ISO 12039:2019
(Main)Stationary source emissions - Determination of the mass concentration of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen in flue gas - Performance characteristics of automated measuring systems
Stationary source emissions - Determination of the mass concentration of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen in flue gas - Performance characteristics of automated measuring systems
This document specifies the fundamental structure and the most important performance characteristics of automated measuring systems for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) to be used on stationary source emissions. This document describes methods and equipment for the measurement of concentrations of these gases. The method allows continuous monitoring with permanently installed measuring systems of CO, CO2 and O2 emissions. This international standard describes extractive systems and in situ (non-extractive) systems in connection with analysers that operate using, for example, the following principles: - infrared absorption (CO and CO2); - paramagnetism (O2); - zirconium oxide (O2); - electrochemical cell (O2); - tuneable laser spectroscopy (TLS) (CO, CO2 and O2). Other instrumental methods can be used provided they meet the minimum requirements proposed in this document. Automated measuring systems (AMS) based on the principles above have been used successfully in this application for measuring ranges which are described in Annex G.
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination de la concentration de monoxyde de carbone, de dioxyde de carbone et d'oxygène — Caractéristiques de fonctionnement et étalonnage de systèmes automatiques de mesure
Emisije nepremičnih virov - Določevanje masne koncentracije ogljikovega monoksida, ogljikovega dioksida in kisika v odpadnih plinih - Delovne karakteristike avtomatskih merilnih sistemov
Ta dokument določa temeljno strukturo in najpomembnejše značilnosti delovanja avtomatskih sistemov za merjenje ogljikovega monoksida (CO), ogljikovega dioksida (CO2) in kisika (O2), ki se uporabljajo pri emisijah nepremičnih virov. Ta dokument opisuje metode in opremo za merjenje koncentracij teh plinov. Metoda omogoča neprekinjen nadzor s trajno vgrajenimi sistemi za merjenje emisij CO, CO2 in O2. Ta mednarodni standard opisuje ekstraktivne sisteme ter sisteme in situ (ne ekstraktivne) v povezavi z analizatorji, ki delujejo na primer z naslednjimi načeli:
– infrardeča absorpcija (CO in CO2);
– paramagnetizem (O2);
– cirkonijev oksid (O2);
– elektrokemična celica (O2);
– nastavljiva laserska spektroskopija (TLS) (CO, CO2 in O2).
Uporabiti je mogoče tudi druge instrumentalne metode, če izpolnjujejo minimalne zahteve, predlagane v tem dokumentu. V tej aplikaciji se za uporabo merilnih območij, opisanih v dodatku G, uspešno uporabljajo avtomatizirani merilni sistemi (AMS), ki temeljijo na zgornjih načelih
General Information
Relations
Overview
ISO 12039:2019 specifies the fundamental structure and the key performance characteristics of automated measuring systems (AMS) used to determine the mass concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) in flue gas from stationary sources. The standard covers both extractive and in situ (non‑extractive) systems and describes commonly used analyser principles such as infrared absorption (CO, CO2), paramagnetism, zirconium oxide, electrochemical cells (O2) and tuneable laser spectroscopy (TLS) (CO, CO2, O2). ISO 12039:2019 is intended for continuous monitoring with permanently installed systems and defines requirements for performance testing, calibration and ongoing quality control.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Performance characteristics: Defines attributes to assess AMS performance, including response time, transport time, lack‑of‑fit (linearity), span point and period of unattended operation (maintenance interval).
- Measurement methods: Describes extractive sampling and in situ measurement techniques and acceptable analyser technologies (IR, TLS, paramagnetic, zirconia, electrochemical).
- Sampling and installation: Guidance on sampling location, representative sampling, probe design and sample conditioning to ensure reliable flue gas measurements.
- Calibration and QA/QC: Requirements for calibration using span gases and reference materials, validation procedures, frequency of checks and procedures to determine measurement uncertainty.
- Performance testing: Protocols for performance tests and parallel measurements versus a reference method; Annexes provide method examples, test procedures and uncertainty calculation (see Annexes A–G).
- Data conversion: Procedures for converting volume concentrations to mass concentration and wet‑to‑dry corrections for CO, CO2 and O2 as part of standardized reporting.
Applications and users
ISO 12039:2019 is practical for:
- Environmental regulators and compliance auditors establishing or verifying stack monitoring programs.
- Industrial plant operators and combustion engineers using continuous emissions monitoring for process optimization and regulatory reporting.
- Manufacturers and integrators of AMS equipment seeking to design systems that meet international performance expectations.
- Accredited test laboratories and consultants executing performance tests, validations and uncertainty assessments.
Practical benefits include improved data quality for emissions reporting, robust QA/QC practices, optimized combustion control and consistent measurement traceability.
Related standards
- ISO 14956 - Evaluation of measurement procedures by comparison with required measurement uncertainty.
- Other related ISO standards referenced in the standard’s development: ISO 17179, ISO 13199, ISO 25140, ISO 21258 (measurement of NH3, total VOC, CH4, N2O respectively).
Keywords: ISO 12039:2019, automated measuring systems, CO monitoring, CO2 monitoring, O2 measurement, flue gas, stationary source emissions, extractive systems, in situ analyzers, tuneable laser spectroscopy, QA/QC, calibration, measurement uncertainty.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2020
Nadomešča:
SIST ISO 12039:2002
Emisije nepremičnih virov - Določevanje masne koncentracije ogljikovega
monoksida, ogljikovega dioksida in kisika v odpadnih plinih - Delovne
karakteristike avtomatskih merilnih sistemov
Stationary source emissions - Determination of the mass concentration of carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen in flue gas - Performance characteristics of
automated measuring systems
Émissions de sources fixes - Détermination de la concentration de monoxyde de
carbone, de dioxyde de carbone et d'oxygène - Caractéristiques de fonctionnement et
étalonnage de systèmes automatiques de mesure
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 12039:2019
ICS:
13.040.40 Emisije nepremičnih virov Stationary source emissions
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12039
Second edition
2019-10
Stationary source emissions —
Determination of the mass
concentration of carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide and oxygen in flue
gas — Performance characteristics of
automated measuring systems
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination de la concentration
de monoxyde de carbone, de dioxyde de carbone et d'oxygène —
Caractéristiques de fonctionnement et étalonnage de systèmes
automatiques de mesure
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 4
5 Principle . 5
6 Description of the automated measuring systems . 5
6.1 Sampling and sample gas conditioning systems . 5
6.2 Analyser equipment . 5
7 Performance characteristics and criteria . 6
7.1 Performance criteria . 6
7.2 Determination of the performance characteristics . 7
7.2.1 Performance test . 7
7.2.2 Ongoing quality control . 7
8 Selection and installation procedure . 8
8.1 Choice of the measuring system . 8
8.2 Sampling . 8
8.2.1 Sampling location . 8
8.2.2 Representative sampling . 8
8.3 Calculation . 8
8.3.1 Conversion from volume to mass concentration for CO . 8
8.3.2 Conversion from wet to dry conditions for CO, CO and O concentrations . 9
2 2
9 Quality assurance and quality control procedures . 9
9.1 General . 9
9.2 Frequency of checks .10
9.3 Calibration, validation and measurement uncertainty .10
10 Test report .11
Annex A (informative) Infrared absorption method (CO and CO ) .12
Annex B (informative) Extractive O measurement techniques .19
Annex C (informative) In situ CO, CO and O measurement .26
2 2
Annex D (normative) Operational gases .30
Annex E (normative) Procedures for determination of the performance characteristics .31
Annex F (informative) Examples of the results for the assessment of CO, CO and O AMS .39
2 2
Annex G (informative) Calculation of uncertainty of measurement of CO, CO and O .44
2 2
Bibliography .51
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
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For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12039:2001), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— The structure and the components are changed to be similar to the latest ISO standards; ISO 17179
(measurement of NH ), ISO 13199 (measurement of total VOC), ISO 25140 (measurement of CH ),
3 4
ISO 21258 (measurement of N O) and others.
— Addition or deletion and change in terms and definitions.
— Addition of a new analytical technique (tuneable laser spectroscopy) for in-situ measurement of CO,
CO and O
2 2
— The performance characteristics and criteria as well as QA/QC procedures are changed to harmonize
with latest ISO standards.
— Examples of performance test results and the results of uncertainty calculation are shown for CO,
CO and O measurement.
2 2
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are gases found in the exhaust gases of combustion
processes. Determination of the concentration of these gases is necessary to demonstrate compliance
with local regulations and can assist the operator in the optimization of the combustion process. The
determination of O and/or CO is also necessary to normalize the measured concentration of other
2 2
gases and dusts to defined conditions. There are a number of ways to measure concentrations of CO,
CO and O in stacks/ducts.
2 2
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12039:2019(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of the
mass concentration of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
and oxygen in flue gas — Performance characteristics of
automated measuring systems
1 Scope
This document specifies the fundamental structure and the most important performance characteristics
of automated measuring systems for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO ) and oxygen (O )
2 2
to be used on stationary source emissions. This document describes methods and equipment for the
measurement of concentrations of these gases.
The method allows continuous monitoring with permanently installed measuring systems of CO, CO
and O emissions. This international standard describes extractive systems and in situ (non-extractive)
systems in connection with analysers that operate using, for example, the following principles:
— infrared absorption (CO and CO );
— paramagnetism (O );
— zirconium oxide (O );
— electrochemical cell (O );
— tuneable laser spectroscopy (TLS) (CO, CO and O ).
2 2
Other instrumental methods can be used provided they meet the minimum requirements proposed in
this document.
Automated measuring systems (AMS) based on the principles above have been used successfully in this
application for measuring ranges which are described in Annex G.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14956, Air quality — Evaluation of the suitability of a measurement procedure by comparison with a
required measurement uncertainty
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
analyser
analytical part in an extractive or in situ AMS (3.3)
3.2
automated measuring system
AMS
measuring system interacting with the flue gas under investigation, returning an output signal
proportional to the physical unit of the measurand (3.8) in unattended operation
[SOURCE: ISO 9169:2006, 2.1.2 modified]
Note 1 to entry: In the sense of this document, an AMS is a system that can be attached to a duct or stack to
continuously or intermittently measure the mass concentration of CO, CO and O passing through the duct.
2 2
3.3
in situ AMS
non-extractive systems that measure the concentration directly in the duct or stack
Note 1 to entry: In situ systems measure either across the stack or duct or at a point within the duct or stack.
3.4
parallel measurements
measurements taken on the same duct in the same sampling plane for the same period of time with the
AMS (3.2) under test and with the reference method (3.12) at points a short distance from each other,
providing pairs of measured values
3.5
interference
cross-sensitivity
negative or positive effect upon the response of the measuring system, due to a component of the
sample that is not the measurand (3.8)
3.6
interferent
interfering substance
substance present in the air mass under investigation, other than the measurand (3.8), that affects the
response of AMS (3.2)
3.7
lack-of-fit
systematic deviation within the range of application between the measurement results obtained
by applying the calibration function to the observed response of the measuring system, measuring
reference materials (3.11) and the corresponding accepted value of such reference materials (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: Lack-of-fit may be a function of the measurement result.
Note 2 to entry: The expression “lack-of-fit” is often replaced in everyday language for linear relations by
“linearity” or “deviation from linearity”.
[SOURCE: ISO 9169:2006, 2.2.9]
3.8
measurand
particular quantity subject to measurement
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98 3:2008, B.2.9, modified — Example and Note removed.]
3.9
performance characteristic
one of the quantities assigned to equipment in order to define its performance
Note 1 to entry: Performance characteristics can be described by values, tolerances, or ranges.
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
3.10
period of unattended operation
maximum interval of time for which the performance characteristics (3.9) remain within a predefined
range without external servicing, e.g. refill, adjustment
[SOURCE: ISO 9169:2006, 2.2.11]
Note 1 to entry: The period of unattended operation is often called maintenance interval.
3.11
reference material
substance or mixture of substances with a known concentration within specified limits, or a device of
known characteristics
Note 1 to entry: Normally calibration gases, gas cells, gratings or filters are used.
[SOURCE: ISO 14385-1:2014]
3.12
reference method
measurement method taken as a reference by convention, which gives the accepted reference value of
the measurand (3.8)
3.13
transport time
time period for transportation of the sampled gas from the inlet of the probe to
the inlet of the measurement instrument
3.14
response time
time interval between the instant when a stimulus is subjected to bring about a specified abrupt change
and the instant when the response reaches and remains within specified limits around its final stable
value, determined as the sum of the lag time and the rise time in the rising mode, and the sum of the lag
time and the fall time in the falling mode
[SOURCE: ISO 9169:2006, 2.2.4]
Note 1 to entry: Lag time, rise time and fall time are defined in ISO 9169:2006.
3.15
span gas
gas or gas mixture used to adjust and check the span point on the response line of the measuring system
Note 1 to entry: This concentration is often chosen around 70 % to 90 % of full scale.
3.16
span point
value of the output quantity (measured signal) of the automated measuring system (3.2) for the purpose
of calibration, adjustment, etc. that represents a correct measured value generated by reference gas
3.17
standard uncertainty
uncertainty (3.18) of the result of a measurement expressed as a standard deviation
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98 3:2008, 2.3.1]
3.18
uncertainty (of measurement)
parameter associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values
that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand (3.8)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98 3:2008, 2.2.3, modified — Note 1,2 and 3 removed.]
3.19
validation of automated measuring system
procedure to check the statistical relationship between values of the measurand (3.8) indicated by the
automated measuring system (3.2) and the corresponding values given by parallel measurements (3.4)
implemented simultaneously at the same measuring point
3.20
zero gas
gas or gas mixture used to establish the zero point (3.21) on a calibration curve within a given
concentration range
3.21
zero point
specified value of the output quantity (measured signal) of the AMS (3.2) and which, in the absence of
the measured component, represents the zero crossing of the calibration line. In case of O monitoring
AMS (3.2), the zero point is interpreted as the lowest measurable value.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
e Residual (lack-of-fit) at level i
i
K Coverage factor
N Number of measurements
s Standard deviation of repeatability
r
u(γ ) Combined uncertainty of X (CO, CO or O ) mass concentration
X 2 2
U(γ ) Expanded uncertainty of X (CO, CO or O ) mass concentration
X 2 2
M Molar mass of X (CO, CO or O , g/mol)
x 2 2
V Molar volume (22,4 l/mol at standard conditions)
M
φ Volume fraction of X (CO, CO or O )
X 2 2
γ X (CO, CO or O ) mass concentration in mg/m
X 2 2
γ CO, CO or O mass concentration at standard conditions in mg/m (273,15 K;
s 2 2
101,325 kPa)
γ CO, CO or O mass concentration at reference conditions in mg/m (273,15 K;
R 2 2
101,325 kPa; H O corrected)
Average of the measured values x
i
x
x ith measured value
i
Average of the measured value at level i
x
i
Value estimated by the regression line at level i
x
i
AMS Automated measuring system
FTIR Fourier transform infrared
GFC Gas filter correlation
4 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
NDIR Non-dispersive infrared
QA Quality assurance
QC Quality control
TLS Tuneable laser spectroscopy
5 Principle
This document describes automated measurement systems for sampling, sample conditioning, and
determining CO, CO and O content in flue gas using instrumental methods (analysers).
2 2
There are two types of automated measuring systems:
— extractive systems;
— in situ systems.
With extractive systems, the representative gas sample is taken from the stack with a sampling probe
and conveyed to the analyser through the sampling line and sample gas conditioning system.
In situ systems do not require any sample processing. For the installation of these systems, a
representative place in the stack is to be chosen.
The systems described in this document measure CO, CO and O concentrations using instrumental
2 2
methods that shall meet the minimum performance specifications given.
This document specifies performance characteristics and criteria for AMS.
6 Description of the automated measuring systems
6.1 Sampling and sample gas conditioning systems
Sampling and sample gas conditioning systems for extractive and in situ methods shall conform to
ISO 10396.
In extractive sampling, these gases are conditioned to remove aerosols, particulate matter and other
interfering substances before being conveyed to the instruments. Three kinds of extractive systems:
a) Cold-dry,
b) Hot-wet, and
c) Dilution,
as well as non-extractive systems, are described in ISO 10396. In non-extractive sampling, the
measurements are made in situ; therefore, no sample conditioning other than filtering of filterable
materials at the probe tip is required.
The details of the extractive sampling and sample gas conditioning systems as well as analyser
equipment are described in Annex A and Annex B. In Annex C, two kinds of in situ systems are
illustrated.
6.2 Analyser equipment
Examples of the typical analytical methods available are described in the Annex A, Annex B and
Annex C.
AMS shall meet the performance characteristics described in Clause 7.
7 Performance characteristics and criteria
7.1 Performance criteria
Table 1 gives the performance characteristics and performance criteria of the analyser and measurement
system to be evaluated during performance tests, by means of ongoing QA/QC in the laboratory and
during field operation. Test procedures for the performance test are specified in Annex E.
Table 1 — Performance characteristics and criteria of AMS for measurement of CO, CO and O
2 2
Performance characteristic Performance criterion Test procedure
CO and CO O
2 2
Response time ≤200 s ≤200 s E.2
Standard deviation of repeatability ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.3.2
b
at zero point limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
a
used
Standard deviation of repeatability ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.3.3
at span point limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Lack-of-fit (linearity) ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.4
limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Zero drift within 24 h ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.8
limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Span drift within 24 h ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.8
limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Zero drift within the period of ≤3,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.9
unattended operation limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Span drift within the period of ≤3,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.9
unattended operation limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Sensitivity to sample gas pressure, ≤3,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.11
for a pressure change of 2 kPa limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Sensitivity to sample gas flow for ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.12
extractive AMS limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Sensitivity to ambient temperature, ≤3,0 % of the upper ≤0,3 % for O volume E.13
for a change of 10 K in the limit of the lowest concentration
temperature range specified by the measuring range
manufacturer used
a
Percentage value as percentage of the upper limit of the lowest measuring range used.
b
Percentage value as oxygen volume concentration (volume fraction).
6 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Table 1 (continued)
Performance characteristic Performance criterion Test procedure
CO and CO O
2 2
Sensitivity to electric voltage in the ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2% for O volume E.14
voltage range specified by the limit of the lowest concentration
manufacturer measuring range
used per 10V
Cross-sensitivity ≤4,0 % of the upper ≤0,4 % for O volume E.5
limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Losses and leakage in the sampling ≤2,0 % of the E.6 for loss and E.7
line and conditioning system measured value for leakage
Excursion of the measurement beam ≤2,0 % of the E.10
of cross-stack in situ AMS measured value of
the lowest
measuring range
used
a
Percentage value as percentage of the upper limit of the lowest measuring range used.
b
Percentage value as oxygen volume concentration (volume fraction).
The measuring range is defined by two values of the measurand, or quantity to be supplied, within
which the limits of uncertainty of the measuring instrument are specified. The upper limit of the lowest
measuring range used should be set suitable to the application such that the measurement values lie
within 20 % to 80 % of the measuring range.
7.2 Determination of the performance characteristics
7.2.1 Performance test
The performance characteristics of the AMS shall be determined during the performance tests
described in Annex E. The values of the performance characteristics determined shall meet the
performance criteria specified in Table 1.
The ambient conditions applied during the performance tests shall be documented.
The measurement uncertainty of the AMS measured values shall be calculated in accordance with
ISO 14956 on the basis of the performance characteristics determined during the performance test
and shall meet the level of uncertainty appropriate for the intended use. These characteristics may be
determined either by the manufacturer or by the user.
7.2.2 Ongoing quality control
The user shall check specific performance characteristics during ongoing operation of the measuring
system with a periodicity specified in Table 2.
The measurement uncertainty during field application shall be determined by the user of the measuring
system in accordance with applicable international or national standards. For process monitoring (non-
regulatory application), the level of uncertainty shall be appropriate for the intended use. It can be
determined by a direct or an indirect approach for uncertainty estimation as described in ISO 20988.
The uncertainty of the measured values under field operation is not only influenced by the performance
characteristics of the analyser itself but also by uncertainty contributions due to:
— the sampling line and conditioning system,
— the site-specific conditions, and
— the calibration gases used.
8 Selection and installation procedure
8.1 Choice of the measuring system
To choose an appropriate analyser, sampling line and conditioning unit, the following characteristics of
flue gases should be known before the field operation:
— ambient temperature range;
— temperature range of the flue gas;
— water vapour content of the flue gas;
— dust loading of the gases;
— expected concentration range of CO, CO and O ;
2 2
— expected concentration of potentially interfering substances;
To avoid long response time and memory effects, the sampling line should be as short as possible. If
necessary, a bypass pump should be used. If there is a high dust loading in the sample gas, an appropriate
heated filter shall be used.
Before monitoring emissions, the user shall verify that the necessary QA/QC procedures have been
performed.
NOTE Information on QA/QC procedures is provided in ISO 14385-1 and ISO 14385-2.
8.2 Sampling
8.2.1 Sampling location
The sampling site shall be in an accessible location where a representative measurement can be made.
In addition, the sampling location shall be chosen with regard to safety of the personnel.
8.2.2 Representative sampling
It is necessary to ensure that the gas concentrations measured are representative of the average
conditions inside the flue gas duct.
NOTE The selection of sampling points for representative sampling is described e.g. in ISO 10396, where gas
stratification, fluctuations in gas velocity, temperature and others are mentioned.
8.3 Calculation
8.3.1 Conversion from volume to mass concentration for CO
Results of the measurement for CO shall be expressed as mass concentrations at reference conditions.
If the CO concentration is provided as a volume fraction, Formula (1) shall be used to convert volume
−6
fraction of CO (10 ), ϕ , to CO mass concentrations, γ :
CO CO
γϕ=⋅MV/ (1)
CO CO CO M
where
8 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
γ is the CO mass concentration in mg/m ;
CO
−6
φ is the volume fraction of CO (by volume, 10 );
CO
M is the molar mass of CO (=28,010 g/mol);
CO
V is the molar volume (= 22,4 l/mol at standard conditions).
M
8.3.2 Conversion from wet to dry conditions for CO, CO and O concentrations
2 2
The CO concentration measured in the wet gas shall be corrected to the CO concentration at standard
conditions, using Formula (2):
T 101,325
γγ=⋅ ⋅ (2)
sCO
273,15 101,325+p
where
γ is the CO mass concentration measured in the wet gas (mg/m );
CO
γ is the CO mass concentration in the wet gas at standard conditions in mg/m (273,15 K;
s
101,325 kPa);
T is the temperature (K);
p is the difference between the static pressure of the sample gas and the standard pressure (kPa).
If necessary, the CO concentration measured in the wet gas should be corrected to the CO concentration
at reference conditions (dry gas), using Formula (3):
T 101,325 100%
γγ=⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (3)
rCO
273,15 101,325+ph100%−
where
γ is the CO mass concentration measured in the wet gas (mg/m );
CO
γ is the CO mass concentration at reference conditions in mg/m (273,15 K; 101,325 kPa; H O
r 2
corrected);
T is the temperature (K);
p is the difference between the static pressure of the sample gas and the standard pressure (kPa);
h is the absolute water vapour content (volume fraction) (%).
The concentration of CO or O measured in the wet gas can be corrected to the CO or O concentration
2 2 2 2
at reference conditions (dry gas), by using the Formula (3) by substituting CO or O for γ .
2 2 CO
9 Quality assurance and quality control procedures
9.1 General
Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) are important in order to ensure that the uncertainty
of the measured values for CO, CO and O is kept within the limits specified for the measurement task.
2 2
The results of the QA/QC procedures shall be documented.
9.2 Frequency of checks
AMS shall be adjusted and checked after the installation and then during continuous operation. Table 2
shows the minimum required test procedures and frequency of checks. The user shall implement the
relevant procedures for determination of performance characteristics or procedures described in this
paragraph and Annex E. The results of the QA/QC procedures shall be documented.
Table 2 — Minimum checks and minimum frequency of checks for QA/QC during the operation
Minimum frequency for Test procedure
Check
permanently installed AMS
Response time Once a year E.2
Standard deviation of repeatability at zero Once a year E.3.2
point
Standard deviation of repeatability at span Once a year E.3.3
point
Lack-of-fit Once a year and after any major E.4
changes or repair to the AMS, which
will influence the results obtained
significantly
Sampling system and leakage check Once a year or after any major chang- E.7
es or repair to the sampling system
Beam alignment (in situ AMS only) Once a year According to
manufacturer’s manual
Light intensity attenuation through According to manufacturer’s According to
cleanliness and dust load (in situ AMS only) requirements manufacturer’s manual
Cleaning or changing of particulate filters at The particulate filters shall be According to
the changed periodically depending on manufacturer’s manual
sampling inlet and at the monitor inlet the dust load at the sampling site.
During this filter change the filter
housing shall be cleaned.
a
Zero drift Once in the period of unattended E.8
operation or period specified by
national standards
a
Span drift Once in the period of unattended E.8
operation or period specified by
national standards
Regular maintenance of the analyser According to manufacturer’s According to
requirements manufacturer’s manual
a
Analysers can be checked with internal gas cells or optical filters for this determination.
The user shall implement a procedure to guarantee that the reference materials used meet the
uncertainty requirement specified in Annex E, e.g. by comparison with a reference gas of higher quality.
9.3 Calibration, validation and measurement uncertainty
The calibration and validation of the AMS shall be performed annually and after repair of the analyser
in accordance with applicable national or international standards.
Permanently installed AMS for continuous monitoring shall be calibrated by comparison with
a) an independent method of measurement, or
b) a certified reference material.
In either case, the validation shall include the determination of uncertainty of the measured value
obtained by calibrating the AMS. The AMS shall be subject to adjustments and functional tests according
10 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
to 9.2 before each calibration. This ensures that the measurement uncertainty is representative of the
application at the specific plant.
The validation shall include the determination of the uncertainty of measured values obtained by
comparison between reference gas or reference material with the AMS.
NOTE The determination of the uncertainty of measured values obtained by permanently installed AMS for
continuous monitoring on the basis of a comparison with an independent method of measurement is described,
e.g. in ISO 20988.
The uncertainty of the measured values shall meet the uncertainty criterion specified for the
measurement objective.
10 Test report
It is presupposed that the test report satisfies applicable legal requirements. If not specified otherwise,
it shall include at least the following information:
a) a reference to this document, e.g. ISO 12039:2019;
b) a description of the measurement objective;
c) the principle of gas sampling;
d) information about the analyser and description of the sampling and conditioning line;
e) identification of the analyser used, and the performance characteristics of the analyser, listed in
Table 1;
f) operating range;
g) sample gas temperature, sample gas pressure and optical path length through an optical cell (it is
needed for only in situ measurement);
h) details of the quality and the concentration of the span gases used;
i) description of plant and process;
j) the identification of the sampling plane;
k) the actions taken to achieve representative samples;
l) a description of the location of the sampling point(s) in the sampling plane;
m) a description of the operating conditions of the plant process;
n) the changes in the plant operations during sampling;
o) the sampling date, time, and duration;
p) the time averaging on relevant periods;
q) the measured values;
r) the measurement uncertainty;
s) the results of any checks;
t) any deviations from this document.
Annex A
(informative)
Infrared absorption method (CO and CO )
A.1 Measuring principle based on infrared absorption technique
The non-dispersive infrared absorption method is based on the principle that gases consisting of
molecules with different atoms absorb infrared radiation at a unique wavelength. The measurement
technique makes use of the principle as follows:
a) Dual beam method
The radiation emitted from an IR source is divided into two beams and then modulated, one
beam passing through the measuring cell and the other through the reference cell containing an
IR inactive gas, usually nitrogen. If the sample gas contains CO or CO , some of the IR energy is
absorbed and the difference in IR energy reaching the detector is proportional to the amount of
CO or CO present. The detector is designed so that it is only sensitive to the CO or CO -specific
2 2
wavelengths.
Key
1 IR source 6 detector
2 chopper motor 7 electronics
3 chopper wheel 8 display
a
4 sample cell Sample gas inlet.
b
5 reference cell Gas outlet.
Figure A.1 — Diagram of a dual-beam type NDIR analyser
b) Single beam method
There are at least three types of single beam methods:
— Use of interference filters, with one filter at the absorption band for the gas being measured
and the other filter at the reference wavelength. The gas concentration is then a function of
the ratio of the measured and reference wavelengths. A tuneable filter with varying band pass
wavelength may be employed instead of multiple filters.
12 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
— In the gas filter correlation (GFC) method the measurement interference filter is replaced
with a gas filter; otherwise the method is similar to above. The gas analyser consists of the
gas correlation filters, which are composed of the sample gas filter filled with the sample
gas including CO or CO and the reference gas filter filled with the correlation zero gas (N ),
2 2
and the chopper wheel. After the introduction of the sample gas into the sample cell, the gas
correlation filters and the chopper wheel are rotated constantly. The gas analyser measures
the differential IR absorption of a beam which alternatively passes through the sample gas
filter and the reference gas filter. This gives better sensitivity and reduction of cross-sensitivity
effects. Additional gas filters can be used to minimize the effect of interfering gases.
Key
1 IR source 8 mirror
2 gas correlation filter 9 sample cell
3 sample gas filter 10 detector
4 reference gas filter 11 amplifier
a
5 chopper wheel Sample gas inlet.
b
6 motor Gas outlet.
c
7 optical filter Output signals.
Figure A.2 — Diagram of gas filter correlation type NDIR analyser
— Cross-modulation type non-dispersive infrared analyser detects the difference of infrared
absorption caused by alternatively introducing the sample gas and the gas for reference (e.g.,
air with NO , SO etc., removed) to the measurement cell. The difference measured is the level
x 2
due to the measurand and in this way the effect of interfering components are removed.
Key
1 IR source
2 sample cell
3 part for detection (optical filter and detector)
4 solenoid valve
5 sample gas
6 gas for reference
a
Gas inlet.
b
Gas outlet.
Figure A.3 — Diagram of cross-modulation type NDIR analyser
c) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
In a two-beam interferometer typically used for FTIR, the light emitted from infrared source is
collimated and directed to a beam splitter. Part of the light passes through the beam splitter to a
mirror, and the rest of the light is reflected to another mirror. Depending on the interferometer
design, one or more mirrors are made to move, and as a result the beams will have travelled
over different distances. When the two beams are reflected back to the beam splitter, there
will be a phase difference between them. The combined output beam exiting the interferometer
will have varying intensity as a function of the optical path difference (mirror position). This
varying intensity signal is called the interferogram and it is linked to the wavelength spectrum
by the Fourier Transformation. The spectrum is obtained in an FTIR instrument by recording
the interferogram, applying some digital signal processing to it (apodization, filtering, phase
correction) and computing its inverse Fourier transformation. The spectrum obtained is evaluated
against established library spectra to derive the concentration of the gaseous species of interest
(CO or CO ).
14 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Key
1 IR source
2 beam splitter (half-silvered mirror)
3 fixed mirror
4 moving mirror
5 sample cell
6 detector
a
Moving.
Figure A.4 — Diagram of Fourier transform infrared analyser
A.2 Description of the automated measuring system
A.2.1 Cold-dry extractive system
A representative volume of flue gas is extracted from the emission source at a controlled flow rate. Dust
present in the volume sampled is removed by filtration before the sample gas is conditioned and passes
to the analytical instrument. Figure A.5 shows an arrangement of a complete measuring system with
different possibilities for implementation.
Key
1 gas sampling probe 9 flow meter
2 primary filter 10 analyser
3 heating (for use as necessary) 11 valve
a
4 sampling line (heated as necessary) Sample gas inlet.
b
5 sample cooler with condensate separator Gas output.
c
6 sampling pump Inlet for zero and span gas (preferably in front of the nozzle)
7 secondary filter to check the complete system.
d
8 needle valve Inlet for zero and span gas to check the conditioning system and
the analyser.
e Inlet for zero and span gas to check the analyser.
EXAMPLE Cold-dry extractive type.
Figure A.5 — Diagram of the automated measuring system
A.2.2 Hot-wet extractive system
When analysers with a hot sample cell (for FTIR, NDIR and others) are used, the automated measuring
system as shown in Figure A.6 is often applied.
16 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Key
1 sampling probe, heated (if necessary)
2 particle filter (in-stack or out-stack)
3 heated sampling line
4 sampling pump, heated
5 analyser with heated sample cell
a
Sample gas inlet.
b
Zero and s
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12039
Second edition
2019-10
Stationary source emissions —
Determination of the mass
concentration of carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide and oxygen in flue
gas — Performance characteristics of
automated measuring systems
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination de la concentration
de monoxyde de carbone, de dioxyde de carbone et d'oxygène —
Caractéristiques de fonctionnement et étalonnage de systèmes
automatiques de mesure
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 4
5 Principle . 5
6 Description of the automated measuring systems . 5
6.1 Sampling and sample gas conditioning systems . 5
6.2 Analyser equipment . 5
7 Performance characteristics and criteria . 6
7.1 Performance criteria . 6
7.2 Determination of the performance characteristics . 7
7.2.1 Performance test . 7
7.2.2 Ongoing quality control . 7
8 Selection and installation procedure . 8
8.1 Choice of the measuring system . 8
8.2 Sampling . 8
8.2.1 Sampling location . 8
8.2.2 Representative sampling . 8
8.3 Calculation . 8
8.3.1 Conversion from volume to mass concentration for CO . 8
8.3.2 Conversion from wet to dry conditions for CO, CO and O concentrations . 9
2 2
9 Quality assurance and quality control procedures . 9
9.1 General . 9
9.2 Frequency of checks .10
9.3 Calibration, validation and measurement uncertainty .10
10 Test report .11
Annex A (informative) Infrared absorption method (CO and CO ) .12
Annex B (informative) Extractive O measurement techniques .19
Annex C (informative) In situ CO, CO and O measurement .26
2 2
Annex D (normative) Operational gases .30
Annex E (normative) Procedures for determination of the performance characteristics .31
Annex F (informative) Examples of the results for the assessment of CO, CO and O AMS .39
2 2
Annex G (informative) Calculation of uncertainty of measurement of CO, CO and O .44
2 2
Bibliography .51
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12039:2001), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— The structure and the components are changed to be similar to the latest ISO standards; ISO 17179
(measurement of NH ), ISO 13199 (measurement of total VOC), ISO 25140 (measurement of CH ),
3 4
ISO 21258 (measurement of N O) and others.
— Addition or deletion and change in terms and definitions.
— Addition of a new analytical technique (tuneable laser spectroscopy) for in-situ measurement of CO,
CO and O
2 2
— The performance characteristics and criteria as well as QA/QC procedures are changed to harmonize
with latest ISO standards.
— Examples of performance test results and the results of uncertainty calculation are shown for CO,
CO and O measurement.
2 2
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are gases found in the exhaust gases of combustion
processes. Determination of the concentration of these gases is necessary to demonstrate compliance
with local regulations and can assist the operator in the optimization of the combustion process. The
determination of O and/or CO is also necessary to normalize the measured concentration of other
2 2
gases and dusts to defined conditions. There are a number of ways to measure concentrations of CO,
CO and O in stacks/ducts.
2 2
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12039:2019(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of the
mass concentration of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
and oxygen in flue gas — Performance characteristics of
automated measuring systems
1 Scope
This document specifies the fundamental structure and the most important performance characteristics
of automated measuring systems for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO ) and oxygen (O )
2 2
to be used on stationary source emissions. This document describes methods and equipment for the
measurement of concentrations of these gases.
The method allows continuous monitoring with permanently installed measuring systems of CO, CO
and O emissions. This international standard describes extractive systems and in situ (non-extractive)
systems in connection with analysers that operate using, for example, the following principles:
— infrared absorption (CO and CO );
— paramagnetism (O );
— zirconium oxide (O );
— electrochemical cell (O );
— tuneable laser spectroscopy (TLS) (CO, CO and O ).
2 2
Other instrumental methods can be used provided they meet the minimum requirements proposed in
this document.
Automated measuring systems (AMS) based on the principles above have been used successfully in this
application for measuring ranges which are described in Annex G.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14956, Air quality — Evaluation of the suitability of a measurement procedure by comparison with a
required measurement uncertainty
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
analyser
analytical part in an extractive or in situ AMS (3.3)
3.2
automated measuring system
AMS
measuring system interacting with the flue gas under investigation, returning an output signal
proportional to the physical unit of the measurand (3.8) in unattended operation
[SOURCE: ISO 9169:2006, 2.1.2 modified]
Note 1 to entry: In the sense of this document, an AMS is a system that can be attached to a duct or stack to
continuously or intermittently measure the mass concentration of CO, CO and O passing through the duct.
2 2
3.3
in situ AMS
non-extractive systems that measure the concentration directly in the duct or stack
Note 1 to entry: In situ systems measure either across the stack or duct or at a point within the duct or stack.
3.4
parallel measurements
measurements taken on the same duct in the same sampling plane for the same period of time with the
AMS (3.2) under test and with the reference method (3.12) at points a short distance from each other,
providing pairs of measured values
3.5
interference
cross-sensitivity
negative or positive effect upon the response of the measuring system, due to a component of the
sample that is not the measurand (3.8)
3.6
interferent
interfering substance
substance present in the air mass under investigation, other than the measurand (3.8), that affects the
response of AMS (3.2)
3.7
lack-of-fit
systematic deviation within the range of application between the measurement results obtained
by applying the calibration function to the observed response of the measuring system, measuring
reference materials (3.11) and the corresponding accepted value of such reference materials (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: Lack-of-fit may be a function of the measurement result.
Note 2 to entry: The expression “lack-of-fit” is often replaced in everyday language for linear relations by
“linearity” or “deviation from linearity”.
[SOURCE: ISO 9169:2006, 2.2.9]
3.8
measurand
particular quantity subject to measurement
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98 3:2008, B.2.9, modified — Example and Note removed.]
3.9
performance characteristic
one of the quantities assigned to equipment in order to define its performance
Note 1 to entry: Performance characteristics can be described by values, tolerances, or ranges.
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
3.10
period of unattended operation
maximum interval of time for which the performance characteristics (3.9) remain within a predefined
range without external servicing, e.g. refill, adjustment
[SOURCE: ISO 9169:2006, 2.2.11]
Note 1 to entry: The period of unattended operation is often called maintenance interval.
3.11
reference material
substance or mixture of substances with a known concentration within specified limits, or a device of
known characteristics
Note 1 to entry: Normally calibration gases, gas cells, gratings or filters are used.
[SOURCE: ISO 14385-1:2014]
3.12
reference method
measurement method taken as a reference by convention, which gives the accepted reference value of
the measurand (3.8)
3.13
transport time
time period for transportation of the sampled gas from the inlet of the probe to
the inlet of the measurement instrument
3.14
response time
time interval between the instant when a stimulus is subjected to bring about a specified abrupt change
and the instant when the response reaches and remains within specified limits around its final stable
value, determined as the sum of the lag time and the rise time in the rising mode, and the sum of the lag
time and the fall time in the falling mode
[SOURCE: ISO 9169:2006, 2.2.4]
Note 1 to entry: Lag time, rise time and fall time are defined in ISO 9169:2006.
3.15
span gas
gas or gas mixture used to adjust and check the span point on the response line of the measuring system
Note 1 to entry: This concentration is often chosen around 70 % to 90 % of full scale.
3.16
span point
value of the output quantity (measured signal) of the automated measuring system (3.2) for the purpose
of calibration, adjustment, etc. that represents a correct measured value generated by reference gas
3.17
standard uncertainty
uncertainty (3.18) of the result of a measurement expressed as a standard deviation
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98 3:2008, 2.3.1]
3.18
uncertainty (of measurement)
parameter associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values
that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand (3.8)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98 3:2008, 2.2.3, modified — Note 1,2 and 3 removed.]
3.19
validation of automated measuring system
procedure to check the statistical relationship between values of the measurand (3.8) indicated by the
automated measuring system (3.2) and the corresponding values given by parallel measurements (3.4)
implemented simultaneously at the same measuring point
3.20
zero gas
gas or gas mixture used to establish the zero point (3.21) on a calibration curve within a given
concentration range
3.21
zero point
specified value of the output quantity (measured signal) of the AMS (3.2) and which, in the absence of
the measured component, represents the zero crossing of the calibration line. In case of O monitoring
AMS (3.2), the zero point is interpreted as the lowest measurable value.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
e Residual (lack-of-fit) at level i
i
K Coverage factor
N Number of measurements
s Standard deviation of repeatability
r
u(γ ) Combined uncertainty of X (CO, CO or O ) mass concentration
X 2 2
U(γ ) Expanded uncertainty of X (CO, CO or O ) mass concentration
X 2 2
M Molar mass of X (CO, CO or O , g/mol)
x 2 2
V Molar volume (22,4 l/mol at standard conditions)
M
φ Volume fraction of X (CO, CO or O )
X 2 2
γ X (CO, CO or O ) mass concentration in mg/m
X 2 2
γ CO, CO or O mass concentration at standard conditions in mg/m (273,15 K;
s 2 2
101,325 kPa)
γ CO, CO or O mass concentration at reference conditions in mg/m (273,15 K;
R 2 2
101,325 kPa; H O corrected)
Average of the measured values x
i
x
x ith measured value
i
Average of the measured value at level i
x
i
Value estimated by the regression line at level i
x
i
AMS Automated measuring system
FTIR Fourier transform infrared
GFC Gas filter correlation
4 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
NDIR Non-dispersive infrared
QA Quality assurance
QC Quality control
TLS Tuneable laser spectroscopy
5 Principle
This document describes automated measurement systems for sampling, sample conditioning, and
determining CO, CO and O content in flue gas using instrumental methods (analysers).
2 2
There are two types of automated measuring systems:
— extractive systems;
— in situ systems.
With extractive systems, the representative gas sample is taken from the stack with a sampling probe
and conveyed to the analyser through the sampling line and sample gas conditioning system.
In situ systems do not require any sample processing. For the installation of these systems, a
representative place in the stack is to be chosen.
The systems described in this document measure CO, CO and O concentrations using instrumental
2 2
methods that shall meet the minimum performance specifications given.
This document specifies performance characteristics and criteria for AMS.
6 Description of the automated measuring systems
6.1 Sampling and sample gas conditioning systems
Sampling and sample gas conditioning systems for extractive and in situ methods shall conform to
ISO 10396.
In extractive sampling, these gases are conditioned to remove aerosols, particulate matter and other
interfering substances before being conveyed to the instruments. Three kinds of extractive systems:
a) Cold-dry,
b) Hot-wet, and
c) Dilution,
as well as non-extractive systems, are described in ISO 10396. In non-extractive sampling, the
measurements are made in situ; therefore, no sample conditioning other than filtering of filterable
materials at the probe tip is required.
The details of the extractive sampling and sample gas conditioning systems as well as analyser
equipment are described in Annex A and Annex B. In Annex C, two kinds of in situ systems are
illustrated.
6.2 Analyser equipment
Examples of the typical analytical methods available are described in the Annex A, Annex B and
Annex C.
AMS shall meet the performance characteristics described in Clause 7.
7 Performance characteristics and criteria
7.1 Performance criteria
Table 1 gives the performance characteristics and performance criteria of the analyser and measurement
system to be evaluated during performance tests, by means of ongoing QA/QC in the laboratory and
during field operation. Test procedures for the performance test are specified in Annex E.
Table 1 — Performance characteristics and criteria of AMS for measurement of CO, CO and O
2 2
Performance characteristic Performance criterion Test procedure
CO and CO O
2 2
Response time ≤200 s ≤200 s E.2
Standard deviation of repeatability ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.3.2
b
at zero point limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
a
used
Standard deviation of repeatability ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.3.3
at span point limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Lack-of-fit (linearity) ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.4
limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Zero drift within 24 h ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.8
limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Span drift within 24 h ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.8
limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Zero drift within the period of ≤3,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.9
unattended operation limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Span drift within the period of ≤3,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.9
unattended operation limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Sensitivity to sample gas pressure, ≤3,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.11
for a pressure change of 2 kPa limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Sensitivity to sample gas flow for ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2 % for O volume E.12
extractive AMS limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Sensitivity to ambient temperature, ≤3,0 % of the upper ≤0,3 % for O volume E.13
for a change of 10 K in the limit of the lowest concentration
temperature range specified by the measuring range
manufacturer used
a
Percentage value as percentage of the upper limit of the lowest measuring range used.
b
Percentage value as oxygen volume concentration (volume fraction).
6 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Table 1 (continued)
Performance characteristic Performance criterion Test procedure
CO and CO O
2 2
Sensitivity to electric voltage in the ≤2,0 % of the upper ≤0,2% for O volume E.14
voltage range specified by the limit of the lowest concentration
manufacturer measuring range
used per 10V
Cross-sensitivity ≤4,0 % of the upper ≤0,4 % for O volume E.5
limit of the lowest concentration
measuring range
used
Losses and leakage in the sampling ≤2,0 % of the E.6 for loss and E.7
line and conditioning system measured value for leakage
Excursion of the measurement beam ≤2,0 % of the E.10
of cross-stack in situ AMS measured value of
the lowest
measuring range
used
a
Percentage value as percentage of the upper limit of the lowest measuring range used.
b
Percentage value as oxygen volume concentration (volume fraction).
The measuring range is defined by two values of the measurand, or quantity to be supplied, within
which the limits of uncertainty of the measuring instrument are specified. The upper limit of the lowest
measuring range used should be set suitable to the application such that the measurement values lie
within 20 % to 80 % of the measuring range.
7.2 Determination of the performance characteristics
7.2.1 Performance test
The performance characteristics of the AMS shall be determined during the performance tests
described in Annex E. The values of the performance characteristics determined shall meet the
performance criteria specified in Table 1.
The ambient conditions applied during the performance tests shall be documented.
The measurement uncertainty of the AMS measured values shall be calculated in accordance with
ISO 14956 on the basis of the performance characteristics determined during the performance test
and shall meet the level of uncertainty appropriate for the intended use. These characteristics may be
determined either by the manufacturer or by the user.
7.2.2 Ongoing quality control
The user shall check specific performance characteristics during ongoing operation of the measuring
system with a periodicity specified in Table 2.
The measurement uncertainty during field application shall be determined by the user of the measuring
system in accordance with applicable international or national standards. For process monitoring (non-
regulatory application), the level of uncertainty shall be appropriate for the intended use. It can be
determined by a direct or an indirect approach for uncertainty estimation as described in ISO 20988.
The uncertainty of the measured values under field operation is not only influenced by the performance
characteristics of the analyser itself but also by uncertainty contributions due to:
— the sampling line and conditioning system,
— the site-specific conditions, and
— the calibration gases used.
8 Selection and installation procedure
8.1 Choice of the measuring system
To choose an appropriate analyser, sampling line and conditioning unit, the following characteristics of
flue gases should be known before the field operation:
— ambient temperature range;
— temperature range of the flue gas;
— water vapour content of the flue gas;
— dust loading of the gases;
— expected concentration range of CO, CO and O ;
2 2
— expected concentration of potentially interfering substances;
To avoid long response time and memory effects, the sampling line should be as short as possible. If
necessary, a bypass pump should be used. If there is a high dust loading in the sample gas, an appropriate
heated filter shall be used.
Before monitoring emissions, the user shall verify that the necessary QA/QC procedures have been
performed.
NOTE Information on QA/QC procedures is provided in ISO 14385-1 and ISO 14385-2.
8.2 Sampling
8.2.1 Sampling location
The sampling site shall be in an accessible location where a representative measurement can be made.
In addition, the sampling location shall be chosen with regard to safety of the personnel.
8.2.2 Representative sampling
It is necessary to ensure that the gas concentrations measured are representative of the average
conditions inside the flue gas duct.
NOTE The selection of sampling points for representative sampling is described e.g. in ISO 10396, where gas
stratification, fluctuations in gas velocity, temperature and others are mentioned.
8.3 Calculation
8.3.1 Conversion from volume to mass concentration for CO
Results of the measurement for CO shall be expressed as mass concentrations at reference conditions.
If the CO concentration is provided as a volume fraction, Formula (1) shall be used to convert volume
−6
fraction of CO (10 ), ϕ , to CO mass concentrations, γ :
CO CO
γϕ=⋅MV/ (1)
CO CO CO M
where
8 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
γ is the CO mass concentration in mg/m ;
CO
−6
φ is the volume fraction of CO (by volume, 10 );
CO
M is the molar mass of CO (=28,010 g/mol);
CO
V is the molar volume (= 22,4 l/mol at standard conditions).
M
8.3.2 Conversion from wet to dry conditions for CO, CO and O concentrations
2 2
The CO concentration measured in the wet gas shall be corrected to the CO concentration at standard
conditions, using Formula (2):
T 101,325
γγ=⋅ ⋅ (2)
sCO
273,15 101,325+p
where
γ is the CO mass concentration measured in the wet gas (mg/m );
CO
γ is the CO mass concentration in the wet gas at standard conditions in mg/m (273,15 K;
s
101,325 kPa);
T is the temperature (K);
p is the difference between the static pressure of the sample gas and the standard pressure (kPa).
If necessary, the CO concentration measured in the wet gas should be corrected to the CO concentration
at reference conditions (dry gas), using Formula (3):
T 101,325 100%
γγ=⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (3)
rCO
273,15 101,325+ph100%−
where
γ is the CO mass concentration measured in the wet gas (mg/m );
CO
γ is the CO mass concentration at reference conditions in mg/m (273,15 K; 101,325 kPa; H O
r 2
corrected);
T is the temperature (K);
p is the difference between the static pressure of the sample gas and the standard pressure (kPa);
h is the absolute water vapour content (volume fraction) (%).
The concentration of CO or O measured in the wet gas can be corrected to the CO or O concentration
2 2 2 2
at reference conditions (dry gas), by using the Formula (3) by substituting CO or O for γ .
2 2 CO
9 Quality assurance and quality control procedures
9.1 General
Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) are important in order to ensure that the uncertainty
of the measured values for CO, CO and O is kept within the limits specified for the measurement task.
2 2
The results of the QA/QC procedures shall be documented.
9.2 Frequency of checks
AMS shall be adjusted and checked after the installation and then during continuous operation. Table 2
shows the minimum required test procedures and frequency of checks. The user shall implement the
relevant procedures for determination of performance characteristics or procedures described in this
paragraph and Annex E. The results of the QA/QC procedures shall be documented.
Table 2 — Minimum checks and minimum frequency of checks for QA/QC during the operation
Minimum frequency for Test procedure
Check
permanently installed AMS
Response time Once a year E.2
Standard deviation of repeatability at zero Once a year E.3.2
point
Standard deviation of repeatability at span Once a year E.3.3
point
Lack-of-fit Once a year and after any major E.4
changes or repair to the AMS, which
will influence the results obtained
significantly
Sampling system and leakage check Once a year or after any major chang- E.7
es or repair to the sampling system
Beam alignment (in situ AMS only) Once a year According to
manufacturer’s manual
Light intensity attenuation through According to manufacturer’s According to
cleanliness and dust load (in situ AMS only) requirements manufacturer’s manual
Cleaning or changing of particulate filters at The particulate filters shall be According to
the changed periodically depending on manufacturer’s manual
sampling inlet and at the monitor inlet the dust load at the sampling site.
During this filter change the filter
housing shall be cleaned.
a
Zero drift Once in the period of unattended E.8
operation or period specified by
national standards
a
Span drift Once in the period of unattended E.8
operation or period specified by
national standards
Regular maintenance of the analyser According to manufacturer’s According to
requirements manufacturer’s manual
a
Analysers can be checked with internal gas cells or optical filters for this determination.
The user shall implement a procedure to guarantee that the reference materials used meet the
uncertainty requirement specified in Annex E, e.g. by comparison with a reference gas of higher quality.
9.3 Calibration, validation and measurement uncertainty
The calibration and validation of the AMS shall be performed annually and after repair of the analyser
in accordance with applicable national or international standards.
Permanently installed AMS for continuous monitoring shall be calibrated by comparison with
a) an independent method of measurement, or
b) a certified reference material.
In either case, the validation shall include the determination of uncertainty of the measured value
obtained by calibrating the AMS. The AMS shall be subject to adjustments and functional tests according
10 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
to 9.2 before each calibration. This ensures that the measurement uncertainty is representative of the
application at the specific plant.
The validation shall include the determination of the uncertainty of measured values obtained by
comparison between reference gas or reference material with the AMS.
NOTE The determination of the uncertainty of measured values obtained by permanently installed AMS for
continuous monitoring on the basis of a comparison with an independent method of measurement is described,
e.g. in ISO 20988.
The uncertainty of the measured values shall meet the uncertainty criterion specified for the
measurement objective.
10 Test report
It is presupposed that the test report satisfies applicable legal requirements. If not specified otherwise,
it shall include at least the following information:
a) a reference to this document, e.g. ISO 12039:2019;
b) a description of the measurement objective;
c) the principle of gas sampling;
d) information about the analyser and description of the sampling and conditioning line;
e) identification of the analyser used, and the performance characteristics of the analyser, listed in
Table 1;
f) operating range;
g) sample gas temperature, sample gas pressure and optical path length through an optical cell (it is
needed for only in situ measurement);
h) details of the quality and the concentration of the span gases used;
i) description of plant and process;
j) the identification of the sampling plane;
k) the actions taken to achieve representative samples;
l) a description of the location of the sampling point(s) in the sampling plane;
m) a description of the operating conditions of the plant process;
n) the changes in the plant operations during sampling;
o) the sampling date, time, and duration;
p) the time averaging on relevant periods;
q) the measured values;
r) the measurement uncertainty;
s) the results of any checks;
t) any deviations from this document.
Annex A
(informative)
Infrared absorption method (CO and CO )
A.1 Measuring principle based on infrared absorption technique
The non-dispersive infrared absorption method is based on the principle that gases consisting of
molecules with different atoms absorb infrared radiation at a unique wavelength. The measurement
technique makes use of the principle as follows:
a) Dual beam method
The radiation emitted from an IR source is divided into two beams and then modulated, one
beam passing through the measuring cell and the other through the reference cell containing an
IR inactive gas, usually nitrogen. If the sample gas contains CO or CO , some of the IR energy is
absorbed and the difference in IR energy reaching the detector is proportional to the amount of
CO or CO present. The detector is designed so that it is only sensitive to the CO or CO -specific
2 2
wavelengths.
Key
1 IR source 6 detector
2 chopper motor 7 electronics
3 chopper wheel 8 display
a
4 sample cell Sample gas inlet.
b
5 reference cell Gas outlet.
Figure A.1 — Diagram of a dual-beam type NDIR analyser
b) Single beam method
There are at least three types of single beam methods:
— Use of interference filters, with one filter at the absorption band for the gas being measured
and the other filter at the reference wavelength. The gas concentration is then a function of
the ratio of the measured and reference wavelengths. A tuneable filter with varying band pass
wavelength may be employed instead of multiple filters.
12 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
— In the gas filter correlation (GFC) method the measurement interference filter is replaced
with a gas filter; otherwise the method is similar to above. The gas analyser consists of the
gas correlation filters, which are composed of the sample gas filter filled with the sample
gas including CO or CO and the reference gas filter filled with the correlation zero gas (N ),
2 2
and the chopper wheel. After the introduction of the sample gas into the sample cell, the gas
correlation filters and the chopper wheel are rotated constantly. The gas analyser measures
the differential IR absorption of a beam which alternatively passes through the sample gas
filter and the reference gas filter. This gives better sensitivity and reduction of cross-sensitivity
effects. Additional gas filters can be used to minimize the effect of interfering gases.
Key
1 IR source 8 mirror
2 gas correlation filter 9 sample cell
3 sample gas filter 10 detector
4 reference gas filter 11 amplifier
a
5 chopper wheel Sample gas inlet.
b
6 motor Gas outlet.
c
7 optical filter Output signals.
Figure A.2 — Diagram of gas filter correlation type NDIR analyser
— Cross-modulation type non-dispersive infrared analyser detects the difference of infrared
absorption caused by alternatively introducing the sample gas and the gas for reference (e.g.,
air with NO , SO etc., removed) to the measurement cell. The difference measured is the level
x 2
due to the measurand and in this way the effect of interfering components are removed.
Key
1 IR source
2 sample cell
3 part for detection (optical filter and detector)
4 solenoid valve
5 sample gas
6 gas for reference
a
Gas inlet.
b
Gas outlet.
Figure A.3 — Diagram of cross-modulation type NDIR analyser
c) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
In a two-beam interferometer typically used for FTIR, the light emitted from infrared source is
collimated and directed to a beam splitter. Part of the light passes through the beam splitter to a
mirror, and the rest of the light is reflected to another mirror. Depending on the interferometer
design, one or more mirrors are made to move, and as a result the beams will have travelled
over different distances. When the two beams are reflected back to the beam splitter, there
will be a phase difference between them. The combined output beam exiting the interferometer
will have varying intensity as a function of the optical path difference (mirror position). This
varying intensity signal is called the interferogram and it is linked to the wavelength spectrum
by the Fourier Transformation. The spectrum is obtained in an FTIR instrument by recording
the interferogram, applying some digital signal processing to it (apodization, filtering, phase
correction) and computing its inverse Fourier transformation. The spectrum obtained is evaluated
against established library spectra to derive the concentration of the gaseous species of interest
(CO or CO ).
14 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Key
1 IR source
2 beam splitter (half-silvered mirror)
3 fixed mirror
4 moving mirror
5 sample cell
6 detector
a
Moving.
Figure A.4 — Diagram of Fourier transform infrared analyser
A.2 Description of the automated measuring system
A.2.1 Cold-dry extractive system
A representative volume of flue gas is extracted from the emission source at a controlled flow rate. Dust
present in the volume sampled is removed by filtration before the sample gas is conditioned and passes
to the analytical instrument. Figure A.5 shows an arrangement of a complete measuring system with
different possibilities for implementation.
Key
1 gas sampling probe 9 flow meter
2 primary filter 10 analyser
3 heating (for use as necessary) 11 valve
a
4 sampling line (heated as necessary) Sample gas inlet.
b
5 sample cooler with condensate separator Gas output.
c
6 sampling pump Inlet for zero and span gas (preferably in front of the nozzle)
7 secondary filter to check the complete system.
d
8 needle valve Inlet for zero and span gas to check the conditioning system and
the analyser.
e Inlet for zero and span gas to check the analyser.
EXAMPLE Cold-dry extractive type.
Figure A.5 — Diagram of the automated measuring system
A.2.2 Hot-wet extractive system
When analysers with a hot sample cell (for FTIR, NDIR and others) are used, the automated measuring
system as shown in Figure A.6 is often applied.
16 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Key
1 sampling probe, heated (if necessary)
2 particle filter (in-stack or out-stack)
3 heated sampling line
4 sampling pump, heated
5 analyser with heated sample cell
a
Sample gas inlet.
b
Zero and span gas inlet.
c
Gas outlet.
EXAMPLE Hot-wet type.
Figure A.6 — Diagram of the hot optical measuring system
A.3 Components of the sampling and the sample gas conditioning systems
A.3.1 Sampling probe
The sampling probe shall be made of suitable, corrosion-resistant material (e.g. stainless steel,
borosilicate glass, ceramic; PTFE is only suitable for flue gas temperature lower than 200 °C).
A.3.2 Filter
The filter is needed to remove the particulate matter, in order to protect the sampling system and
the analyser. The filter shall be made of ceramic, PTFE, borosilicate glass or sintered metal. The filter
shall be heated above the water or acid dew-point. A filter that retains particles greater than 2 μm
is recommended. The size of the filter shall be determined from the sample flow required and the
manufacturer's data on the flow rate per unit area.
The temperature of the sampling probe and the filter must be higher by at least 10 °C to 20 °C than the
water or acid dew-point of the gases.
A.3.3 Sampling line
The sampling line shall be made of PTFE, PFA or stainless steel. The lines shall be operated at 15 °C above
the dew-point of condensable substances (generally the water or acid dew-point). The tube diameter
should be appropriately sized to provide a flow rate that meets the requirements of the analysers,
under selected line length and the degree of pressure drop in the line as well as the performance of the
sampling pump used.
A.3.
...
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 12039:2019 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Stationary source emissions - Determination of the mass concentration of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen in flue gas - Performance characteristics of automated measuring systems". This standard covers: This document specifies the fundamental structure and the most important performance characteristics of automated measuring systems for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) to be used on stationary source emissions. This document describes methods and equipment for the measurement of concentrations of these gases. The method allows continuous monitoring with permanently installed measuring systems of CO, CO2 and O2 emissions. This international standard describes extractive systems and in situ (non-extractive) systems in connection with analysers that operate using, for example, the following principles: - infrared absorption (CO and CO2); - paramagnetism (O2); - zirconium oxide (O2); - electrochemical cell (O2); - tuneable laser spectroscopy (TLS) (CO, CO2 and O2). Other instrumental methods can be used provided they meet the minimum requirements proposed in this document. Automated measuring systems (AMS) based on the principles above have been used successfully in this application for measuring ranges which are described in Annex G.
This document specifies the fundamental structure and the most important performance characteristics of automated measuring systems for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) to be used on stationary source emissions. This document describes methods and equipment for the measurement of concentrations of these gases. The method allows continuous monitoring with permanently installed measuring systems of CO, CO2 and O2 emissions. This international standard describes extractive systems and in situ (non-extractive) systems in connection with analysers that operate using, for example, the following principles: - infrared absorption (CO and CO2); - paramagnetism (O2); - zirconium oxide (O2); - electrochemical cell (O2); - tuneable laser spectroscopy (TLS) (CO, CO2 and O2). Other instrumental methods can be used provided they meet the minimum requirements proposed in this document. Automated measuring systems (AMS) based on the principles above have been used successfully in this application for measuring ranges which are described in Annex G.
ISO 12039:2019 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 13.040.40 - Stationary source emissions. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 12039:2019 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 12039:2001. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase ISO 12039:2019 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ISO standards.
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