IEC TS 62282-9-101:2020

Fuel cell technologies - Part 9-101: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of fuel cell power systems based on life cycle thinking - Streamlined life-cycle considered environmental performance characterization of stationary fuel cell combined heat and power systems for residential applications

IEC TS 62282-9-101:2020 provides a streamlined methodology to assess major environmental impacts of stationary fuel cell power systems for residential applications. The fuel cell power systems can be complemented with a supplementary heat generator and/or a thermal storage system such as a hot water tank. The analysis can include the import of electricity from the grid or the export to the grid. The analysed systems are intended to meet the electricity and heat demand of a given household.
This document provides a set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines based on life cycle thinking for the description of relevant environmental impacts of fuel cell power systems that can be complemented with a supplementary heat generator or a thermal storage system. This document also provides guidance on how to communicate these environmental impacts to consumers.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 26-Oct-2020
• ICS: 27.070 - Fuel cells
• Technical Committee: TC 105 - Fuel cell technologies
• Drafting Committee: MT 209 - TC 105/MT 209
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 27-Oct-2020
• Completion Date: 10-Nov-2020

Overview

IEC TS 62282-9-101:2020 is an IEC Technical Specification that defines a streamlined life‑cycle methodology to evaluate the environmental performance of stationary fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) systems for residential applications. It addresses systems that may be complemented by a supplementary heat generator and/or thermal storage (e.g., hot water tank), and that can import electricity from or export electricity to the grid. The document applies life cycle thinking to identify and quantify the major environmental impacts that are most relevant for residential fuel cell power systems.

Key topics and requirements

• Scope and system boundaries
  • Life cycle stages considered (manufacturing, use, end‑of‑life) with prioritized stages identified.
  • Definition of the functional unit tied to household electricity and heat demand.
  • Rules for including grid electricity import/export and auxiliary systems (heat generator, storage).
• Targeted environmental indicators
  • Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the use stage (global warming potential considerations).
  • Abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP) - metals, minerals and fossil resource use across manufacturing and operation.
• Data and methods
  • Requirements for types and quality of foreground and background data.
  • Streamlined Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) approaches tailored to fuel cell residential CHP.
  • Procedures for estimating use‑stage emissions and calculating total ADP.
• Communication and verification
  • Prescribed ways to present environmental performance to consumers.
  • Guidance on transparency, reporting elements and verification considerations for claims.

Applications and users

IEC TS 62282-9-101 is practical for:

• Fuel cell manufacturers and system integrators assessing environmental hotspots and product improvements.
• LCA practitioners needing a targeted, standardized method for residential fuel cell CHP.
• Product certification bodies and ecolabel schemes seeking consistent reporting rules for consumer communication.
• Policy makers and utilities evaluating environmental impacts of distributed residential energy solutions.
• Installers and energy consultants comparing on‑site CHP options with grid alternatives.

Practical uses include pre‑product design screening, comparative environmental claims, consumer information labels, and inputs to procurement or incentive programs.

Related standards

• IEC TS 62282-9-102 (more comprehensive LCA approach for Environmental Product Declarations - EPD).
• IEC 62282-3-201 and IEC 62282-3-400 (test methods and performance requirements for small stationary fuel cell power systems).

Keywords: IEC TS 62282-9-101:2020, fuel cell, life cycle assessment, LCA, environmental performance, residential CHP, stationary fuel cell, GHG, abiotic resource depletion, thermal storage.

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC TS 62282-9-101 ®
Edition 1.0 2020-10
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 9-101: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of fuel
cell power systems based on life cycle thinking – Streamlined life-cycle
considered environmental performance characterization of stationary fuel cell
combined heat and power systems for residential applications

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IEC TS 62282-9-101 ®
Edition 1.0 2020-10
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 9-101: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of fuel

cell power systems based on life cycle thinking – Streamlined life-cycle

considered environmental performance characterization of stationary fuel cell

combined heat and power systems for residential applications

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 27.070 ISBN 978-2-8322-8927-3

– 2 – IEC TS 62282-9-101:2020 © IEC:2020
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
INTRODUCTION . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Framework for evaluation process . 9
4.1 General . 9
4.2 Life cycle stages . 9
4.3 Functional unit . 9
4.4 Product system . 10
4.5 Inputs, outputs and related environmental impact categories . 10
4.6 Types and quality of data, and information sources . 11
5 Estimation methods . 11
5.1 General remarks on life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) . 11
5.2 Global warming in the use stage . 12
5.2.1 Required data . 12
5.2.2 Input data . 12
5.2.3 Determination of necessary parameter values . 13
5.2.4 Calculation . 14
5.3 Abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP) . 15
5.3.1 General . 15
5.3.2 Calculation of the total ADP . 16
6 Communication and verification . 16
6.1 General . 16
6.2 Communication . 16
6.2.1 General . 16
6.2.2 Communication relating to a fuel cell power system alone . 17
6.2.3 Communication relating to a fuel cell power system with a
supplementary heat generator and thermal storage . 18
6.2.4 Verification . 19
Annex A (informative) Reference demands by region for electric power and heat . 20
Bibliography . 21

Figure 1 – Life cycle stages (prioritized stages in solid-lined boxes) . 9
Figure 2 – Configuration of a fuel cell power system that can be complemented with a
supplementary heat generator or thermal storage system covered by this document . 10
Figure 3 – System boundaries, elementary flows and environmental impact categories
assessed in this document . 11
Figure 4 – Communication relating to a fuel cell power system . 18
Figure 5 – Communication relating to a fuel cell power system with a supplementary
heat generator and thermal storage system . 19
Figure A.1 – Example of electricity demand and heat (hot water) demand,
distinguishing between electricity import from the grid and electricity export to the grid . 20

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 9-101: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of
fuel cell power systems based on life cycle thinking –
Streamlined life-cycle considered environmental performance
characterization of stationary fuel cell combined heat and power systems
for residential applications
FOREWORD
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Technical Specifications are subject to review within three years of publication to decide
whether they can be transformed into International Standards.
IEC TS 62282-9-101, which is a Technical Specification, has been prepared by IEC technical
committee 105: Fuel cell technologies.

– 4 – IEC TS 62282-9-101:2020 © IEC:2020
The text of this Technical Specification is based on the following documents:
Draft TS Report on voting
105/787/DTS 105/799A/RVDTS
Full information on the voting for the approval of this Technical Specification can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62282 series, published under the general title Fuel cell technologies,
can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
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• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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INTRODUCTION
This part of IEC 62282 introduces a simplified evaluation method for assessing the life-cycle
considered environmental performance of stationary fuel cell power systems for residential
applications that can be complemented with a supplementary heat generator or a thermal
storage system.
As a response to the aggravation of global environmental issues in recent years, corporate
environmental management is increasingly required in order to enhance the environmental
performance of products and communicate this information to consumers. For that purpose,
when developing new or improved products, manufacturers should pursue environmentally
conscious designs and evaluate their efforts by taking a life cycle perspective.
Past life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of stationary fuel cell power systems for residential
applications have shown that two environmental aspects are important in their life cycle (so-
called hot spots). One is greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during operation and the other is
the consumption of metals, minerals and fossil fuels (so-called abiotic resources) contributing
to their depletion during manufacturing and operation.
This document provides guidance on how to perform a targeted life cycle considered evaluation
of these predominant environmental impacts, specific to the characteristics of stationary fuel
cell power systems for residential applications that can be complemented with a supplementary
heat generator or a thermal storage system.

– 6 – IEC TS 62282-9-101:2020 © IEC:2020
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 9-101: Evaluation methodology for the environmental performance of
fuel cell power systems based on life cycle thinking –
Streamlined life-cycle considered environmental performance
characterization of stationary fuel cell combined heat and power systems
for residential applications
1 Scope
This part of IEC 62282 provides a streamlined methodology to assess major environmental
impacts of stationary fuel cell power systems for residential applications. The fuel cell power
systems can be complemented with a supplementary heat generator and/or a thermal storage
system such as a hot water tank. The analysis can include the import of electricity from the grid
or the export to the grid. The analysed systems are intended to meet the electricity and heat
demand of a given household.
NOTE This document intends to provide a streamlined life-cycle approach. A more comprehensive life cycle
assessment (LCA) for environmental product declaration (EPD) is described in IEC TS 62282-9-102 .
This document provides a set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines based on life cycle
thinking for the description of relevant environmental impacts of fuel cell power systems that
can be complemented with a supplementary heat generator or a thermal storage system. This
document also provides guidance on how to communicate these environmental impacts to
consumers.
This document covers the following two environmental aspects:
– greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the use stage; and
– utilization of abiotic resources.
This document focuses on residential applications, but can also be used to assess systems in
commercial applications such as small retailers or service shops.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 62282-3-201:2017, Fuel cell technologies – Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems
– Performance test methods for small fuel cell power systems
IEC 62282-3-400:2016, Fuel cell technologies – Part 3-400: Stationary fuel cell power systems
– Small stationary fuel cell power system with combined heat and power output
___________
Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication IEC APUB 62282-9-102:2020.

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
life cycle
consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or
generation from natural resources to the final disposal
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.1]
3.2
life cycle assessment
LCA
compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a
product system throughout its life cycle
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.2]
3.3
life cycle thinking
LCT
consideration of all relevant environmental aspects of a product during its entire life cycle
[SOURCE: IEC 62430:2019, 3.2.3, modified – The second preferred term "life cycle
perspective" and the notes to entry have been deleted.]
3.4
foreground system
element of the life cycle of a product that is specific to it
Note 1 to entry: The foreground system notably comprises the manufacturing, use and end-of-life of the product
3.5
elementary flow
material or energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn from the environment
without previous human transformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied
that is released into the environment without subsequent human transformation
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.12]
3.6
primary data
information determined by direct measurement, estimation or calculation of the foreground
system
3.7
secondary data
information obtained from sources other than primary data (3.6)
Note 1 to entry: Sources can include reports, websites, books, databases, journal articles, broadcasts, etc.

– 8 – IEC TS 62282-9-101:2020 © IEC:2020
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, 3.2.4, modified – "data" replaced with "information", Note 1 to
entry replaced with a new note 1 to entry.]
3.8
global warming potential
measure of the globally-averaged radiative forcing arising from the emissions of a particular

greenhouse gas relative to that of CO2
3.9
abiotic resource depletion
extraction of ores, minerals, stones, rocks or fossil fuels (including peat) from the place of their
natural occurrence and subsequent use with the effect that they become scarcer
3.10
fuel cell power system
generator system that uses one or more fuel cell stack(s) to generate electric power and heat
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-09-01, modified – "module" replaced with "stack".]
3.11
supplementary heat generator
non-preferential heat source providing peak load
[SOURCE: IEC 62282-3-400:2016, 3.1.22]
3.12
electric efficiency
ratio of the average net electric power output produced by a fuel cell power system to the
average fuel power input supplied to the fuel cell power system
Note 1 to entry: The lower heating value (LHV) is assumed unless otherwise stated.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-10-02, modified – "average" added before "net electric
power output" and "total enthalpy flow" replaced with "average fuel power input".]
3.13
heat recovery efficiency
ratio of the average recovered thermal power output of a fuel cell power system to the average
total power input supplied to the fuel cell power system
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-10-04, modified – "recovered heat flow" replaced with
"the average recovered thermal power output"; "total enthalpy flow" replaced with "average total
power input" and Note 1 to entry deleted.]
3.14
overall energy efficiency
ratio of total usable power output (net electric power and recovered thermal power) to the
average total power input supplied to the fuel cell power system
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-10-05, modified – second preferred term "total thermal
efficiency" deleted; "energy flow" replaced with "power output"; in brackets, "heat flow" replaced
with "thermal power"; "total enthalpy flow" replaced with "average total power input" and Note
1 to entry deleted.]
4 Framework for evaluation process
4.1 General
This document evaluates two environmental impacts of fuel cell power systems with or without
a supplementary heat generator: global warming and abiotic resource depletion. Global
warming due to GHG emissions is assessed for the use stage. The utilization of abiotic
resources is assessed for the stages "manufacturing" and "use".
NOTE The reason behind selecting environmental impact categories and life cycle stages is as follows: global
warming can be taken as a proxy for environmental performance during the use stage, while abiotic resource
depletion is used to characterize the environmental performance regarding raw material acquisition.
4.2 Life cycle stages
The life cycle stages considered in this document are manufacturing (acquisition and utilization
of abiotic resources, including for replaced components during the use stage) and use (GHG
emissions, and utilization and acquisition of abiotic resources) as shown in solid rectangles in
Figure 1.
Figure 1 – Life cycle stages (prioritized stages in solid-lined boxes)
NOTE Transportation is not depicted in Figure 1, but can be included in the assessment.
4.3 Functional unit
The functional unit is defined as the satisfaction of the demand of electricity and heat in a typical
household for a representative year including seasonal variations.
It shall be documented whether or not the analysed fuel cell power system is complemented
with a supplementary heat generator or a thermal storage system.
Ten years of operation shall be evaluated (target duration). The fuel cell power system that can
be complemented with a supplementary heat generator or a thermal storage system shall be
characterized in such a way that the technical characteristics of the first ten years of its
operation (notably efficiency degradation) are taken into account.
The demand shall be specific to the geographic region where the fuel cell power systems are
operated. The systems that can be complemented with a supplementary heat generator or a
thermal storage system are operated. Typical demands are shown in Annex A.
Any replacement of components, which are expected during the 10-year operation period, such
as fuel cell stacks or fuel processing systems, shall be taken into account. Such replacements
are considered as part of manufacturing as the primary concern of components resides in their
production.
If the component(s) (e.g. parts of the fuel cell power system, supplementary heat generator or
thermal storage system, if applicable) operates for longer than ten years, the elementary flows
and related environmental impacts that these component(s) represent shall be spread equally
over their lifetime. Only the first ten years shall be taken into account.

– 10 – IEC TS 62282-9-101:2020 © IEC:2020
4.4 Product system
The evaluated fuel cell power system to provide the functional unit (4.3) shall be described. The
system analysed consists of a fuel cell power system that can be complemented with a
supplementary heat generator, a thermal storage system or electricity from the grid (Figure 2).

Figure 2 – Configuration of a fuel cell power system that can be complemented with a
supplementary heat generator or thermal storage system covered by this document
4.5 Inputs, outputs and related environmental impact categories
The relevant inputs, outputs and environmental impact categories to be assessed for the
prioritized life cycle stages (see 4.2) in accordance with this document are shown in Figure 3.
For the manufacturing and use stages, this document considers as inputs the raw materials
used in the fuel cell power system that can be complemented with a supplementary heat
generator and a thermal storage system. These are assessed in terms of abiotic resource
depletion (see 5.3).
For the use stage, the electricity from the grid and the fuel shall be taken as inputs, while surplus
electricity (i.e. beyond demand), waste heat and GHG emissions resulting from the operation
are included as o
...