Indoor air — Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy

ISO 16000-1:2004 is intended to aid the planning of indoor pollution monitoring. Before a sampling strategy is devised for indoor air monitoring, it is necessary to clarify for what purposes, when, where, how often and over what periods of time monitoring is to be performed. The answers to these questions depend, in particular, on a number of special characteristics of the indoor environments, on the objective of the measurement and, finally, on the environment to be measured. ISO 16000-1:2004 deals with the significance of these factors and offers suggestions on how to develop a suitable sampling strategy. ISO 16000-1:2004 is applicable to indoor environments such as dwellings having living rooms, bedrooms, do-it-yourself rooms, recreation rooms and cellars, kitchens and bathrooms; workrooms or work places in buildings which are not subject to health and safety inspections in regard to air pollutants (for example, offices, sales premises); public buildings (for example hospitals, schools, kindergartens, sports halls, libraries, restaurants and bars, theatres, cinemas and other function rooms), and also cabins of vehicles.

Air intérieur — Partie 1: Aspects généraux de la stratégie d'échantillonnage

L'ISO 16000-1:2004 est destinée à faciliter la planification du contrôle de la pollution de l'air intérieur. Avant de mettre au point une stratégie d'échantillonnage pour le contrôle de la pollution de l'air intérieur, il est nécessaire de déterminer les objectifs, c'est-à-dire quand, où, à quelle fréquence et pendant quelles périodes de temps le contrôle peut être réalisé. Les réponses à ces questions dépendent, en particulier, d'un nombre de caractéristiques spécifiques de l'environnement de l'air intérieur, de l'objectif du mesurage et enfin de l'environnement à mesurer. L'ISO 16000-1:2004 aborde l'importance de ces facteurs et émet des propositions sur la manière de développer une stratégie d'échantillonnage adéquate. L'ISO 16000-1:2004 s'applique aux environnements intérieurs tels que les logements ayant des salles de séjour, des chambres à coucher, des ateliers de bricolage, des salles de jeux, des caves, des cuisines et des salles de bain; les salles ou lieux de travail dans les bâtiments qui ne sont pas soumis à des inspections d'hygiène et de sécurité concernant les polluants de l'air intérieur (par exemple bureaux, locaux de vente); les bâtiments publics (par exemple hôpitaux, écoles, jardins d'enfants, salles de sport, bibliothèques, restaurants et bars, théâtres, cinémas et autres salles) et également les habitacles de véhicules.

Notranji zrak - 1. del: Splošni vidiki strategije vzorčenja

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
01-Jul-2004
Technical Committee
Drafting Committee
Current Stage
9093 - International Standard confirmed
Completion Date
07-Jun-2019

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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16000-1
First edition
2004-07-01

Indoor air —
Part 1:
General aspects of sampling strategy
Air intérieur —
Partie 1: Aspects généraux de la stratégie d'échantillonnage




Reference number
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
©
ISO 2004

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.


©  ISO 2004
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Special characteristics of the indoor environment . 1
4 Measurement objective . 3
5 Sampling procedure . 3
6 Time of sampling. 4
7 Sampling duration and sampling frequency. 4
8 Sampling location . 6
9 Parallel outdoor air measurements. 6
Annex A (informative) Important types of indoor environment and sources of air pollutants . 7
Annex B (informative) Sources of indoor air pollutants. 8
Annex C (informative) Examples of substances and their sources . 10
Annex D (informative) Guidelines for information to be recorded during indoor air measurement. 13
Bibliography . 21

© ISO 2004 – All rights reserved iii

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ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16000-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 6, Indoor air.
ISO 16000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Indoor air:
 Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy
 Part 2: Sampling strategy for formaldehyde
 Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds — Active sampling method
 Part 4: Determination of formaldehyde — Diffusive sampling method
 Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test chamber air by active sampling on
Tenax TA sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS/FID
 Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds — Emission test chamber method
 Part 10: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds — Emission test cell method
 Part 11: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds — Sampling, storage of samples
and preparation of test specimens
The following parts are under preparation:
 Part 5: Sampling strategy for volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
 Part 7: Sampling strategy for determination of airborne asbestos fibre concentrations
 Part 8: Ventilation rate measurement
iv © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved

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ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
Introduction
The ISO 16000 series deals with indoor air measurements. This part of ISO 16000 is intended as an aid to
planning indoor air pollution measurements. Additional parts of ISO 16000 describe the sampling strategy,
including the conditions to be observed for the particular substances or groups of substances, such as the
dependence of indoor air pollution concentrations on atmospheric humidity or temperature or other effects.
The actual procedures dealing with indoor air measurements for the individual substances are also presented
in other parts of ISO 16000.
An inappropriate monitoring strategy can contribute to the overall uncertainty of the measurement result to a
greater extend than the monitoring procedure itself.
Attention should be given to the special role of the human sense of smell in identifying substances or classes
of substances in indoor air. Here it is not so much the sensitivity of the sense of smell, but the memory of
smell and the experience of the specialist (chemist, perfume specialist) that is important. Sensory information
can greatly simplify the identification of air pollutants and consequently influence the sampling strategy.
However, sensoric adaptation affects the sensory information, particularly in the case of persistent indoor
pollutants.
The interpretation of indoor air measurements is assisted by the use of guideline values for acceptable indoor
air quality. To draw a conclusion about whether and to what extent the concentrations of a pollutant measured
in a room exceed the normal level or the level acceptable from the standpoint of health, it is useful to rely on
guideline values or published literature. The column “Remarks” of Table C.1 (see Annex C) gives available
[1]
World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines for indoor air . It is emphasized, however, that these
values are not legally binding. In the absence of published guideline values, the investigator may consult peer
reviewed journal articles or other literature for guidance on typical values observed in buildings without
reported complaints.
Representatives of various technical fields should be involved in the planning of indoor air quality
measurements.
Table A.1 of this part of ISO 16000 summarizes the most important types of indoor environment, and
examples of the sources that may be encountered in them. The list is not, of course, fully comprehensive
because of the large number of possibilities.
Table B.1 shows the sources of indoor air pollutants and the most important substances emitted. Table C.1
lists substances frequently detected and their possible sources. In some cases, the sources of indoor pollution
arise outside the building; for example, benzene from vehicle traffic and petrol stations, and chlorinated
hydrocarbons from nearby dry-cleaning establishments. Soil emissions may also be important if, for example,
buildings have been erected on old landfills, industrial sites, or uranium-containing soils which emit radon.
Annex D contains a checklist relating to information to be recorded when indoor air measurements are carried
out. This list is also intended to aid the user of this part of ISO 16000 in the subsequent assessment of the
analytical result.
[2]
The sampling strategy procedure described in this part of ISO 16000 is based on Guideline VDI 4300 Part 1 .
[3], [4], [5]
Similar national standards exist .

© ISO 2004 – All rights reserved v

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16000-1:2004(E)

Indoor air —
Part 1:
General aspects of sampling strategy
1 Scope
This part of ISO 16000 is intended to aid the planning of indoor pollution monitoring.
Before a sampling strategy is devised for indoor air monitoring, it is necessary to clarify for what purposes,
when, where, how often and over what periods of time monitoring is to be performed. The answers to these
questions depend, in particular, on a number of special characteristics of the indoor environments, on the
objective of the measurement and, finally, on the environment to be measured. This part of ISO 16000 deals
with the significance of these factors and offers suggestions on how to develop a suitable sampling strategy.
This part of ISO 16000 is applicable to indoor environments such as dwellings with living rooms, bedrooms,
do-it-yourself rooms, recreation rooms and cellars, kitchens and bathrooms; workrooms or work places in
buildings which are not subject to health and safety inspections in regard to air pollutants (for example, offices,
sales premises); public buildings (for example hospitals, schools, kindergartens, sports halls, libraries,
[6]
restaurants and bars, theatres, cinemas and other function rooms), and also cabins of vehicles .
NOTE In some countries, workplaces such as offices and sales premises are subject to health and safety inspections
with regard to air pollutants.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM), BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP,
OIML, 1995
3 Special characteristics of the indoor environment
Careful planning of sampling and the entire measurement strategy are of particular significance since the
result of the measurement may have far-reaching consequences (e.g. with regard to the need for remedial
action or the success of such an action).
The determination of indoor air pollutants proceeds, as a rule, by either of two approaches.
a) Sampling is carried out on-site using instruments that are as manageable and simple as possible, and
subsequently analysis is carried out in the laboratory; or
b) sampling and analysis are performed on-site by direct-reading measuring systems.
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ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
An indoor environment is rarely static, since the concentration of any substance may be constantly altered by
the strength of the source, human activity, ventilation rate, external or internal climatic conditions, chemical
reactions and possible sinks (e.g. sorption by surfaces and furnishings). Because of the proximity of source to
receptor, human exposure in the indoor environment is of special concern. In addition, the composition of
indoor air may vary within and between rooms, and be less homogeneous than the outdoor air surrounding
the building.
Equation (1) describes a simplified relationship of some of the parameters that affect the concentration of a
substance in indoor air. In special cases, e.g. fibres [asbestos, MMF (man-made fibres)] additional boundary
conditions should be considered (see ISO 16000-7).
d/ρρdtq=+/V n−fρ−nρ (1)
( )
ioii
where
ρ is the mass concentration of substance in indoor air, in milligrams per cubic metre;
i
q is the strength (mass flowrate) of the source, in milligrams per hour;
V is the volume of the room, in cubic metres;
n is the number of air changes per hour;
ρ is the mass concentration of substance in outdoor-air, in milligrams per cubic metre;
o
f is the elimination factor per hour;
t is the time, in hours.
The left-hand side of the equation represents the change in the concentration of the substance with time. The
first two terms on the right-hand side describe the increase in the concentration due to emissions from a
source and the penetration of outdoor air, while the last two terms represent the decrease in the concentration
which may result from removal by ventilation or from elimination mechanisms, such as sorption of the
compound by textiles in the room.
The most important term in Equation (1) is the source strength. It is often observed to vary with time, but this
is not taken into account by Equation (1). If it is found that the variation is of particular significance, a more
complex equation is needed. Depending on how the strength varies with time, a distinction can be made
between a constant and a variable source strength, and both cases can be subdivided still further into regular
and irregular emissions. The strength of continuous sources may also depend on room temperature, the
relative humidity and the amount of movement of the air in the room, and may only change in the long term;
i.e. over weeks and months. The emission rate of intermittent sources is generally only slightly affected by
room-climate parameters and often varies within much shorter periods of time.
Particle board with aminoplastic bonding is an example of a source that continually emits pollutants into the air.
Such a source emits formaldehyde over long periods of time in amounts that depend heavily on environmental
factors such as temperature and relative humidity.
A gas cooker, which may be operated at varying conditions according to cooking requirements, is an example
of an intermittent source having variable strength. However, a very regular emission pattern may be observed
from day to day, since the preparation of meals is often subject to a regular schedule.
The occasional use of insecticide sprays represents a combination of an intermittent source and an irregular
emission pattern.
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ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
4 Measurement objective
Indoor air measurements are mainly undertaken for the following five reasons, of which the first may be
unrelated to, or may evoke the other four:
a) complaints by users about poor air quality,
b) the need to determine the exposure of occupants to certain substances,
c) the need to measure whether specified limit or Guideline values are being maintained,
d) testing the effectiveness of remedial treatment.
e) observed or suspected effects on the occupants' health.
In the first case an extended search for the causes of the complaint may be necessary, including the use of a
questionnnaire to obtain a systematic record of the complaints. Often, there is a need to adapt the sampling
strategy to the individual case. The other situations are easier to address, because information is available
about the substances to be determined before monitoring is started.
The nature of a substance, its concentration and its effect on humans can also have a considerable influence
on the boundary conditions chosen for the monitoring effort. Thus, in assessing the health implications of
irritants, the maximum allowable exposure over short periods of time tends to be of interest. In the case of
compounds that have potential long-term health effects (i.e. carcinogenic compounds), it is generally the
mean exposure over fairly long periods of time that is of interest.
5 Sampling procedure
Sampling methods intended for outdoor use can often be used for sampling indoor air, provided that the
equipment is suitable for the measurement task and does not have a substantial adverse effect on the normal
use of the rooms in which it is used because of size, sampling rate and noise. This is particularly important in
residential monitoring. In this case, the instrument used should be relatively noise-free and its sampling rate
should not interfere with the normal ventilation rate. In positioning the monitoring equipment, consideration
should be given to the fact that the concentration of the indoor air may not be homogeneous.
Time resolution of the measurement is an important factor. Different techniques may give different time
resolutions, which will affect the interpretation of the result observed.
The hourly sampling volume in the room shall be less than 10 % of the ventilation rate. If the ventilation rate
value is not available or cannot be measured, the hourly sampling volume should be less than 10 % of the
room volume.
For determination of average concentrations of a substance over fairly long time periods (e.g. 8 h), diffusive
samplers, which do not have some of the disadvantages of active samplers, may be used. However, care
should be taken to assure that diffusion-controlled samplers are used only in areas with adequate ventilation
such that the specified face velocity is maintained. Suitable quality assurance procedures in accordance with
ISO/IEC 17025 shall be followed for both active and diffusive sampling.
NOTE 1 It is usual to refer to sampling times of up to 1 h as short-term sampling, and to times ranging from several
hours to several days as long-term sampling.
NOTE 2 Sampling procedures are described in other parts of ISO 16000.
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ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
6 Time of sampling
It is essential to take into account the variation in the concentration of air pollutants with time when evaluating
a measurement result. Pollutants such as cigarette smoke and chemical vapours (e.g. for cleaning) shall first
be ventilated from indoor air, unless there is intention to take these pollutants into account for the evaluation of
the measurement results.
Important parameters to which attention shall be paid in choosing the sampling time are the ventilation, the
nature of the sources, the occupants and their activities, the type of indoor environment, the temperature and
the relative humidity.
Opening a window inevitably decreases the substance concentration in a room (provided the outdoor air is not
more heavily polluted with the substance of concern), and it may also disturb a previously established
equilibrium.
In the case of short-term sampling, it is impossible to obtain representative results if sampling is started
immediately after ventilation. If the substance to be determined is emitted constantly and continuously, for
example by building materials or furnishings, several hours shall be allowed for the establishment of
equilibrium after ventilating by opening a window. This effect is also important for long-term sampling.
However, it is less important than for short-term sampling, especially if the sampling is carried out for a long
time and under the actual living conditions.
For the reasons mentioned, it is important to plan the time of monitoring carefully, taking into account the
interval of time between the end of the last ventilation and the start of sampling. If there are no serious
objections, the procedure for short-term sampling shall include a waiting time of several hours after a change
in ventilation before sampling is begun. Indications of the interval of time to be chosen in individual cases are
found in other parts of ISO 16000 relating to the particular substance or group of substances (e.g.
ISO 16000-2 and ISO 16000-5).
If indoor air pollutants are due to emissions from intermittent sources, the time of sampling depends on the
monitoring objectives. It may correspond to the peak exposure period or cover the average exposure over a
longer period.
If the building or room is equipped with a heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, additional
aspects shall be considered. For example, undesirable emissions may result from the HVAC system itself (e.g.
from sealing materials, humidifier water, dust deposits), resulting in pollutants from one room being distributed
throughout the entire building, especially if the HVAC has a high recirculation rate. Finally, the outdoor air
drawn in by the HVAC may contain a high level of pollution (e.g. due to nearby sources). The operating
parameters and the state of maintenance of the HVAC system shall always be included in the test report
relating to an indoor air sample, and if operation is intermittent or restricted, at least 3 h shall be allowed to
elapse with the HVAC system performing normally before sampling is started (see also Clause 8).
7 Sampling duration and sampling frequency
The duration of sampling is determined by
 the nature of the substances under consideration,
 the potential health effects of the targeted substance,
 the emission characteristics of the source,
 the limits of quantification of the analytical method,
 the measurement objective.
4 © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved

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ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
In many cases, particularly if only a few measurements are made, it is necessary to make compromises that
do not take into account all three aspects at the same time.
The sampling duration chosen is particularly important in relation to the potential health effects of the targeted
substance. For substances causing acute health effects, short-term sampling should be used, whereas
long-term sampling should be used for substances having chronic effects on health. Long-term sampling
methods do not detect short-term peaks in concentration. This may result in difficulties in interpretation of the
measurement results, particularly if a substance also has a short-term effect on health.
In relation to the emission characteristics of the source, it is clear that emissions from a source that emits only
for a short time can only reasonably be determined by a short-term measurement. Conversely, sources with
long-term emissions are best dealt with by long-term measurements. However, it is quite possible that there
are deviations from this general rule. For example, the short-term peak concentration of an insecticide due to
aerosol spraying can only be determined with a short-term measurement, but long-term sampling may be
quite appropriate after spraying if residual concentration levels in the room are of primary interest.
In some cases, the emission characteristics of suspected sources are initially unknown. In such cases, a
continuous recording of measured quantities, for example total gaseous organic compounds using a flame
ionization detector (FID) or photoionization detector (PID) for a limited time may provide useful information for
developing the sampling strategy.
The sampling duration shall also be appropriate for the limit of quantification of the chosen analytical method,
i.e. the mass of the analyte collected during sampling shall make possible an unambiguous identification and
a reliable quantitative determination. At the same time, it should be remembered that the amount of analyte
collected is not necessarily substantially increased by extending the sampling time over a longer period. When
the intention is to determine the concentration of a compound originating from an intermittent source that is
activated only on rare occasions and for short intervals, nearly as much substance may be collected in a 1 h
sampling period as in 24 h. Furthermore, information may be lost if the choice of sampling time is unsuitable.
The sampling duration may be imposed on the analyst in some cases (e.g. when a standard or guideline value
has been specified together with a time interval). Such is the case with tetrachloroethene, for which a legal
[7]
limit value has been set in Germany as a 1-week average. The average time was set for rooms adjacent to
dry-cleaning shops to cover the full weekly pattern of emission levels that vary between working days and
weekends.
Due to cost considerations, the number of individual measurements carried out in a room is generally small.
On the other hand there is a tendency to take the result of one (or only a few) measurement(s) as
representative of the situation in the room under study. In this conflicting situation, it is essential to provide as
much information as possible about those parameters that can have an influence on the result, in order to be
able to judge whether the result reflects the average or an extreme condition.
Short-term sampling is often carried out under conditions that represent an extreme situation (e.g. low number
of air changes, elevated temperature) in order to be able to estimate the maximum exposure. Long-term
sampling is often used to determine the state of pollution under normal conditions of occupancy. The
conditions of the use and occupancy of the room at the time of sampling shall be precisely documented.
For a comprehensive assessment, both a short-term sample and a long-term sample shall be collected. The
assessment shall also take into account the changes in concentration that may result from changes in the
ventilation pattern and the conditions of use and occupancy, including seasonal differences. This is especially
important for some pollutants, e.g. formaldehyde and viable fungi.
In the case of formaldehyde, seasonal changes in concentration are particularly important since the emission
of formaldehyde from wood-based materials bonded with urea/formaldehyde-containing resins is affected by
temperature and relative humidity (see Clause 3).
The final sampling design is necessarily dependent upon the available resources, costs, data requirements
and the time available for carrying out the study.
© ISO 2004 – All rights reserved 5

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ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
8 Sampling location
In addition to the changes in the concentration of a substance over time, account shall also be taken of the
spatial variation. For measurements to be made in a building, it is therefore necessary to specify both the
room to be monitored and a suitable sampling location in that room. The choice of the room depends on the
purpose of the measurement. In buildings equipped with HVAC systems, measurements carried out in the
intake and exhaust air may indicate sources of air pollutants.
Although it is frequently the purpose of a measurement to identify the pollutant sources in a room, the
emphasis is generally on determining the exposure of the occupants to the pollutants. It is not possible in
every case to specify beforehand the most appropriate location of the sampling device. In private dwellings, a
choice may have to be made between the living area and the sleeping area. If sources are involved that are
associated with certain activities of the inhabitants, it is often useful to sample in the living area, especially if
the pollution-producing activities occur there. However, exposure to long-term emitting sources (e.g. building
products) may be better characterized by a measurement made in the bedroom, because that is where people
spend more time. In private dwellings, it is important that measurements should not have an effect on the
normal use of the rooms.
In the case of measurements made in large rooms (halls, large offices, etc.), the possibility of subdividing the
room shall be considered in selecting the sampling location and in evaluating the measurement result. This
applies in particular to short-term measurements.
If the living room is clo
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 16000-1:2004
01-december-2004
1RWUDQML]UDNGHO6SORãQLYLGLNLVWUDWHJLMHY]RUþHQMD
Indoor air - Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy
Air intérieur - Partie 1: Aspects généraux de la stratégie d'échantillonnage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 16000-1:2004
ICS:
13.040.20 Kakovost okoljskega zraka Ambient atmospheres
SIST ISO 16000-1:2004 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST ISO 16000-1:2004

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SIST ISO 16000-1:2004


INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16000-1
First edition
2004-07-01

Indoor air —
Part 1:
General aspects of sampling strategy
Air intérieur —
Partie 1: Aspects généraux de la stratégie d'échantillonnage




Reference number
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
©
ISO 2004

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------

SIST ISO 16000-1:2004
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.


©  ISO 2004
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------

SIST ISO 16000-1:2004
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Special characteristics of the indoor environment . 1
4 Measurement objective . 3
5 Sampling procedure . 3
6 Time of sampling. 4
7 Sampling duration and sampling frequency. 4
8 Sampling location . 6
9 Parallel outdoor air measurements. 6
Annex A (informative) Important types of indoor environment and sources of air pollutants . 7
Annex B (informative) Sources of indoor air pollutants. 8
Annex C (informative) Examples of substances and their sources . 10
Annex D (informative) Guidelines for information to be recorded during indoor air measurement. 13
Bibliography . 21

© ISO 2004 – All rights reserved iii

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SIST ISO 16000-1:2004
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16000-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 6, Indoor air.
ISO 16000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Indoor air:
 Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy
 Part 2: Sampling strategy for formaldehyde
 Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds — Active sampling method
 Part 4: Determination of formaldehyde — Diffusive sampling method
 Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test chamber air by active sampling on
Tenax TA sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS/FID
 Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds — Emission test chamber method
 Part 10: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds — Emission test cell method
 Part 11: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds — Sampling, storage of samples
and preparation of test specimens
The following parts are under preparation:
 Part 5: Sampling strategy for volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
 Part 7: Sampling strategy for determination of airborne asbestos fibre concentrations
 Part 8: Ventilation rate measurement
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SIST ISO 16000-1:2004
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
Introduction
The ISO 16000 series deals with indoor air measurements. This part of ISO 16000 is intended as an aid to
planning indoor air pollution measurements. Additional parts of ISO 16000 describe the sampling strategy,
including the conditions to be observed for the particular substances or groups of substances, such as the
dependence of indoor air pollution concentrations on atmospheric humidity or temperature or other effects.
The actual procedures dealing with indoor air measurements for the individual substances are also presented
in other parts of ISO 16000.
An inappropriate monitoring strategy can contribute to the overall uncertainty of the measurement result to a
greater extend than the monitoring procedure itself.
Attention should be given to the special role of the human sense of smell in identifying substances or classes
of substances in indoor air. Here it is not so much the sensitivity of the sense of smell, but the memory of
smell and the experience of the specialist (chemist, perfume specialist) that is important. Sensory information
can greatly simplify the identification of air pollutants and consequently influence the sampling strategy.
However, sensoric adaptation affects the sensory information, particularly in the case of persistent indoor
pollutants.
The interpretation of indoor air measurements is assisted by the use of guideline values for acceptable indoor
air quality. To draw a conclusion about whether and to what extent the concentrations of a pollutant measured
in a room exceed the normal level or the level acceptable from the standpoint of health, it is useful to rely on
guideline values or published literature. The column “Remarks” of Table C.1 (see Annex C) gives available
[1]
World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines for indoor air . It is emphasized, however, that these
values are not legally binding. In the absence of published guideline values, the investigator may consult peer
reviewed journal articles or other literature for guidance on typical values observed in buildings without
reported complaints.
Representatives of various technical fields should be involved in the planning of indoor air quality
measurements.
Table A.1 of this part of ISO 16000 summarizes the most important types of indoor environment, and
examples of the sources that may be encountered in them. The list is not, of course, fully comprehensive
because of the large number of possibilities.
Table B.1 shows the sources of indoor air pollutants and the most important substances emitted. Table C.1
lists substances frequently detected and their possible sources. In some cases, the sources of indoor pollution
arise outside the building; for example, benzene from vehicle traffic and petrol stations, and chlorinated
hydrocarbons from nearby dry-cleaning establishments. Soil emissions may also be important if, for example,
buildings have been erected on old landfills, industrial sites, or uranium-containing soils which emit radon.
Annex D contains a checklist relating to information to be recorded when indoor air measurements are carried
out. This list is also intended to aid the user of this part of ISO 16000 in the subsequent assessment of the
analytical result.
[2]
The sampling strategy procedure described in this part of ISO 16000 is based on Guideline VDI 4300 Part 1 .
[3], [4], [5]
Similar national standards exist .

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SIST ISO 16000-1:2004

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SIST ISO 16000-1:2004
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16000-1:2004(E)

Indoor air —
Part 1:
General aspects of sampling strategy
1 Scope
This part of ISO 16000 is intended to aid the planning of indoor pollution monitoring.
Before a sampling strategy is devised for indoor air monitoring, it is necessary to clarify for what purposes,
when, where, how often and over what periods of time monitoring is to be performed. The answers to these
questions depend, in particular, on a number of special characteristics of the indoor environments, on the
objective of the measurement and, finally, on the environment to be measured. This part of ISO 16000 deals
with the significance of these factors and offers suggestions on how to develop a suitable sampling strategy.
This part of ISO 16000 is applicable to indoor environments such as dwellings with living rooms, bedrooms,
do-it-yourself rooms, recreation rooms and cellars, kitchens and bathrooms; workrooms or work places in
buildings which are not subject to health and safety inspections in regard to air pollutants (for example, offices,
sales premises); public buildings (for example hospitals, schools, kindergartens, sports halls, libraries,
[6]
restaurants and bars, theatres, cinemas and other function rooms), and also cabins of vehicles .
NOTE In some countries, workplaces such as offices and sales premises are subject to health and safety inspections
with regard to air pollutants.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM), BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP,
OIML, 1995
3 Special characteristics of the indoor environment
Careful planning of sampling and the entire measurement strategy are of particular significance since the
result of the measurement may have far-reaching consequences (e.g. with regard to the need for remedial
action or the success of such an action).
The determination of indoor air pollutants proceeds, as a rule, by either of two approaches.
a) Sampling is carried out on-site using instruments that are as manageable and simple as possible, and
subsequently analysis is carried out in the laboratory; or
b) sampling and analysis are performed on-site by direct-reading measuring systems.
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SIST ISO 16000-1:2004
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
An indoor environment is rarely static, since the concentration of any substance may be constantly altered by
the strength of the source, human activity, ventilation rate, external or internal climatic conditions, chemical
reactions and possible sinks (e.g. sorption by surfaces and furnishings). Because of the proximity of source to
receptor, human exposure in the indoor environment is of special concern. In addition, the composition of
indoor air may vary within and between rooms, and be less homogeneous than the outdoor air surrounding
the building.
Equation (1) describes a simplified relationship of some of the parameters that affect the concentration of a
substance in indoor air. In special cases, e.g. fibres [asbestos, MMF (man-made fibres)] additional boundary
conditions should be considered (see ISO 16000-7).
d/ρρdtq=+/V n−fρ−nρ (1)
( )
ioii
where
ρ is the mass concentration of substance in indoor air, in milligrams per cubic metre;
i
q is the strength (mass flowrate) of the source, in milligrams per hour;
V is the volume of the room, in cubic metres;
n is the number of air changes per hour;
ρ is the mass concentration of substance in outdoor-air, in milligrams per cubic metre;
o
f is the elimination factor per hour;
t is the time, in hours.
The left-hand side of the equation represents the change in the concentration of the substance with time. The
first two terms on the right-hand side describe the increase in the concentration due to emissions from a
source and the penetration of outdoor air, while the last two terms represent the decrease in the concentration
which may result from removal by ventilation or from elimination mechanisms, such as sorption of the
compound by textiles in the room.
The most important term in Equation (1) is the source strength. It is often observed to vary with time, but this
is not taken into account by Equation (1). If it is found that the variation is of particular significance, a more
complex equation is needed. Depending on how the strength varies with time, a distinction can be made
between a constant and a variable source strength, and both cases can be subdivided still further into regular
and irregular emissions. The strength of continuous sources may also depend on room temperature, the
relative humidity and the amount of movement of the air in the room, and may only change in the long term;
i.e. over weeks and months. The emission rate of intermittent sources is generally only slightly affected by
room-climate parameters and often varies within much shorter periods of time.
Particle board with aminoplastic bonding is an example of a source that continually emits pollutants into the air.
Such a source emits formaldehyde over long periods of time in amounts that depend heavily on environmental
factors such as temperature and relative humidity.
A gas cooker, which may be operated at varying conditions according to cooking requirements, is an example
of an intermittent source having variable strength. However, a very regular emission pattern may be observed
from day to day, since the preparation of meals is often subject to a regular schedule.
The occasional use of insecticide sprays represents a combination of an intermittent source and an irregular
emission pattern.
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SIST ISO 16000-1:2004
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
4 Measurement objective
Indoor air measurements are mainly undertaken for the following five reasons, of which the first may be
unrelated to, or may evoke the other four:
a) complaints by users about poor air quality,
b) the need to determine the exposure of occupants to certain substances,
c) the need to measure whether specified limit or Guideline values are being maintained,
d) testing the effectiveness of remedial treatment.
e) observed or suspected effects on the occupants' health.
In the first case an extended search for the causes of the complaint may be necessary, including the use of a
questionnnaire to obtain a systematic record of the complaints. Often, there is a need to adapt the sampling
strategy to the individual case. The other situations are easier to address, because information is available
about the substances to be determined before monitoring is started.
The nature of a substance, its concentration and its effect on humans can also have a considerable influence
on the boundary conditions chosen for the monitoring effort. Thus, in assessing the health implications of
irritants, the maximum allowable exposure over short periods of time tends to be of interest. In the case of
compounds that have potential long-term health effects (i.e. carcinogenic compounds), it is generally the
mean exposure over fairly long periods of time that is of interest.
5 Sampling procedure
Sampling methods intended for outdoor use can often be used for sampling indoor air, provided that the
equipment is suitable for the measurement task and does not have a substantial adverse effect on the normal
use of the rooms in which it is used because of size, sampling rate and noise. This is particularly important in
residential monitoring. In this case, the instrument used should be relatively noise-free and its sampling rate
should not interfere with the normal ventilation rate. In positioning the monitoring equipment, consideration
should be given to the fact that the concentration of the indoor air may not be homogeneous.
Time resolution of the measurement is an important factor. Different techniques may give different time
resolutions, which will affect the interpretation of the result observed.
The hourly sampling volume in the room shall be less than 10 % of the ventilation rate. If the ventilation rate
value is not available or cannot be measured, the hourly sampling volume should be less than 10 % of the
room volume.
For determination of average concentrations of a substance over fairly long time periods (e.g. 8 h), diffusive
samplers, which do not have some of the disadvantages of active samplers, may be used. However, care
should be taken to assure that diffusion-controlled samplers are used only in areas with adequate ventilation
such that the specified face velocity is maintained. Suitable quality assurance procedures in accordance with
ISO/IEC 17025 shall be followed for both active and diffusive sampling.
NOTE 1 It is usual to refer to sampling times of up to 1 h as short-term sampling, and to times ranging from several
hours to several days as long-term sampling.
NOTE 2 Sampling procedures are described in other parts of ISO 16000.
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SIST ISO 16000-1:2004
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
6 Time of sampling
It is essential to take into account the variation in the concentration of air pollutants with time when evaluating
a measurement result. Pollutants such as cigarette smoke and chemical vapours (e.g. for cleaning) shall first
be ventilated from indoor air, unless there is intention to take these pollutants into account for the evaluation of
the measurement results.
Important parameters to which attention shall be paid in choosing the sampling time are the ventilation, the
nature of the sources, the occupants and their activities, the type of indoor environment, the temperature and
the relative humidity.
Opening a window inevitably decreases the substance concentration in a room (provided the outdoor air is not
more heavily polluted with the substance of concern), and it may also disturb a previously established
equilibrium.
In the case of short-term sampling, it is impossible to obtain representative results if sampling is started
immediately after ventilation. If the substance to be determined is emitted constantly and continuously, for
example by building materials or furnishings, several hours shall be allowed for the establishment of
equilibrium after ventilating by opening a window. This effect is also important for long-term sampling.
However, it is less important than for short-term sampling, especially if the sampling is carried out for a long
time and under the actual living conditions.
For the reasons mentioned, it is important to plan the time of monitoring carefully, taking into account the
interval of time between the end of the last ventilation and the start of sampling. If there are no serious
objections, the procedure for short-term sampling shall include a waiting time of several hours after a change
in ventilation before sampling is begun. Indications of the interval of time to be chosen in individual cases are
found in other parts of ISO 16000 relating to the particular substance or group of substances (e.g.
ISO 16000-2 and ISO 16000-5).
If indoor air pollutants are due to emissions from intermittent sources, the time of sampling depends on the
monitoring objectives. It may correspond to the peak exposure period or cover the average exposure over a
longer period.
If the building or room is equipped with a heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, additional
aspects shall be considered. For example, undesirable emissions may result from the HVAC system itself (e.g.
from sealing materials, humidifier water, dust deposits), resulting in pollutants from one room being distributed
throughout the entire building, especially if the HVAC has a high recirculation rate. Finally, the outdoor air
drawn in by the HVAC may contain a high level of pollution (e.g. due to nearby sources). The operating
parameters and the state of maintenance of the HVAC system shall always be included in the test report
relating to an indoor air sample, and if operation is intermittent or restricted, at least 3 h shall be allowed to
elapse with the HVAC system performing normally before sampling is started (see also Clause 8).
7 Sampling duration and sampling frequency
The duration of sampling is determined by
 the nature of the substances under consideration,
 the potential health effects of the targeted substance,
 the emission characteristics of the source,
 the limits of quantification of the analytical method,
 the measurement objective.
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SIST ISO 16000-1:2004
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
In many cases, particularly if only a few measurements are made, it is necessary to make compromises that
do not take into account all three aspects at the same time.
The sampling duration chosen is particularly important in relation to the potential health effects of the targeted
substance. For substances causing acute health effects, short-term sampling should be used, whereas
long-term sampling should be used for substances having chronic effects on health. Long-term sampling
methods do not detect short-term peaks in concentration. This may result in difficulties in interpretation of the
measurement results, particularly if a substance also has a short-term effect on health.
In relation to the emission characteristics of the source, it is clear that emissions from a source that emits only
for a short time can only reasonably be determined by a short-term measurement. Conversely, sources with
long-term emissions are best dealt with by long-term measurements. However, it is quite possible that there
are deviations from this general rule. For example, the short-term peak concentration of an insecticide due to
aerosol spraying can only be determined with a short-term measurement, but long-term sampling may be
quite appropriate after spraying if residual concentration levels in the room are of primary interest.
In some cases, the emission characteristics of suspected sources are initially unknown. In such cases, a
continuous recording of measured quantities, for example total gaseous organic compounds using a flame
ionization detector (FID) or photoionization detector (PID) for a limited time may provide useful information for
developing the sampling strategy.
The sampling duration shall also be appropriate for the limit of quantification of the chosen analytical method,
i.e. the mass of the analyte collected during sampling shall make possible an unambiguous identification and
a reliable quantitative determination. At the same time, it should be remembered that the amount of analyte
collected is not necessarily substantially increased by extending the sampling time over a longer period. When
the intention is to determine the concentration of a compound originating from an intermittent source that is
activated only on rare occasions and for short intervals, nearly as much substance may be collected in a 1 h
sampling period as in 24 h. Furthermore, information may be lost if the choice of sampling time is unsuitable.
The sampling duration may be imposed on the analyst in some cases (e.g. when a standard or guideline value
has been specified together with a time interval). Such is the case with tetrachloroethene, for which a legal
[7]
limit value has been set in Germany as a 1-week average. The average time was set for rooms adjacent to
dry-cleaning shops to cover the full weekly pattern of emission levels that vary between working days and
weekends.
Due to cost considerations, the number of individual measurements carried out in a room is generally small.
On the other hand there is a tendency to take the result of one (or only a few) measurement(s) as
representative of the situation in the room under study. In this conflicting situation, it is essential to provide as
much information as possible about those parameters that can have an influence on the result, in order to be
able to judge whether the result reflects the average or an extreme condition.
Short-term sampling is often carried out under conditions that represent an extreme situation (e.g. low number
of air changes, elevated temperature) in order to be able to estimate the maximum exposure. Long-term
sampling is often used to determine the state of pollution under normal conditions of occupancy. The
conditions of the use and occupancy of the room at the time of sampling shall be precisely documented.
For a comprehensive assessment, both a short-term sample and a long-term sample shall be collected. The
assessment shall also take into account the changes in concentration that may result from changes in the
ventilation pattern and the conditions of use and occupancy, including seasonal differences. This is especially
important for some pollutants, e.g. formaldehyde and viable fungi.
In the case of formaldehyde, seasonal changes in concentration are particularly important since the emission
of formaldehyde from wood-based materials bonded with urea/formaldehyde-containing resins is affected by
temperature and relative humidity (see Clause 3).
The final sampling design is necessarily dependent upon the available resources, costs, data requirements
and the time available for carrying out the study.
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SIST ISO 16000-1:2004
ISO 16000-1:2004(E)
8 Sampling location
In addition to the changes in the concentration of a substance over time, account shall also be taken of the
spatial variation. For measurements to be made in a building, it is therefore necessary to specify both the
room to be monitored and a suitable sampling location in that room. The choice of the room depends on the
purpose of the measurement. In buildings equipped with HVAC systems, measurements carried out in the
intake and exhaust air may indicate sources of air pollutants.
Although it is frequently the purpose of a measurement to identify the pollutant sources in a room, the
emphasis is generally on determining the exposure of the occupants to the pollutants. It is not possib
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 16000-1
Première édition
2004-07-01

Air intérieur —
Partie 1:
Aspects généraux de la stratégie
d'échantillonnage
Indoor air —
Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy




Numéro de référence
ISO 16000-1:2004(F)
©
ISO 2004

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ISO 16000-1:2004(F)
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ii © ISO 2004 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 16000-1:2004(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. iv
Introduction . v
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Références normatives. 1
3 Caractéristiques spécifiques de l'environnement de l'air intérieur. 1
4 Objectifs du mesurage . 3
5 Mode opératoire d'échantillonnage. 3
6 Période d'échantillonnage . 4
7 Durée et fréquence de l'échantillonnage. 4
8 Lieu de l'échantillonnage . 6
9 Mesurages de l'air extérieur en parallèle. 7
Annexe A (informative) Principaux types d'environnements intérieurs et exemples de sources de
polluants de l'air. 8
Annexe B (informative) Sources de polluants de l'air intérieur. 9
Annexe C (informative) Exemples de substances et de leurs sources . 12
Annexe D (informative) Lignes directrices concernant les informations à enregistrer pendant le
mesurage dans l'air intérieur . 15
Bibliographie . 23

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ISO 16000-1:2004(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 16000-1 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 146, Qualité de l'air, sous-comité SC 6, Air
intérieur.
L'ISO 16000 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Air intérieur:
 Partie 1: Aspects généraux de la stratégie d'échantillonnage
 Partie 2: Stratégie d'échantillonnage du formaldéhyde
 Partie 3: Dosage du formaldéhyde et d'autres composés carbonylés — Méthode par échantillonnage actif
 Partie 4: Dosage du formaldéhyde — Méthode par échantillonnage diffusif
 Partie 6: Dosage des composés organiques volatils dans l'air intérieur des locaux et enceintes d'essai par
échantillonnage actif sur le sorbant Tenax TA, désorption thermique et chromatographie en phase
gazeuse utilisant MS/FID
 Partie 9: Dosage de l'émission de composés organiques volatils — Méthode utilisant une enceinte pour
essais d'émission
 Partie 10: Dosage de l'émission de composés organiques volatils — Méthode utilisant une cellule pour
essais d'émission
 Partie 11: Dosage de l'émission de composés organiques volatils — Échantillonage, conservation
d'échantillons et préparation d'échantillons pour essai
Les parties suivantes sont en cours d'élaboration:
 Partie 5: Stratégie d'échantillonnage pour les composés organiques volatils (COV)
 Partie 7: Stratégie d'échantillonnage pour la détermination des concentrations en fibres d'amiante en
suspension dans l'air
 Partie 8: Mesurage du taux de ventilation
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ISO 16000-1:2004(F)
Introduction
L'ISO 16000 traite des mesurages dans l'air intérieur. La présente partie de l'ISO 16000 a pour but d'apporter
une aide lors de la planification des mesurages de la pollution de l'air intérieur. Des parties complémentaires
de l'ISO 16000 décrivent la stratégie d'échantillonnage, y compris les conditions à respecter pour les
substances particulières ou groupes de substances, telles que la dépendance des concentrations de la
pollution de l'air intérieur par rapport à l'humidité atmosphérique ou à la température ou à d'autres effets. Les
méthodes actuelles de mesurage de l'air intérieur destinées à rechercher les substances individuelles sont
également présentées dans les différentes parties de l'ISO 16000.
Une stratégie de contrôle inadéquate peut contribuer à l'incertitude générale des résultats de mesurage, de
façon plus importante que la méthode de contrôle elle-même.
Il convient de tenir compte du rôle particulier de l'odorat humain dans l'identification de substances ou classes
de substances dans l'air intérieur. Dans ce contexte, le souvenir de l'odeur et l'expérience du spécialiste
(chimiste, spécialiste en parfums) comptent davantage que la sensibilité de l'odorat. Les informations
sensorielles peuvent simplifier considérablement l'identification des polluants de l'air et par conséquent influer
sur la stratégie d'échantillonnage. Cependant, l'adaptation des sens affecte les informations sensorielles, en
particulier dans le cas de polluants persistants de l'air intérieur.
L'interprétation des mesurages de l'air intérieur est assistée par l'utilisation de valeurs guides pour une qualité
acceptable de l'air intérieur. Pour tirer une conclusion sur si et dans quelle mesure les concentrations d'un
polluant mesuré dans une pièce dépassent le niveau normal ou le niveau acceptable d'un point de vue de la
santé, il est nécessaire de prendre comme références les valeurs guides ainsi que la littérature publiée. La
colonne «Remarques» du Tableau C.1 (voir Annexe C) indique les recommandations disponibles, émises par
[1]
l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) en matière de qualité de l'air . Il faut toutefois souligner que ces
valeurs n'ont pas un caractère réglementaire. En l'absence de valeurs guides publiées, l'investigateur peut
consulter les articles de journaux évalués par des pairs ou toute autre littérature traitant des recommandations
sur les valeurs usuelles rencontrées dans les bâtiments et ne signalant aucune plainte.
Il convient de faire appel aux représentants des divers domaines techniques lors de la planification des
mesurages de la qualité de l'air intérieur.
Le Tableau A.1 de la présente partie de l'ISO 16000 résume les plus grands types d'environnement d'air
intérieur et les exemples de sources qui peuvent être rencontrées dans ces environnements. La liste n'est
évidemment pas exhaustive en raison du grand nombre de possibilités.
Le Tableau B.1 présente les sources de polluants de l'air intérieur et les substances émises les plus
importantes. Le Tableau C.1 énumère les substances fréquemment détectées et leurs sources éventuelles.
Dans certains cas, les sources de la pollution de l'air intérieur se trouvent à l'extérieur du bâtiment, par
exemple le benzène provenant du trafic routier et des stations service et les hydrocarbures chlorés près des
établissements de nettoyage à sec. Les émissions du sol peuvent également être importantes si, par exemple,
les bâtiments ont été construits sur de vieilles décharges, des sites industriels ou des sols contenant de
l'uranium qui émet le radon.
L'Annexe D comporte une liste de vérification relative aux informations qui doivent être consignées lorsque
des mesurages sont effectués dans l'air intérieur. Cette liste a également pour but d'aider l'utilisateur de la
présente partie de l'ISO 16000 dans l'interprétation subséquente des résultats analytiques.
La stratégie d'échantillonnage décrite dans la présente partie de l'ISO 16000 repose sur la Partie 1 du Guide
[2] [3], [4], [5]
VDI 4300 . Il existe des normes nationales similaires .

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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 16000-1:2004(F)

Air intérieur —
Partie 1:
Aspects généraux de la stratégie d'échantillonnage
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l'ISO 16000 est destinée à faciliter la planification du contrôle de la pollution de l'air
intérieur.
Avant de mettre au point une stratégie d'échantillonnage pour le contrôle de la pollution de l'air intérieur, il est
nécessaire de déterminer les objectifs, c'est-à-dire quand, où, à quelle fréquence et pendant quelles périodes
de temps le contrôle peut être réalisé. Les réponses à ces questions dépendent, en particulier, d'un nombre
de caractéristiques spécifiques de l'environnement de l'air intérieur, de l'objectif du mesurage et enfin de
l'environnement à mesurer. La présente partie de l'ISO 16000 aborde l'importance de ces facteurs et émet
des propositions sur la manière de développer une stratégie d'échantillonnage adéquate.
La présente partie de l'ISO 16000 s'applique aux environnements intérieurs tels que les logements ayant des
salles de séjour, des chambres à coucher, des ateliers de bricolage, des salles de jeux, des caves, des
cuisines et des salles de bain; les salles ou lieux de travail dans les bâtiments qui ne sont pas soumis à des
inspections d'hygiène et de sécurité concernant les polluants de l'air intérieur (par exemple bureaux, locaux
de vente); les bâtiments publics (par exemple hôpitaux, écoles, jardins d'enfants, salles de sport,
bibliothèques, restaurants et bars, théâtres, cinémas et autres salles) et également les habitacles de
[6]
véhicules .
NOTE Dans certains pays, les lieux de travail, tels que les bureaux et les locaux de vente, sont sujets à des
inspections d'hygiène et de sécurité concernant les polluants de l'air.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO/CEI 17025, Prescriptions générales concernant la compétence des laboratoires d'étalonnages et d'essais
Guide pour l'expression de l'incertitude de mesurage (GUM), BIPM, CEI, FICC, ISO, OIML, UICPA, UIPPA,
1995
3 Caractéristiques spécifiques de l'environnement de l'air intérieur
Une planification de l'échantillonnage élaborée avec soin ainsi que l'ensemble de la stratégie
d'échantillonnage jouent un rôle particulièrement significatif étant donné que le mesurage peut avoir des
conséquences importantes (par exemple eu égard à la nécessité de mesures correctives ou au succès de
telles mesures).
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ISO 16000-1:2004(F)
La détermination des polluants dans l'air intérieur se fait, en règle générale, selon l'une des deux méthodes
suivantes.
a) L'échantillonnage est effectué sur site en utilisant les instruments qui sont le plus maniable et simple
possible; l'analyse subséquente est réalisée en laboratoire.
b) L'échantillonnage et l'analyse sont effectués sur site par des systèmes de mesurage à lecture directe.
Un environnement de l'air intérieur est rarement statique, étant donné que la concentration de substances
peut varier constamment selon l'intensité d'émission de la source, l'activité humaine, la vitesse de ventilation,
les conditions climatiques extérieures ou intérieures, les réactions chimiques et les puits éventuels (par
exemple l'adsorption par la surface des revêtements, mobilier et autres éléments de décoration). En raison de
la proximité de la source et du récepteur, l'exposition de l'homme dans l'environnement intérieur est
particulièrement inquiétante. En outre, la composition de l'air intérieur peut varier dans et entre les pièces et
peut être moins homogène que l'air extérieur autour du bâtiment.
L'Équation (1) décrit un rapport simplifié entre certains paramètres qui affectent la concentration d'une
substance dans l'air intérieur. Dans certains cas, par exemple en présence de fibres (amiante, fibres
artificielles), il convient d'envisager des conditions limites supplémentaires (voir l'ISO 16000-7).
d/ρρdtq=+/V n−fρ−nρ (1)
( )
ioii

ρ est la concentration en masse de substances dans l'air intérieur, en milligrammes par mètre cube;
i
q est l'intensité d'émission (débit-masse) de la source, en milligrammes par heure;
V est le volume de la pièce, en mètres cubes;
n est le taux de renouvellement d'air par heure;
ρ est la concentration en masse de substances dans l'air extérieur, en milligrammes par mètre cube;

o
f est le facteur d'élimination par heure;
t est le temps, en heures.
La partie gauche de l'équation représente le changement dans le temps de la concentration de la substance.
Les deux premiers termes du côté droit décrivent l'augmentation de la concentration en raison des émissions
d'une source et la pénétration de l'air extérieur, tandis que les deux derniers termes représentent la réduction
de la concentration qui peut être due à l'évacuation par la ventilation ou aux mécanismes d'élimination, telle
l'adsorption du composant par les textiles de la pièce.
Le terme le plus important de l'Équation (1) est l'intensité d'émission de la source. Les observations ont
souvent montré qu'elle varie avec le temps mais cette variation n'est pas prise en considération dans
l'Équation (1). S'il s'avère que cette variation présente une importance particulière, une équation plus
complexe est nécessaire. En fonction de la manière dont l'intensité d'émission varie avec le temps, une
distinction peut être faite entre une intensité de source constante et une intensité de source variable et les
deux cas peuvent encore être subdivisés en émissions régulières et émissions irrégulières. L'intensité
d'émission des sources continues peut également être fonction de la température ambiante, de l'humidité
relative et de la quantité de mouvement de l'air dans la pièce et peut seulement se modifier à long terme,
c'est-à-dire après des semaines et des mois. Le débit d'émission des sources intermittentes n'est
généralement que légèrement affecté par les paramètres climatiques de la pièce et varie souvent au cours de
périodes plus courtes.
Le panneau de particules ayant des résines aminoplastes est un exemple de source qui émet continuellement
des polluants dans l'air. Cette source émet du formaldéhyde pendant de longues périodes de temps en
quantités qui dépendent fortement de facteurs environnementaux tels que la température et l'humidité relative.
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ISO 16000-1:2004(F)
Une cuisinière à gaz, qui peut fonctionner dans diverses conditions en fonction des besoins de cuisson, est un
exemple de source intermittente ayant une intensité variable. Néanmoins, un modèle d'émission très régulière
peut être observé au quotidien, étant donné que la préparation des repas est souvent sujette à un emploi du
temps régulier.
L'utilisation occasionnelle de bombes insecticides est une combinaison d'une source intermittente et d'un
schéma d'émission irrégulier.
4 Objectifs du mesurage
Les mesurages dans l'air intérieur sont principalement entrepris pour les cinq raisons suivantes, la première
raison pouvant ne pas être liée aux quatre autres mais pouvant les susciter:
a) plaintes des utilisateurs sur la mauvaise qualité de l'air;
b) nécessité de déterminer l'exposition des occupants à certaines substances;
c) nécessité de mesurer si la limite spécifiée ou les valeurs guides sont respectées;
d) essais de l'efficacité des mesures correctives;
e) effets observés ou suspectés sur la santé des occupants.
Dans le premier cas, une recherche poussée sur les causes de la plainte peut s'avérer nécessaire, y compris
l'utilisation d'un questionnaire afin d'obtenir un enregistrement systématique des plaintes. Il est souvent
nécessaire d'adapter la stratégie d'échantillonnage au cas particulier. Les autres situations sont plus faciles à
aborder, parce qu'il existe des informations sur les substances à déterminer avant de commencer le contrôle.
La nature d'une substance, sa concentration et son influence sur les êtres humains peuvent également avoir
une influence importante sur les conditions limites choisies pour l'effort de contrôle. Par conséquent, lors de
l'évaluation des implications des irritants sur la santé, l'exposition maximale admissible pendant de courtes
périodes de temps a tendance à être intéressante. Dans le cas de composés ayant des effets potentiels à
long terme sur la santé (par exemple les composés cancérigènes), c'est généralement l'exposition moyenne
pendant de très longues périodes de temps qui est intéressante.
5 Mode opératoire d'échantillonnage
Les méthodes d'échantillonnage destinées à l'extérieur peuvent souvent être utilisées pour l'échantillonnage
dans l'air intérieur si les équipements sont adaptés au mesurage et qu'ils n'ont pas d'effet secondaire
important sur l'usage normal des pièces dans lesquelles ils sont utilisés en raison de leur taille, de la vitesse
de prélèvement et du bruit. C'est particulièrement important dans le contrôle des habitations. Dans ce cas, il
convient d'utiliser un instrument relativement peu bruyant dont la vitesse de prélèvement n'interfère pas avec
le débit normal de ventilation. Lors de l'implantation des équipements de contrôle, il convient de prendre en
considération le fait que la concentration dans l'air intérieur puisse ne pas être homogène.
La résolution temporelle du mesurage est un facteur important. Différentes méthodes peuvent donner
différentes résolutions temporelles et cela influe sur l'interprétation du résultat observé.
Le volume horaire d'échantillonnage dans la pièce doit être inférieur à 10 % de la vitesse de ventilation. Si la
valeur de la vitesse de ventilation n'est pas disponible ou ne peut être mesurée, il convient que le volume
horaire d'échantillonnage soit inférieur à 10 % du volume de la pièce.
Les échantillonneurs diffusifs, qui ne présentent pas les inconvénients des échantillonneurs actifs, peuvent
être utilisés pour déterminer les concentrations moyennes d'une substance sur des périodes de temps assez
longues (par exemple 8 h). Cependant, il convient de s'assurer que les échantillonneurs à diffusion contrôlée
sont seulement utilisés dans les zones ayant une ventilation adéquate, de sorte que la vitesse frontale
spécifiée soit maintenue. Les procédures d'assurance qualité adéquates, conformément à l'ISO/CEI 17025,
doivent être suivies pour l'échantillonnage actif et l'échantillonnage diffusif.
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ISO 16000-1:2004(F)
NOTE 1 Il est courant de qualifier «à court terme» les périodes d'échantillonnage inférieures ou égales à 1 h, et de
qualifier «à long terme» les périodes d'échantillonnage variant entre plusieurs heures et plusieurs jours.
NOTE 2 Les modes opératoires d'échantillonnage sont décrits dans les autres parties de l'ISO 16000.
6 Période d'échantillonnage
Lors de l'évaluation du résultat de mesurage, il est essentiel de prendre en compte la variation de la
concentration des polluants de l'air avec le temps. Des polluants tels que la fumée de cigarette et les vapeurs
chimiques (par exemple pour l'entretien) doivent d’abord être évacués de l'air intérieur sauf s'il est prévu de
prendre en compte ces polluants lors de l'évaluation des résultats de mesurage.
Les paramètres importants auxquels il faut porter attention lors du choix de l'échantillonnage sont la
ventilation, la nature de la source, les occupants et leurs activités, le type d'environnement intérieur, la
température et l'humidité relative.
L'ouverture d'une fenêtre réduit inévitablement la concentration de substances dans une pièce (si l'air
extérieur n'est pas encore plus pollué par la substance en question), et peut également perturber un équilibre
établi précédemment.
Dans le cas d'un échantillonnage à court terme, il est impossible d'obtenir des résultats représentatifs si
l'échantillonnage a commencé immédiatement après la ventilation. Si la substance à déterminer est émise
constamment et continuellement, par exemple par les matériaux de construction ou de décoration, il faut
plusieurs heures pour obtenir un équilibre après la ventilation liée à l'ouverture d'une fenêtre. Cet effet est
également important pour l'échantillonnage à long terme. Cependant, il est notamment moins important si
l'échantillonnage est effectué pendant longtemps et dans les conditions de vie actuelles.
Pour les raisons mentionnées, il est important de planifier avec soin la période du contrôle, en prenant en
compte l'intervalle de temps entre la fin de la dernière ventilation et le début de l'échantillonnage. S'il n'y a pas
d'objections sérieuses, le mode opératoire de l'échantillonnage à court terme doit inclure une période d'attente
de plusieurs heures après un changement de ventilation avant que l'échantillonnage commence. Les
indications relatives à l'intervalle de temps à choisir dans les différents cas sont mentionnées dans d'autres
parties de l'ISO 16000 relatives à une substance particulière ou à un groupe de substances (par exemple
ISO 16000-2 et ISO 16000-5).
Lorsque les polluants de l'air intérieur sont dus à des émissions de sources intermittentes, la période
d'échantillonnage dépend des objectifs du contrôle. Elle peut correspondre à la période d'exposition maximale
ou couvrir l'exposition moyenne pendant une plus longue période.
Si le bâtiment ou la pièce est équipé d'un système de chauffage, ventilation et climatisation d'air (CVCA), il
faut considérer les aspects supplémentaires. Par exemple, les émissions indésirables peuvent provenir du
système CVCA (par exemple des matériaux d'étanchéité, de l'eau des humidificateurs, des dépôts de
poussières) et se traduire par le fait que des polluants provenant d'une pièce se répandent dans tout le
bâtiment, en particulier si le système CVCA a une vitesse de recyclage élevée. Finalement, l'air extérieur
introduit par le système CVCA peut être extrêmement pollué (par exemple en raison de la proximité des
sources). Les paramètres de fonctionnement et le niveau de maintenance du système CVCA doivent toujours
être indiqués dans le rapport sur l'échantillonnage de l'air intérieur, et si le fonctionnement est intermittent ou
limité, il faut attendre au moins 3 h avec le système CVCA en fonctionnement normal avant de commencer
l'échantillonnage (voir aussi Article 8).
7 Durée et fréquence de l'échantillonnage
La durée de l'échantillonnage est déterminée par
 la nature des substances à prendre en considération,
 les effets potentiels de la substance visée sur la santé,
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ISO 16000-1:2004(F)
 les caractéristiques d'émission de la source,
 les limites de quantification de la méthode analytique,
 l'objectif du mesurage.
Dans de nombreux cas, en particulier si seulement quelques mesurages sont effectués, il est nécessaire de
faire des compromis qui ne prennent pas les trois aspects en même temps.
La durée de l'échantillonnage choisie est particulièrement importante par rapport aux effets potentiels sur la
santé de la substance visée. En ce qui concerne les substances ayant de brusques effets sur la santé, il
convient de procéder à l'échantillonnage à court terme, tandis qu'il convient d'utiliser l'échantillonnage à long
terme pour les substances ayant des effets chroniques sur la santé. Les méthodes d'échantillonnage à long
terme ne détectent pas les pics de concentration à court terme. Cela peut entraîner des difficultés à
interpréter les résultats de mesurage, en particulier si une substance a également un effet à court terme sur la
santé.
Par rapport aux caractéristiques d'émission de la source, il est clair que les émissions d'une source qui émet
seulement pendant une courte période peuvent seulement être raisonnablement déterminées par un
mesurage à court terme. Inversement, les sources ayant des émissions à long terme sont mieux traitées avec
des mesurages à long terme. Cependant, il est tout à fait possible qu'il y ait des exceptions à cette règle
générale. Par exemple, le pic de concentration à court terme d'un insecticide à cause d'un aérosol est
seulement déterminé avec le mesurage à court terme, mais l'échantillonnage à long terme peut convenir
après une pulvérisation si les niveaux de concentration résiduelle dans la pièce sont d'importance.
Dans certains cas, les caractéristiques d'émission de sources suspectées ne sont pas connues initialement.
Dans ces cas-là, un enregistrement continu des quantités mesurées [par exemple les composés organiques
volatils totaux en utilisant un détecteur à ionisation de flamme (DIF) ou un détecteur à photo-ionisation (DPI)
pendant une période limitée], peuvent donner des informations utiles pour le développement de la stratégie
d'échantillonnage.
La durée d'échantillonnage doit également être adaptée à la limite de quantification de la méthode analytique
choisie, ainsi la masse de l'analyte collecté pendant l'échantillonnage doit permettre une identification non
ambiguë et une détermination quantitative fiable. Parallèlement, il convient de rappeler que la quantité
d'analytes collectés n'est pas forcément considérablement accrue si on augmente la période de
l'échantillonnage. Lorsque l'objectif est de déterminer la concentration d'un composé provenant d'une source
intermittente qui est seulement activée à de rares occasions et pendant de courts intervalles, il est possible de
collecter presque autant de substances pendant une période d'échantillonnage de 1 h que pendant une
période d'échant
...

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