissant des méthodes de mesure uniformes de ces caractéristiques. Les exigences en performances ne sont pas spécifiées, puisqu'elles sont détaillées dans d'autres normes internationales, régionales ou nationales pour les systèmes. La présente version bilingue correspond à la version anglaise monolingue publiée en 2002-02.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD
First edition
2002-02
General methods of measurement
for digital television receivers
Reference number
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INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD
First edition
2002-02
General methods of measurement
for digital television receivers –
IEC 2002 Copyright - all rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
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International Electrotechnical Commission
Международная Электротехническая Комиссия
For price, see current catalogue
– 2 – 62028 IEC:2002(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.6
1 Scope.7
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations .8
3.1 Terms and definitions .8
3.2 Abbreviations .8
4 Conceptual block diagram of digital television receivers .11
4.1 General .11
4.1.1 Types of receivers .11
4.1.2 Peripheral connectors.11
4.2 Basic common block diagram .11
4.2.1 General .11
4.2.2 Satellite broadcasting system .11
4.2.3 Terrestrial broadcasting system.11
4.2.4 CATV system.12
5 General notes on measurements .12
5.1 General conditions .12
5.2 Test signals.12
5.2.1 Video test signals .12
5.2.2 Audio test signals .12
5.2.3 Data test signals.12
5.3 RF (radio frequency) television signal.13
5.3.1 General .13
5.3.2 Reference modulation.13
5.3.3 Signal level.13
5.4 Measuring systems and test instruments .13
5.4.1 Measuring system .13
5.4.2 Base band test signal generators.13
5.4.3 Service data generator .13
5.4.4 Encoders .13
5.4.5 Modulator .14
5.4.6 BER analyzer .14
5.5 Standard measuring conditions .14
5.5.1 Standard input signal levels.14
5.5.2 Standard output signal levels.14
5.5.3 Standard receiver settings .14
5.5.4 General conditions.14
5.6 Standard viewing conditions .14
6 Assessment of received picture and sound quality.15
6.1 Subjective tests of basic received quality .15
6.1.1 Objectives .15
6.1.2 Methodology.15
7 Methods of measurement of RF signals .17
7.1 General .17
7.2 Method of measurement of RF signal level .20
62028 IEC:2002(E) – 3 –
7.2.1 Introduction .20
7.2.2 Equipment required .20
7.2.3 Connection of the equipment .20
7.2.4 Measurement procedure .20
7.2.5 Presentation of the results.21
7.3 Method of measurement of carrier to noise ratio (C/N).21
7.3.1 Introduction .21
7.3.2 Equipment required .21
7.3.3 Connection of the equipment .22
7.3.4 Measurement procedure .22
7.3.5 Presentation of the results.22
7.4 Method of measurement of Bit Error Rate (BER) .22
7.4.1 Introduction .22
7.4.2 Equipment required .23
7.4.3 Connection of the equipment .23
7.4.4 Measurement procedure .23
7.4.5 Presentation of the results.24
7.5 Method of measurement of BER versus E /N .24
b o
7.5.1 Introduction .24
7.5.2 Equipment required .24
7.5.3 Connection of the equipment .24
7.5.4 Measurement procedure .25
7.5.5 Presentation of the results.25
7.6 Method of measurement of noise margin .26
7.6.1 Introduction .26
7.6.2 Equipment required .26
7.6.3 Connection of the equipment .27
7.6.4 Measurement procedure .27
7.6.5 Presentation of the results.27
7.7 Method of measurement of Modulation Error Ratio (MER) .27
7.7.1 Introduction .27
7.7.2 Equipment required .28
7.7.3 Connection of the equipment .28
7.7.4 Measurement procedure .28
7.7.5 Presentation of the results.29
7.8 Method of measurement of phase jitter.29
7.8.1 Introduction .29
7.8.2 Equipment required .29
7.8.3 Connection of the equipment .30
7.8.4 Measurement procedure .30
7.8.5 Presentation of the results.31
7.9 Method of measurement of phase noise of a RF carrier.31
7.9.1 Introduction .31
7.9.2 Equipment required .32
7.9.3 Connection of the equipment .32
7.9.4 Measurement procedure .32
7.9.5 Presentation of the results.33
8 Measurements of the MPEG-2 transport stream .33
8.1 Introduction .33
– 4 – 62028 IEC:2002(E)
8.2 Method of measurement .34
8.2.1 Introduction .34
8.2.2 Equipment required .34
8.2.3 Connection of the equipment .34
8.2.4 Measurement procedure .34
8.2.5 Presentation of the results.37
Annex A (normative) Digital signal level and bandwidth .40
A.1 RF/IF power ("carrier").40
A.2 Bandwidth of a digital signal .40
A.3 Examples .42
Annex B (normative) Correction factor for spectrum analyser.44
Annex C (normative) Correction factors for noise.45
C.1 Signal level measurement.45
C.2 Noise level measurement .45
Bibliography.47
Figure 1 – Conceptual configuration of a digital broadcasting system .12
Figure 2 – Measuring set-up .15
Figure 3 – Layout of a basic received quality assessment trial .16
Figure 4 – Rating scales used in the basic received quality test.17
Figure 5 – Reference RF signal source – I/Q signal source and RF modulator .18
Figure 6 – Reference receiver.19
Figure 7 – Test set-up for BER measurement .23
Figure 8 – Test set-up for BER measurement versus E /N .25
b o
Figure 9 – Example of BER measurement versus E /N .26
b o
Figure 10 – Test set-up for noise margin measurement.27
Figure 11 – Test set-up for MER measurement .28
Figure 12 – Example of constellation diagram for a 64QAM modulation format where
th
the i point has been enlarged to show the co-ordinates of the symbol error vector.29
Figure 13 – Test set-up for phase jitter measurement .30
Figure 14 – Example of constellation diagram for a 64QAM modulation format where
are shown the "corner decision boundary boxes" for the phase jitter .30
Figure 15 – Test set-up for phase noise measurement.32
Figure 16 – Possible mask for CPE measurements – the points A, B and C to be
defined .33
Figure 17 – Measurement set-up for the evaluation of the MPEG-2 transport stream
parameters for a communication link using a coaxial cable and synchronous serial
transmission (SSI type).37
Figure 18 – Measurement set-up for the evaluation of the MPEG-2 transport stream
parameters for a communication link using a fibre-optic cable and synchronous serial
transmission (SSI type).37
Figure 19 – Measurement set-up for the evaluation of the MPEG-2 transport stream
parameters for a communication link using a coaxial cable and asynchronous serial
transmission (ASI type).38
62028 IEC:2002(E) – 5 –
Figure 20 – Measurement set-up for the evaluation of the MPEG-2 transport stream
parameters for a communication link using a fibre-optic cable and asynchronous serial
transmission (ASI type).38
Figure 21 – Measurement set-up for the evaluation of the MPEG-2 transport stream
parameters for a communication link that feeds a CATV system using a satellite
transponder and a down link in the 11/12 GHz band .38
Figure 22 – Measurement set-up for the evaluation of the MPEG-2 transport stream
parameters for a communication link that feeds a SMATV system using a satellite
transponder and a down link in the 11/12 GHz band .39
Figure A.1 – VSB channel occupancy .41
Figure C.1 – Noise correction factor CF (dB) versus measured level difference D (dB) .46
Table 1 – Frequency offsets for 2k and 8k OFDM systems.33
Table 2 – First priority – necessary for de-codability (basic monitoring) .35
Table 3 – Second priority – recommended for continuous or periodic monitoring.35
Table 4 – Third priority – application dependant monitoring .36
Table A.1 – Examples of bandwidth for digital modulation techniques .43
Table C.1 – Noise correction factor.45
– 6 – 62028 IEC:2002(E)
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
___________
GENERAL METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
FOR DIGITAL TELEVISION RECEIVERS
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the
two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical specifications, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National
Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62028 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 100: Audio,
video and multimedia systems and equipment.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
100/232/CDV 100/427/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
Annexes A, B, and C form an integral part of this standard.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until 2004.
At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
62028 IEC:2002(E) – 7 –
GENERAL METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
FOR DIGITAL TELEVISION RECEIVERS
1 Scope
IEC 62028 deals with the standard conditions and methods of measurement on digital
television receivers which receive digital television broadcast transmissions.
IEC 62028 deals with the determination of performance and allows the comparison of
equipment by listing the characteristics which are useful for specifications and by laying down
uniform measuring methods of these characteristics. Performance requirements are not
specified, since they are specified by other international, regional or domestic standards for
the systems.
It does not include the measurements specific to the transmission system, such as;
• measurements on receivers for satellite transmission systems,
• measurements on receivers for terrestrial transmission systems,
• measurements on receivers for cable transmission systems,
• measurements specific to sound channels, and
• measurements specific to data channels.
IEC 62028 does not include methods of measurement on outdoor units and antennas for
satellite reception, for which reference is required to other appropriate IEC standards.
IEC 62028 does not deal with general safety matters, for which reference is required to IEC 60065,
or other appropriate IEC safety standards, nor with radiation and immunity, which will be dealt with
by CISPR.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60107-1:1997, Methods of measurement on receivers for television broadcast
transmissions – Part 1: General considerations – Measurements at radio and video
frequencies
ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and
associated audio: Systems
ISO/IEC 13818-4:1998, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and
associated audio information – Part 4: Conformance testing
ISO/IEC 13818-9:1996, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and
associated audio information – Part 9: Extension for real time interface for systems decoders
ITU-R BT.500-10:2000, Methodology for the subjective assessment of quality of television
pictures
– 8 – 62028 IEC:2002(E)
EN 300 421 Digital video broadcasting (DVB) – Framing structure, channel coding and
modulation for 11/12 GHz satellite services
EN 300 429 Digital video broadcasting (DVB) – Framing structure, channel coding and
modulation for cable systems
EN 300 744 Digital video broadcasting (DVB) – Framing structure, channel coding and
modulation for digital terrestrial television”
ETR 211:1997, Digital video broadcasting (DVB) – Guidelines on implementation and usage
of Service Information (SI)
ETS 300 468:2000, Digital video broadcasting (DVB) – Specification for Service Information
(SI) in DVB systems
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this publication, the following terms and definitions apply:
3.1.1
MPEG-2
refers to the ISO/IEC 13818 series. System coding is defined in part 1, video coding is
defined in part 2, audio coding is defined in part 3
3.1.2
multiplex
stream of all the digital data carrying one or more services within a single physical channel
3.1.3
service information (SI)
digital data describing the delivery system, content and scheduling/timing of broadcast data
streams etc. It includes MPEG-2 program specific information (PSI) together with
independently defined extensions.
3.1.4
transport stream (TS)
a data structure defined in ISO/IEC 13818-1
3.2 Abbreviations
AGC Automatic Gain Controller
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Business
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee
BAT Bouquet Association Table
BEP Bit Error Probability
BER Bit Error Rate
BPSK Biphase Shift Keying
bslbf bit string, left bit first
CA Conditional Access
CAT Conditional Access Table
62028 IEC:2002(E) – 9 –
CATV Community Antenna TeleVision
COFDM Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
CPE Common Phase Error
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
D/A Digital-to-Analogue converter
DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DIRD Digital Integrated Receiver Decoder
DIT Discontinuity Information Table
DTS Display Time-Stamp
DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
DVB-C DVB-Cable
DVB-S DVB-Satellite
DVB-SI DVB-Service Information
DVB-T DVB-Terrestrial
EB Error Block
ECM Entitlement Control Message
EIT Event Information Table
EMM Entitlement Management Message
EN European Standard
EPG Electronic Programme Guide
ETR ETSI Technical Report
ETS European Telecommunication Standard
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FEC Forward Error Correction
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FIFO First-in, First-out shift register
FS Full Scale
HDTV High Definition TeleVision
HEX Hexadecimal notation
HP High Priority bit stream
ICI lnter-Carrier Interference
IF Intermediate Frequency
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
IRD Integrated Receiver Decoder
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
JTC Joint Technical Committee
LP Low Priority bit stream
LSB Least Significant Bit
MER Modulation Error Ratio
MP@ML Main Profile at Main Level
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
– 10 – 62028 IEC:2002(E)
MSB Most Significant Bit
MUX Multiplex
NIT Network Information Table
NVOD Near Video On Demand
OCT Octal notation
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
PAT Program Association Table
PCR Program Clock Reference
PES Packetized Elementary Stream
PID Packet IDentifier
PMT Program Map Table
PRBS Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence
PSK Phase Shift Keying
PSI Program System Information
PTS Presentation Time-Stamp
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QEF Quasi Error Free
QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
RF Radio Frequency
rpchof remainder polynomial coefficients, highest order first
RS Reed-Solomon
RST Running Status Table
SHF Super High Frequency
SDT Service Description Table
SDTV Standard Definition TeleVision
SI Service Information
SIT Selection Information Table
SMATV Satellite Master Antenna TeleVision
SMD System Management Descriptor
Smid System Management identifier
ST Stuffing Table
STB Set Top Box
TC-8PSK Trellis Code 8-level Phase Shift Keying
TDT Time and Date Table
TEI Transport Error Indicator
TOT Time Offset Table
TPS Transmission Parameter Signalling
TS Transport Stream
TV Television
uimsbf unsigned integer most significant bit first
UTC Universal Time, Co-ordinated
VSB Vestigial Side Band
62028 IEC:2002(E) – 11 –
8VSB 8-level Vestigial Side Band
16VSB 16-level Vestigial Side Band
64QAM 64-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
4 Conceptual block diagram of digital television receivers
4.1 General
4.1.1 Types of receivers
Digital television receivers are usually designed to be capable of receiving digital television
signals in a variety of ways. Examples are direct off-air reception or reception via cabled
network in the VHF/UHF bands, and from satellite broadcasts in conjunction with an outdoor
unit and a DBS tuner. Further digital signals can be delivered by the PSTN or ISDN. The
signal will usually include information on the service supplied.
A return path can be present for interactive TV applications.
For non-broadcast signals, the receiver may be used as a monitor to display pre-recorded
video or home movies.
The methods of measurement described in this standard take into account various options.
4.1.2 Peripheral connectors
Most receivers are provided with connectors for the interface with audio and video signals.
Examples are the 21-pin connector described in IEC 60933-1 and IEC 60933-2 and the Y/C
connector described in IEC 60933-5. An example for a digital interface is described in the
IEC 61883 series and an example for an analogue interface is described in IEC 61880.
4.2 Basic common block diagram
4.2.1 General
The basic common conceptual block diagram of digital television broadcasting system is
shown in figure 1.
After audio and video signals are converted from analogue to digital, they are compressed.
Data signals, which might include EPG (Electronic Program Guide), SI (Service Information),
teletext program, etc., are multiplexed with compressed audio and video signals. After
channel coding, the TS is modulated and transmitted via satellite, terrestrial, or cable.
In digital television receivers, the transmitted signal is demodulated and sent to the error
correction block. After error correction, audio, video, and data signals are demultiplexed, and
audio and video signals are decompressed respectively. Audio and video signals are sent to a
conventional (analogue) TV receiver (through the peritelevision socket) or to a display and
loud speakers, and the data signal is sent to a conventional (analogue) TV receiver (through
the peritelevision socket) or to data equipment.
4.2.2 Satellite broadcasting system
When the digital television signal is transmitted via satellite, BPSK, QPSK and TC-8PSK
modulation formats are used.
4.2.3 Terrestrial broadcasting system
COFDM, band-segmented OFDM and 8VSB modulation formats are used in the terrestrial
broadcasting system.
– 12 – 62028 IEC:2002(E)
4.2.4 CATV system
64QAM and 16VSB modulation formats are used for the CATV system.
TV receiver
Video
Video Video
encoder Satellite
signal decoder
QPSK, 8PSK
De-
Audio Terrestrial
Audio De- Audio
multiplexer
Multiplexer
Modulator
8VSB, OFDM
modulator
signal encoder decoder
CATV
64QAM, 16VSB
Data
Data
Data equipment
IEC 588/02
Figure 1 – Conceptual configuration of a digital broadcasting system
5 General notes on measurements
5.1 General conditions
General measuring conditions are according to 3.1 of IEC 60107-1.
5.2 Test signals
Test signals are common to all the transmission systems.
5.2.1 Video test signals
5.2.1.1 Still image video signal
The still image video signal shall be electronically generated.
a) Colour bar signal;
b) Ramp signal;
c) Modulated ramp signal;
d) Multiburst signal;
e) 5-steps signal.
5.2.1.2 Moving picture video signal
Under consideration.
5.2.2 Audio test signals
1 kHz sine-wave signal is used.
Frequency variable sine-wave signal is used for measuring frequency characteristics.
5.2.3 Data test signals
Under consideration.
62028 IEC:2002(E) – 13 –
5.3 RF (radio frequency) television signal
5.3.1 General
The RF signal is usually digitally modulated by a MPEG transport stream containing audio,
video and service information data.
Subclauses 3.3 and 3.4 of IEC 60107-1 as far as relevant shall apply.
5.3.2 Reference modulation
The modulation shall be in accordance with the system for which the receiver under test is
designed.
(1) Cable systems:
64QAM, 16VSB modulation formats are used on cable systems.
(2) Satellite broadcast:
QPSK, TC-8PSK, BPSK modulation formats are used for satellite broadcast.
(3) Terrestrial broadcast:
COFDM, band-segmented OFDM, 8VSB modulation formats are used for terrestrial
broadcasting.
QPSK, DQPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM are used for modulating carriers when using OFDM
(COFDM or band-segmented OFDM) modulation format for transmission.
In the following sections, the typical notation “QAM, PSK, OFDM and VSB” are used instead
of 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM, QPSK, COFDM, band-segmented OFDM and 8VSB.
5.3.3 Signal level
The RF signal level shall be expressed by the r.m.s. voltage of the modulated carrier on a
terminating resistor. The definition of the RF signal level is according to 3.4 of IEC 60107-1.
5.4 Measuring systems and test instruments
5.4.1 Measuring system
A notional block diagram for the measuring system is shown in figure 2.
5.4.2 Base band test signal generators
The video signal generator can be used for still picture image, and VCR and DVD can be used
for moving picture image.
5.4.3 Service data generator
Under consideration.
5.4.4 Encoders
The video encoder shall be capable of encoding video signals in accordance with MPEG2 format.
The audio encoder shall be capable of encoding audio signals in accordance with MPEG2 or
AC-3 or MPEG2-AAC format.
– 14 – 62028 IEC:2002(E)
5.4.5 Modulator
The modulator shall modulate the transport stream at the output of the multiplexer according
to the broadcasting system.
5.4.6 BER analyzer
Under consideration.
5.5 Standard measuring conditions
Unless otherwise specified, the standard conditions described in this subclause shall be
applied.
5.5.1 Standard input signal levels
5.5.1.1 Standard RF input signal level for receivers for QAM systems
The standard level at the input terminal shall be 60 dB(µV) when terminated with a 75 Ω
resistor.
5.5.1.2 Standard RF input signal level for receivers for OFDM systems
The standard level at the input terminal shall be 60 dB(µV) when terminated with a 75 Ω
resistor.
5.5.1.3 Standard RF input signal level for receivers for VSB systems
The standard level at the input terminal shall be 60 dB(µV) when terminated with a 75 Ω
resistor.
5.5.1.4 Standard RF input signal level for receivers for QPSK systems
The standard level at the input terminal shall be 60 dB(µV) when terminated with a 75 Ω
resistor.
5.5.1.5 Standard input signal level for receivers for PSTN/ISDN systems
Under consideration.
5.5.2 Standard output signal levels
Under consideration.
5.5.3 Standard receiver settings
Under consideration.
5.5.4 General conditions
Under consideration.
5.6 Standard viewing conditions
The standard viewing condition to be applied shall be those of IEC 60107-1.
62028 IEC:2002(E) – 15 –
Television signal source
CW signal generator
Digital receiver/decoder under test
Directional
coupler
Video
signal
Encoder
Input
DC
generator Luminance
CN
terminal
meter
Display
Multi-
Audio
Modulator
signal
plexer
Encoder
generator Combining
Network
data
generator
Loud
speaker
Television signal source
Spectrum
analyzer
BER
analyzer
IEC 589/02
Figure 2 – Measuring set-up
6 Assessment of received picture and sound quality
6.1 Subjective tests of basic received quality
6.1.1 Objectives
The basic received quality tests will be conducted to assess the subjective quality of image
and sound sequences that were encoded, modulated, transmitted, demodulated and decoded
by the test digital system. Multiple modes of operation of the digital system may be tested.
6.1.2 Methodology
6.1.2.1 Testers
Testers should be recruited locally and screened for audio-visual abilities (normal or
corrected-to-normal), and language comprehension. Those who meet the screening criteria
will be permitted to participate in the tests.
Separate groups of testers were used in the different basic received quality tests. At least
15 testers shall participate in any given session.
6.1.2.2 Test material
Each sequence should consist of the central 10 s of a 15 s video clip. These sequences
should be selected by a panel of experts to ensure that a broad range of image and sound
attributes are represented.
Reference sequences for the each format tests of the digital system will always be displayed
in the source format. Test sequences will be generated by processing (encoding, modulating,
transmitting, demodulating and decoding) source sequences through the digital system.
– 16 – 62028 IEC:2002(E)
6.1.2.3 Design and procedures
Tests are conducted in separate phases, for each format, using separate groups of testers.
The design of each phase of testing is identical. There are three factors: picture, replicate and
tape order. Picture and replicate should be varied within subjects and tape order varied
between subjects. Picture refers to the test sequences. Replicate refers to the number of
times a condition occurred during a session; each condition was rated twice per session for
both reference and test. Tape order refers to the random order of the trials. During each
session, testers should complete all trials plus the practice trials. Some practice trials are to
be completed at the start of testing, and the balance completed after a 30 min rest-break
midway through the session.
The layout of a basic received quality assessment trial is shown schematically in figure 3, and
is based on the double-stimulus continuous quality scale method described in ITU-R 500-
10:2000. Each trial consists of a pair of reference and test sequences presented twice in
succession. When sequence A is a reference, sequence B is a test, and vice-versa. Testers
are not informed whether A or B is the reference or the test sequence.
A B A B
Grey Grey Grey Grey
and and and and
silent silent silent silent
Reference Test Reference Test
or or or or
3 s 3 s 3 s 3 s
test reference test reference
10 s 10 s 10 s 10 s
Examination period Evaluation period
1 Trial
IEC 590/02
Figure 3 – Layout of a basic received quality assessment trial
Testers are to be instructed to rate the perceived image and sound quality of the "A" and the
"B" sequences using scales shown in figure 4. These judgement scales are 100 mm in length.
The labels "excellent", "good", "fair", "poor" and "bad" were printed at the locations shown in
figure 4. Numerical values in brackets are presented for the reader’s convenience only, and
are not provided for the testers.
62028 IEC:2002(E) – 17 –
A B
(100)
EXCELLENT
(80)
GOOD
(60)
FAIR
(40)
POOR
(20)
BAD
(0)
IEC 591/02
Figure 4 – Rating scales used in the basic received quality test
7 Methods of measurement of RF signals
7.1 General
This chapter describes the methods of measurement of the main characteristics of the RF
signals to be applied at the input of the receiver under test.
These methods of measurement for digitally modulated signals are based on the assumption
that:
a) The MPEG-2 transport stream (TS) is the specified input and output signal for all the
baseline systems, i.e. for satellite, cable and terrestrial distribution.
b) The digitally modulated signals received by satellite are modulated in the PSK format, i.e.
according to EN 300 421 for the QPSK format.
c) The digitally modulated signals received by satellite are distributed in cable systems in the
QAM format, i.e. according to EN 300 429.
d) The digitally modulated signals received from terrestrial broadcasting are in the OFDM
format, i.e. according to EN 300 744 or in the VSB format, i.e. according to ATSC A/53.
e) A signal source for PSK, QAM, OFDM or VSB formats is available, as described in
figure 5.
f) A reference receiver for PSK, QAM, OFDM or VSB formats is available as described in
figure 6, where appropriate interfaces are indicated.
g) The decoder implementation will not affect the consistency of the results. The MPEG-2 T-
STD model constrains, as defined in ISO/IEC 13818-1 (MPEG-2 System), shall be
satisfied as specified in ISO/IEC 13818-4 (MPEG-2 Compliance testing).
– 18 – 62028 IEC:2002(E)
PSK
Null MPEG-2 Outer Outer Inner Baseband Frequency
I
transport TS MUX reed interleaver conv. shaping modulator converter
stream adaptation Solomon coder
RF output
packet and coder and
generator Energy PSK
(1st I.F. band)
Dispersal mapping
Q
A B C D E F H J
a)
Null MPEG-2 Outer Outer QAM Baseband QAM Frequency
I
transport TS MUX reed interleaver mapping shaping modulator converter
stream adaptation Solomon
RF output
packet and coder
generator energy
(VHF/UHF)
dispersal
Q
A B C D E F H J
b)
I
Null MPEG-2 Outer Outer Inner Inner Frame
OFDM k
transport TS MUX coder interleaver coder interleaver adaptation
mapper
stream adaptation
packet and
generator energy
dispersal
Q
k
A B C D E F G
Pilot
and
TPS
signals
IFFT I/Q D/A Frequency
I
k
(Inverse modulation converter
fast
RF output
fourier
(VHF/UHF)
transform)
Q
k
H I J K L
c)
Null MPEG-2
Data Reed Data Trellis
Pilot
MUX
Pre-
Transport TS MUX
Solomon
interleaver coder
randomizer
insertion
stream adaptation equalizer
coder
packet
and
filter
generator energy
dispersal
B
A C D E F
H J K
Segment sync
Field sync
Frequency
VSB
modulator converter RF output
(VHF/UHF)
M
L
IEC 592/02
Key
a) PSK modulation (QPSK,BPSK or TC8PSK)
b) QAM modulation
c) OFDM modulation
d) VSB modulation
NOTE The null transport stream packet generator can be replaced by a PRBS (Pseudo Random Bit Sequence)
generator.
Figure 5 – Reference RF signal source – I/Q signal source and RF modulator
62028 IEC:2002(E) – 19 –
2nd
IF
1st I.F. PSK LPF Equaliser PSK Outer Outer De-
I
tuner demod. 1/2 Nyq. channel viterbi de-inter- reed- scrambler
correct. decoder leaver Solomon
RF
MPEG2
decoder
transport
LPF
1/2 Ny1.
stream
1/2 Nyq.
Coder
Q
N P R S T V W X Y Z
a)
2nd
IF
VHF/UHF QAM LPF Equaliser QAM Outer Outer De-
I
tuner demod. 1/2 Nyq. channel decoder de-inter- reed- scrambler
correct. leaver Solomon
RF
MPEG2
decoder
transport
1/2 NLPFy1.
stream
1/2Co Ndeyqr.
Q
N P R S T V W X Y Z
b)
2nd
IF
VHF/UHF A/D I/Q Equaliser Demux. Inner Inner
I
k
tuner convers., channel de- de- decoder
FFT cor
...
IEC 62028 ®
Edition 1.0 2002-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
General methods of measurement for digital television receivers
Méthodes de mesure générales pour récepteurs de télévision numériques
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IEC 62028 ®
Edition 1.0 2002-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
General methods of measurement for digital television receivers
Méthodes de mesure générales pour récepteurs de télévision numériques
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX X
ICS 33.160.20 ISBN 2-8318-6226-4
– 2 – 62028 © IEC:2002
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Terms and definitions . 8
3.2 Abbreviations . 8
4 Conceptual block diagram of digital television receivers . 11
4.1 General . 11
4.1.1 Types of receivers . 11
4.1.2 Peripheral connectors . 11
4.2 Basic common block diagram . 11
4.2.1 General . 11
4.2.2 Satellite broadcasting system . 11
4.2.3 Terrestrial broadcasting system . 11
4.2.4 CATV system. 12
5 General notes on measurements . 12
5.1 General conditions . 12
5.2 Test signals . 12
5.2.1 Video test signals . 12
5.2.2 Audio test signals . 12
5.2.3 Data test signals . 12
5.3 RF (radio frequency) television signal . 13
5.3.1 General . 13
5.3.2 Reference modulation . 13
5.3.3 Signal level . 13
5.4 Measuring systems and test instruments . 13
5.4.1 Measuring system . 13
5.4.2 Base band test signal generators . 13
5.4.3 Service data generator . 13
5.4.4 Encoders . 13
5.4.5 Modulator . 14
5.4.6 BER analyzer . 14
5.5 Standard measuring conditions . 14
5.5.1 Standard input signal levels . 14
5.5.2 Standard output signal levels . 14
5.5.3 Standard receiver settings . 14
5.5.4 General conditions . 14
5.6 Standard viewing conditions . 14
6 Assessment of received picture and sound quality . 15
6.1 Subjective tests of basic received quality . 15
6.1.1 Objectives . 15
6.1.2 Methodology . 15
7 Methods of measurement of RF signals . 17
7.1 General . 17
7.2 Method of measurement of RF signal level . 20
62028 © IEC:2002 – 3 –
7.2.1 Introduction . 20
7.2.2 Equipment required . 20
7.2.3 Connection of the equipment . 20
7.2.4 Measurement procedure . 20
7.2.5 Presentation of the results . 21
7.3 Method of measurement of carrier to noise ratio (C/N) . 21
7.3.1 Introduction . 21
7.3.2 Equipment required . 21
7.3.3 Connection of the equipment . 22
7.3.4 Measurement procedure . 22
7.3.5 Presentation of the results . 22
7.4 Method of measurement of Bit Error Rate (BER) . 22
7.4.1 Introduction . 22
7.4.2 Equipment required . 23
7.4.3 Connection of the equipment . 23
7.4.4 Measurement procedure . 23
7.4.5 Presentation of the results . 24
7.5 Method of measurement of BER versus E /N . 24
b o
7.5.1 Introduction . 24
7.5.2 Equipment required . 24
7.5.3 Connection of the equipment . 24
7.5.4 Measurement procedure . 25
7.5.5 Presentation of the results . 25
7.6 Method of measurement of noise margin . 26
7.6.1 Introduction . 26
7.6.2 Equipment required . 26
7.6.3 Connection of the equipment . 27
7.6.4 Measurement procedure . 27
7.6.5 Presentation of the results . 27
7.7 Method of measurement of Modulation Error Ratio (MER) . 27
7.7.1 Introduction . 27
7.7.2 Equipment required . 28
7.7.3 Connection of the equipment . 28
7.7.4 Measurement procedure . 28
7.7.5 Presentation of the results . 29
7.8 Method of measurement of phase jitter . 29
7.8.1 Introduction . 29
7.8.2 Equipment required . 29
7.8.3 Connection of the equipment . 30
7.8.4 Measurement procedure . 30
7.8.5 Presentation of the results . 31
7.9 Method of measurement of phase noise of a RF carrier . 31
7.9.1 Introduction . 31
7.9.2 Equipment required . 32
7.9.3 Connection of the equipment . 32
7.9.4 Measurement procedure . 32
7.9.5 Presentation of the results . 33
8 Measurements of the MPEG-2 transport stream . 33
8.1 Introduction . 33
– 4 – 62028 © IEC:2002
8.2 Method of measurement . 34
8.2.1 Introduction . 34
8.2.2 Equipment required . 34
8.2.3 Connection of the equipment . 34
8.2.4 Measurement procedure . 34
8.2.5 Presentation of the results . 37
Annex A (normative) Digital signal level and bandwidth . 40
Annex B (normative) Correction factor for spectrum analyser . 44
Annex C (normative) Correction factors for noise . 45
Bibliography . 47
Figure 1 – Conceptual configuration of a digital broadcasting system. 12
Figure 2 – Measuring set-up . 15
Figure 3 – Layout of a basic received quality assessment trial . 16
Figure 4 – Rating scales used in the basic received quality test . 17
Figure 5 – Reference RF signal source – I/Q signal source and RF modulator . 18
Figure 6 – Reference receiver . 19
Figure 7 – Test set-up for BER measurement . 23
Figure 8 – Test set-up for BER measurement versus E /N . 25
b o
Figure 9 – Example of BER measurement versus E /N . 26
b o
Figure 10 – Test set-up for noise margin measurement . 27
Figure 11 – Test set-up for MER measurement . 28
Figure 12 – Example of constellation diagram for a 64QAM modulation format where
th
the i point has been enlarged to show the co-ordinates of the symbol error vector . 29
Figure 13 – Test set-up for phase jitter measurement . 30
Figure 14 – Example of constellation diagram for a 64QAM modulation format where
are shown the "corner decision boundary boxes" for the phase jitter . 30
Figure 15 – Test set-up for phase noise measurement . 32
Figure 16 – Possible mask for CPE measurements – the points A, B and C to be
defined . 33
Figure 17 – Measurement set-up for the evaluation of the MPEG-2 transport stream
parameters for a communication link using a coaxial cable and synchronous serial
transmission (SSI type) . 37
Figure 18 – Measurement set-up for the evaluation of the MPEG-2 transport stream
parameters for a communication link using a fibre-optic cable and synchronous serial
transmission (SSI type) . 37
Figure 19 – Measurement set-up for the evaluation of the MPEG-2 transport stream
parameters for a communication link using a coaxial cable and asynchronous serial
transmission (ASI type) . 38
Figure 20 – Measurement set-up for the evaluation of the MPEG-2 transport stream
parameters for a communication link using a fibre-optic cable and asynchronous serial
transmission (ASI type) . 38
Figure 21 – Measurement set-up for the evaluation of the MPEG-2 transport stream
parameters for a communication link that feeds a CATV system using a satellite
transponder and a down link in the 11/12 GHz band . 38
Figure 22 – Measurement set-up for the evaluation of the MPEG-2 transport stream
parameters for a communication link that feeds a SMATV system using a satellite
transponder and a down link in the 11/12 GHz band . 39
Figure A.1 – VSB channel occupancy . 41
62028 © IEC:2002 – 5 –
Figure C.1 – Noise correction factor CF (dB) versus measured level difference D (dB) . 46
Table 1 – Frequency offsets for 2k and 8k OFDM systems . 33
Table 2 – First priority – necessary for de-codability (basic monitoring) . 35
Table 3 – Second priority – recommended for continuous or periodic monitoring. 35
Table 4 – Third priority – application dependant monitoring . 36
Table A.1 – Examples of bandwidth for digital modulation techniques . 43
Table C.1 – Noise correction factor . 45
– 6 – 62028 © IEC:2002
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
___________
GENERAL METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
FOR DIGITAL TELEVISION RECEIVERS
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the
two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical specifications, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National
Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62028 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 100: Audio,
video and multimedia systems and equipment.
This bilingual version (2011-12) corresponds to the monolingual English version, published in
2002-02.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
100/232/CDV 100/427/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
The French version of this standard has not been voted upon.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
Annexes A, B, and C form an integral part of this standard.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
2004. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
62028 © IEC:2002 – 7 –
GENERAL METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
FOR DIGITAL TELEVISION RECEIVERS
1 Scope
IEC 62028 deals with the standard conditions and methods of measurement on digital
television receivers which receive digital television broadcast transmissions.
IEC 62028 deals with the determination of performance and allows the comparison of
equipment by listing the characteristics which are useful for specifications and by laying down
uniform measuring methods of these characteristics. Performance requirements are not
specified, since they are specified by other international, regional or domestic standards for
the systems.
It does not include the measurements specific to the transmission system, such as;
• measurements on receivers for satellite transmission systems,
• measurements on receivers for terrestrial transmission systems,
• measurements on receivers for cable transmission systems,
• measurements specific to sound channels, and
• measurements specific to data channels.
IEC 62028 does not include methods of measurement on outdoor units and antennas for
satellite reception, for which reference is required to other appropriate IEC standards.
IEC 62028 does not deal with general safety matters, for which reference is required to IEC 60065,
or other appropriate IEC safety standards, nor with radiation and immunity, which will be dealt with
by CISPR.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60107-1:1997, Methods of measurement on receivers for television broadcast
transmissions – Part 1: General considerations – Measurements at radio and video
frequencies
ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and
associated audio: Systems
ISO/IEC 13818-4:1998, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and
associated audio information – Part 4: Conformance testing
ISO/IEC 13818-9:1996, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and
associated audio information – Part 9: Extension for real time interface for systems decoders
ITU-R BT.500-10:2000, Methodology for the subjective assessment of quality of television
pictures
– 8 – 62028 © IEC:2002
EN 300 421 Digital video broadcasting (DVB) – Framing structure, channel coding and
modulation for 11/12 GHz satellite services
EN 300 429 Digital video broadcasting (DVB) – Framing structure, channel coding and
modulation for cable systems
EN 300 744 Digital video broadcasting (DVB) – Framing structure, channel coding and
modulation for digital terrestrial television”
ETR 211:1997, Digital video broadcasting (DVB) – Guidelines on implementation and usage
of Service Information (SI)
ETS 300 468:2000, Digital video broadcasting (DVB) – Specification for Service Information
(SI) in DVB systems
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this publication, the following terms and definitions apply:
3.1.1
MPEG-2
refers to the ISO/IEC 13818 series. System coding is defined in part 1, video coding is
defined in part 2, audio coding is defined in part 3
3.1.2
multiplex
stream of all the digital data carrying one or more services within a single physical channel
3.1.3
service information (SI)
digital data describing the delivery system, content and scheduling/timing of broadcast data
streams etc. It includes MPEG-2 program specific information (PSI) together with
independently defined extensions.
3.1.4
transport stream (TS)
a data structure defined in ISO/IEC 13818-1
3.2 Abbreviations
AGC Automatic Gain Controller
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Business
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee
BAT Bouquet Association Table
BEP Bit Error Probability
BER Bit Error Rate
BPSK Biphase Shift Keying
bslbf bit string, left bit first
CA Conditional Access
CAT Conditional Access Table
62028 © IEC:2002 – 9 –
CATV Community Antenna TeleVision
COFDM Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
CPE Common Phase Error
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
D/A Digital-to-Analogue converter
DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DIRD Digital Integrated Receiver Decoder
DIT Discontinuity Information Table
DTS Display Time-Stamp
DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
DVB-C DVB-Cable
DVB-S DVB-Satellite
DVB-SI DVB-Service Information
DVB-T DVB-Terrestrial
EB Error Block
ECM Entitlement Control Message
EIT Event Information Table
EMM Entitlement Management Message
EN European Standard
EPG Electronic Programme Guide
ETR ETSI Technical Report
ETS European Telecommunication Standard
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FEC Forward Error Correction
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FIFO First-in, First-out shift register
FS Full Scale
HDTV High Definition TeleVision
HEX Hexadecimal notation
HP High Priority bit stream
ICI lnter-Carrier Interference
IF Intermediate Frequency
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
IRD Integrated Receiver Decoder
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
JTC Joint Technical Committee
LP Low Priority bit stream
LSB Least Significant Bit
MER Modulation Error Ratio
MP@ML Main Profile at Main Level
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
– 10 – 62028 © IEC:2002
MSB Most Significant Bit
MUX Multiplex
NIT Network Information Table
NVOD Near Video On Demand
OCT Octal notation
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
PAT Program Association Table
PCR Program Clock Reference
PES Packetized Elementary Stream
PID Packet IDentifier
PMT Program Map Table
PRBS Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence
PSK Phase Shift Keying
PSI Program System Information
PTS Presentation Time-Stamp
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QEF Quasi Error Free
QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
RF Radio Frequency
rpchof remainder polynomial coefficients, highest order first
RS Reed-Solomon
RST Running Status Table
SHF Super High Frequency
SDT Service Description Table
SDTV Standard Definition TeleVision
SI Service Information
SIT Selection Information Table
SMATV Satellite Master Antenna TeleVision
SMD System Management Descriptor
Smid System Management identifier
ST Stuffing Table
STB Set Top Box
TC-8PSK Trellis Code 8-level Phase Shift Keying
TDT Time and Date Table
TEI Transport Error Indicator
TOT Time Offset Table
TPS Transmission Parameter Signalling
TS Transport Stream
TV Television
uimsbf unsigned integer most significant bit first
UTC Universal Time, Co-ordinated
VSB Vestigial Side Band
62028 © IEC:2002 – 11 –
8VSB 8-level Vestigial Side Band
16VSB 16-level Vestigial Side Band
64QAM 64-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
4 Conceptual block diagram of digital television receivers
4.1 General
4.1.1 Types of receivers
Digital television receivers are usually designed to be capable of receiving digital television
signals in a variety of ways. Examples are direct off-air reception or reception via cabled
network in the VHF/UHF bands, and from satellite broadcasts in conjunction with an outdoor
unit and a dBS tuner. Further digital signals can be delivered by the PSTN or ISDN. The
signal will usually include information on the service supplied.
A return path can be present for interactive TV applications.
For non-broadcast signals, the receiver may be used as a monitor to display pre-recorded
video or home movies.
The methods of measurement described in this standard take into account various options.
4.1.2 Peripheral connectors
Most receivers are provided with connectors for the interface with audio and video signals.
Examples are the 21-pin connector described in IEC 60933-1 and IEC 60933-2 and the Y/C
connector described in IEC 60933-5. An example for a digital interface is described in the
IEC 61883 series and an example for an analogue interface is described in IEC 61880.
4.2 Basic common block diagram
4.2.1 General
The basic common conceptual block diagram of digital television broadcasting system is
shown in figure 1.
After audio and video signals are converted from analogue to digital, they are compressed.
Data signals, which might include EPG (Electronic Program Guide), SI (Service Information),
teletext program, etc., are multiplexed with compressed audio and video signals. After
channel coding, the TS is modulated and transmitted via satellite, terrestrial, or cable.
In digital television receivers, the transmitted signal is demodulated and sent to the error
correction block. After error correction, audio, video, and data signals are demultiplexed, and
audio and video signals are decompressed respectively. Audio and video signals are sent to a
conventional (analogue) TV receiver (through the peritelevision socket) or to a display and
loud speakers, and the data signal is sent to a conventional (analogue) TV receiver (through
the peritelevision socket) or to data equipment.
4.2.2 Satellite broadcasting system
When the digital television signal is transmitted via satellite, BPSK, QPSK and TC-8PSK
modulation formats are used.
4.2.3 Terrestrial broadcasting system
COFDM, band-segmented OFDM and 8VSB modulation formats are used in the terrestrial
broadcasting system.
– 12 – 62028 © IEC:2002
4.2.4 CATV system
64QAM and 16VSB modulation formats are used for the CATV system.
TV receiver
Video
Video Video
Satellite
signal encoder decoder
QPSK, 8PSK
De-
Terrestrial
Audio Audio De- Audio
multiplexer
Multiplexer
Modulator
8VSB, OFDM
modulator
signal encoder decoder
CATV
64QAM, 16VSB
Data
Data
Data equipment
IEC 588/02
Figure 1 – Conceptual configuration of a digital broadcasting system
5 General notes on measurements
5.1 General conditions
General measuring conditions are according to 3.1 of IEC 60107-1.
5.2 Test signals
Test signals are common to all the transmission systems.
5.2.1 Video test signals
5.2.1.1 Still image video signal
The still image video signal shall be electronically generated.
a) Colour bar signal;
b) Ramp signal;
c) Modulated ramp signal;
d) Multiburst signal;
e) 5-steps signal.
5.2.1.2 Moving picture video signal
Under consideration.
5.2.2 Audio test signals
1 kHz sine-wave signal is used.
Frequency variable sine-wave signal is used for measuring frequency characteristics.
5.2.3 Data test signals
Under consideration.
62028 © IEC:2002 – 13 –
5.3 RF (radio frequency) television signal
5.3.1 General
The RF signal is usually digitally modulated by a MPEG transport stream containing audio,
video and service information data.
Subclauses 3.3 and 3.4 of IEC 60107-1 as far as relevant shall apply.
5.3.2 Reference modulation
The modulation shall be in accordance with the system for which the receiver under test is
designed.
(1) Cable systems:
64QAM, 16VSB modulation formats are used on cable systems.
(2) Satellite broadcast:
QPSK, TC-8PSK, BPSK modulation formats are used for satellite broadcast.
(3) Terrestrial broadcast:
COFDM, band-segmented OFDM, 8VSB modulation formats are used for terrestrial
broadcasting.
QPSK, DQPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM are used for modulating carriers when using OFDM
(COFDM or band-segmented OFDM) modulation format for transmission.
In the following sections, the typical notation “QAM, PSK, OFDM and VSB” are used instead
of 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM, QPSK, COFDM, band-segmented OFDM and 8VSB.
5.3.3 Signal level
The RF signal level shall be expressed by the r.m.s. voltage of the modulated carrier on a
terminating resistor. The definition of the RF signal level is according to 3.4 of IEC 60107-1.
5.4 Measuring systems and test instruments
5.4.1 Measuring system
A notional block diagram for the measuring system is shown in figure 2.
5.4.2 Base band test signal generators
The video signal generator can be used for still picture image, and VCR and DVD can be used
for moving picture image.
5.4.3 Service data generator
Under consideration.
5.4.4 Encoders
The video encoder shall be capable of encoding video signals in accordance with MPEG2 format.
The audio encoder shall be capable of encoding audio signals in accordance with MPEG2 or
AC-3 or MPEG2-AAC format.
– 14 – 62028 © IEC:2002
5.4.5 Modulator
The modulator shall modulate the transport stream at the output of the multiplexer according
to the broadcasting system.
5.4.6 BER analyzer
Under consideration.
5.5 Standard measuring conditions
Unless otherwise specified, the standard conditions described in this subclause shall be
applied.
5.5.1 Standard input signal levels
5.5.1.1 Standard RF input signal level for receivers for QAM systems
The standard level at the input terminal shall be 60 dB(µV) when terminated with a 75 Ω
resistor.
5.5.1.2 Standard RF input signal level for receivers for OFDM systems
The standard level at the input terminal shall be 60 dB(µV) when terminated with a 75 Ω
resistor.
5.5.1.3 Standard RF input signal level for receivers for VSB systems
The standard level at the input terminal shall be 60 dB(µV) when terminated with a 75 Ω
resistor.
5.5.1.4 Standard RF input signal level for receivers for QPSK systems
The standard level at the input terminal shall be 60 dB(µV) when terminated with a 75 Ω
resistor.
5.5.1.5 Standard input signal level for receivers for PSTN/ISDN systems
Under consideration.
5.5.2 Standard output signal levels
Under consideration.
5.5.3 Standard receiver settings
Under consideration.
5.5.4 General conditions
Under consideration.
5.6 Standard viewing conditions
The standard viewing condition to be applied shall be those of IEC 60107-1.
62028 © IEC:2002 – 15 –
Television signal source
CW signal generator
Digital receiver/decoder under test
Directional
coupler
Video
signal
Encoder Input
DC
generator Luminance
CN
terminal
meter
Display
Multi-
Audio
Modulator
signal
plexer
Encoder
generator Combining
Network
data
generator
Loud
speaker
Television signal source
Spectrum
analyzer
BER
analyzer
IEC 589/02
Figure 2 – Measuring set-up
6 Assessment of received picture and sound quality
6.1 Subjective tests of basic received quality
6.1.1 Objectives
The basic received quality tests will be conducted to assess the subjective quality of image
and sound sequences that were encoded, modulated, transmitted, demodulated and decoded
by the test digital system. Multiple modes of operation of the digital system may be tested.
6.1.2 Methodology
6.1.2.1 Testers
Testers should be recruited locally and screened for audio-visual abilities (normal or
corrected-to-normal), and language comprehension. Those who meet the screening criteria
will be permitted to participate in the tests.
Separate groups of testers were used in the different basic received quality tests. At least
15 testers shall participate in any given session.
6.1.2.2 Test material
Each sequence should consist of the central 10 s of a 15 s video clip. These sequences
should be selected by a panel of experts to ensure that a broad range of image and sound
attributes are represented.
Reference sequences for the each format tests of the digital system will always be displayed
in the source format. Test sequences will be generated by processing (encoding, modulating,
transmitting, demodulating and decoding) source sequences through the digital system.
– 16 – 62028 © IEC:2002
6.1.2.3 Design and procedures
Tests are conducted in separate phases, for each format, using separate groups of testers.
The design of each phase of testing is identical. There are three factors: picture, replicate and
tape order. Picture and replicate should be varied within subjects and tape order varied
between subjects. Picture refers to the test sequences. Replicate refers to the number of
times a condition occurred during a session; each condition was rated twice per session for
both reference and test. Tape order refers to the random order of the trials. During each
session, testers should complete all trials plus the practice trials. Some practice trials are to
be completed at the start of testing, and the balance completed after a 30 min rest-break
midway through the session.
The layout of a basic received quality assessment trial is shown schematically in figure 3, and
is based on the double-stimulus continuous quality scale method described in ITU-R
500-10:2000. Each trial consists of a pair of reference and test sequences presented twice in
succession. When sequence A is a reference, sequence B is a test, and vice-versa. Testers
are not informed whether A or B is the reference or the test sequence.
A B A B
Grey Grey Grey Grey
and and and and
silent silent silent silent
Reference Test Reference Test
or or or or
3 s 3 s 3 s 3 s
test reference test reference
10 s 10 s 10 s 10 s
Examination period Evaluation period
1 Trial
IEC 590/02
Figure 3 – Layout of a basic received quality assessment trial
Testers are to be instructed to rate the perceived image and sound quality of the "A" and the
"B" sequences using scales shown in figure 4. These judgement scales are 100 mm in length.
The labels "excellent", "good", "fair", "poor" and "bad" were printed at the locations shown in
figure 4. Numerical values in brackets are presented for the reader’s convenience only, and
are not provided for the testers.
62028 © IEC:2002 – 17 –
A B
(100)
EXCELLENT
(80)
GOOD
(60)
FAIR
(40)
POOR
(20)
BAD
(0)
IEC 591/02
Figure 4 – Rating scales used in the basic received quality test
7 Methods of measurement of RF signals
7.1 General
This chapter describes the methods of measurement of the main characteristics of the RF
signals to be applied at the input of the receiver under test.
These methods of measurement for digitally modulated signals are based on the assumption
that:
a) The MPEG-2 transport stream (TS) is the specified input and output signal for all the
baseline systems, i.e. for satellite, cable and terrestrial distribution.
b) The digitally modulated signals received by satellite are modulated in the PSK format, i.e.
according to EN 300 421 for the QPSK format.
c) The digitally modulated signals received by satellite are distributed in cable systems in the
QAM format, i.e. according to EN 300 429.
d) The digitally modulated signals received from terrestrial broadcasting are in the OF
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