ISO/TC 146/SC 6 - Indoor air

This document specifies the whole vehicle test chamber, the vapour sampling assembly and the operating conditions for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbonyl compounds in vehicle cabin air. There are three measurements performed: one (for VOCs and carbonyl compounds) during the simulation of ambient conditions (ambient mode) at standard conditions of 23 °C - 25 °C with no air exchange; a second only for the measurement of formaldehyde at elevated temperatures (parking mode); and a third for VOCs and carbonyl compounds simulating driving after the vehicle has been parked in the sun starting at elevated temperatures (driving mode). For the simulation of the mean sun irradiation, a fixed irradiation in the whole vehicle test chamber is employed. The VOC method is valid for measurement of non-polar and slightly polar VOCs in a concentration range of sub-micrograms per cubic metre up to several milligrams per cubic metre. Using the principles specified in this method, some semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) can also be analysed. Compatible compounds are those which can be trapped and released from the Tenax TA®[1] sorbent tubes described in ISO 16000‑6, which includes VOCs ranging in volatility from n-C6 to n-C16. The sampling and analysis procedure for formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds is performed by collecting air on to cartridges coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and subsequent analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection by ultraviolet absorption. Formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds can be determined in the approximate concentration range 1 µg/m3 to 1 mg/m3. The method is valid for passenger cars, as defined in ECE-TRANS-WP.29/1045. This document gives guidelines for: a) transport and storage of the test vehicles until the start of the test; b) conditioning for the surroundings of the test vehicle and the test vehicle itself as well as the whole vehicle test chamber; c) conditioning of the test vehicle prior to measurements; d) simulation of ambient air conditions (ambient mode); e) formaldehyde sampling at elevated temperatures (parking mode); f) simulation of driving after the test vehicle has been parked in the sun (driving mode). [1] Tenax TA® is the trade name of a product supplied by Buchem. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the product named. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.

This document specifies a method for determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in indoor air and in air sampled for the determination of the emission from products or materials used in indoor environments (according to ISO 16000‑1) using test chambers and test cells. The method uses sorbent sampling tubes with subsequent thermal desorption (TD) and gas chromatographic (GC) analysis employing a capillary column and a mass spectrometric (MS) detector with or without an additional flame ionisation detector (FID)[13]. The method is applicable to the measurement of most GC-compatible vapour-phase organic compounds at concentrations ranging from micrograms per cubic metre to several milligrams per cubic metre. Many very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) can be analysed depending on the sorbents used.

This document describes and specifies the whole vehicle test chamber, the vapour sampling assembly and the operating conditions for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs; for more information see Annex E), and carbonyl compounds in vehicle cabin air. There are three measurements performed: one (for VOCs and carbonyl compounds) during the simulation of ambient conditions (ambient mode) at standard conditions of 23 °C with no air exchange; a second only for the measurement of formaldehyde at elevated temperatures (parking mode); and a third for VOCs and carbonyl compounds simulating driving after the vehicle has been parked in the sun starting at elevated temperatures (driving mode). For the simulation of the mean sun irradiation, fixed irradiation in the whole vehicle test chamber is employed. The VOC method is valid for measurement of non-polar and slightly polar VOCs in a concentration range of sub-micrograms per cubic metre up to several milligrams per cubic metre. Using the principles described in this method, some semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) can also be analysed. Compatible compounds are those which can be trapped and released from the Tenax TA®1) sorbent tubes described in ISO 16000‑6, which includes VOCs ranging in volatility from n-C6 to n-C16. The sampling and analysis procedure for formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds is performed by collecting air on to cartridges coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and subsequent analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection by ultraviolet absorption. Formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds can be determined in the approximate concentration range 1 μg/m3 to 1 mg/m3. This method applicable to trucks and buses, as defined in ISO 3833:1977 3.1.1 to 3.1.6. This document describes: a) Transport and storage of the test vehicle until the start of the test. b) Conditioning of the surroundings of the test vehicle and the test vehicle itself as well as the whole vehicle test chamber. c) Conditioning of the test vehicle prior to measurements. d) Simulation of ambient air conditions (ambient mode). e) Formaldehyde sampling at elevated temperatures (parking mode). f) Simulation of driving after the test vehicle has been parked in the sun (driving mode). 1)Tenax TA® is the trade name of a product supplied by Buchem. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the product named. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.

This document specifies a laboratory test method using test chambers defined in ISO 16000-9 and further specified in EN 16516 and evaluation procedures for the determination of odours emitted from building products and materials. Sampling, transport and storage of materials under test, as well as preparation of test specimens are described in ISO 16000-11 and further specified in EN 16516.

This document specifies requirements for an indoor air quality management system. It is applicable to any organization that wishes to: a) establish a system for the management of the quality of indoor air; b) implement, maintain and continually improve the indoor air quality management system; c) ensure conformity to the indoor air quality management system; d) demonstrate conformity to this document. It is applicable to the indoor environments of all kinds of facilities, installations and buildings, except those that are exclusively dedicated to industrial and/or agriculture activities. It is applicable to all types of indoor environments occupied by all kinds of persons, including regular users, clients, workers, etc.

This document, along with ISO 16000-38, specifies the measurement method for determining the mass concentration of primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic and aromatic amines in indoor air using accumulated sampling and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) or high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The analytical procedure is covered by this document. The sampling procedure and the manufacturing of the samplers are covered by ISO 16000-38. This document describes specifications for the chromatography and the mass spectroscopy for the amines. Measurement results are expressed in µg/m3. Although primarily intended for the measurement of amines listed in Tables A.1 and A.2, it can also be used for the measurement of other amines in indoor air. This document gives instructions and describes procedures for the inclusion of other amines. The range of application of this document concerning the concentrations of amines in indoor air depends on the linear range of the calibration line and hence on the gas sample volume (here: from 5 l up to 100 l), the eluate volume (from 1 ml up to 5 ml), the injection volume (from 1 µl up to 10 µl) and the sensitivity of the analytical equipment (e.g. linear range from 2 pg up to 2 ng amine). The range of application can be expected to be from approximately 0,002 µg/m3 (100 l sample) up to 2 000 µg/m3 (5 l sample) for a common analytical equipment (e.g. Waters ?TQD") for the majority of the amines listed in Tables A.1 and A.2. The analysis of derivatives of ethanolamine is usually about 10 times more sensitive and the analysis of short-chained aliphatic amines is usually about 10 times less sensitive than the analysis of an average amine. The performance data of the analytical method is given in Annex B, particularly in Tables B.1 and B.2. This document can be used also for the determination of amines in water if the detection limit is sufficient. This document does not cover the determination of isocyanates in indoor air (nor in water samples) as corresponding amines (covered by ISO 17734-1 and ISO 17734-2).

This document specifies a large bag sampling method for measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds which are emitted from vehicle interior parts into the air inside road vehicles. This method is intended for evaluation of large new vehicle interior parts, and complete assemblies. This is a screening method to compare similar car components under similar test conditions on a routine basis. Evaluating VOC emissions of vehicle interior parts is an important aspect of the vehicle indoor air quality. This document is complementary to existing standards and provides test laboratories and the manufacturing industry with a cost-effective evaluation of vehicle interior parts. This method is only applicable to newly manufactured vehicle parts. This method is applicable to all types of vehicles, and vehicle products which are used as parts in the interior of vehicles.

This document specifies the measurement methods and strategies for determining the PM2,5 mass concentrations of suspended particulate matter (PM) in indoor air. It can also be used for determining PM10 mass concentration. The reference method principle consists of collecting PM2,5 on a filter after separation of the particles by an impaction head and weighing them by means of a balance. Measurement procedure and main requirements are similar to the conditions specified in EN 12341. This document also specifies procedures for operating appropriate supplementary high time resolution instruments, which can be used to highlight peak emission, room investigation and as part of the quality control of the reference method. Quality assurance, determination of the measurement uncertainty and minimal reporting information are also part of this document. The lower range of application of this document is 2 µg/m3 of PM2,5 (i.e. the limit of detection of the standard measurement method expressed as its uncertainty). This document does not cover the determination of bioaerosols or the chemical characterization of particles. For the measurement and assessment of dust composition, see the relevant technical rules in the International Standards in the ISO 16000 series. This document does not cover passenger compartments of vehicles and public transport systems.

This document specifies a method for the determination of primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic and aromatic amines in indoor air using accumulated sampling and high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) or high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). It specifies the sampling procedure for determining the mass concentration of amines as mean values by sampling the amines on phosphoric acid impregnated filters. The analytical procedure of the measurement method is covered by ISO 16000-39. Measurements, performed with samplers containing phosphoric acid-impregnated inert supporting material and operating at specified flow rates for specified sampling periods are described in this document. Requirements regarding sample volume are also defined. The range of application of this document concerning the concentrations of amines in indoor air depends on the linear range of the calibration line and hence on the gas sample volume (here: from 5 l up to 100 l), the eluate volume (from 1 ml up to 5 ml), the injection volume (from 1 µl up to 10 µl) and the sensitivity of the analytical equipment (e.g. linear range from 2 pg up to 2 ng amine). The range of application can be expected to be from approximately 0,002 µg/m3 (100 l sample) up to 2 000 µg/m3 (5 l sample) for a common analytical equipment[1] for the majority of the amines listed in Annex A. The analysis of derivatives of ethanolamine is usually about 10 times more sensitive and the analysis of short-chained aliphatic amines is usually about 10 times less sensitive than the analysis of an average amine. Although primarily intended for the measurement of amines listed in Annex A, this document can also be used for the measurement of other amines in indoor air. This document describes procedures for the fabrication and gives requirements for the use of glass tubes containing impregnated filters out of phosphoric acid-impregnated glass wool as samplers, but does not exclude other samplers with proven equal or improved properties. This document also gives procedures for the demonstration of equivalence of other sampler types or methods. This document does not cover the determination of amines in other media like water or soil. Furthermore, it does not cover the determination of isocyanates in indoor air as corresponding amines (covered by ISO 17734-1 and ISO 17734-2). Quaternary amines are also not included in this document. [1] Waters "TQ-D" is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.

This document specifies a general laboratory test method for evaluating the reduction in concentration of VOCs by sorptive building materials. This method applies to boards, wallpapers, carpets, paint products, and other building materials. The sorption of those target compound(s), i.e. VOCs, can be brought about by adsorption, absorption and chemisorption. The performance of the material, with respect to its ability to reduce the concentration of VOCs in indoor air, is evaluated by measuring area-specific reduction rate and saturation mass per area. The former directly indicates material performance with respect to VOC reduction at a point in time; the latter relates to the ability to maintain that performance. This document is based on the test chamber method specified in ISO 16000-9. NOTE Sampling, transport and storage of materials to be tested, and preparation of test specimens, are described in ISO 16000-11. Air sampling and analytical methods to determine VOCs are described in ISO 16000-6 and ISO 16017-1.

This document specifies a general laboratory test method for evaluating the reduction of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) concentrations by sorptive building materials. This method applies to boards, wallpapers, carpets, paint products, and other building materials. The sorption of those target compounds, i.e. formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds, can be brought about by adsorption, absorption and chemisorption. The method specified in this document employs formaldehyde and other carbonyl compound spiked supply air to determine the performance of building materials in reducing formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds concentrations. This document is based on the test chamber method specified in ISO 16000-9. Sampling, transport and storage of materials to be tested and preparation of test specimens are specified in ISO 16000-11. Air sampling and analytical methods for the determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds are specified in ISO 16000-3, which is part of the complete procedure. This document applies to the determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, benzaldehyde, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde, capronaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, propionaldehyde, o-tolualdehyde, m-tolualdehyde, p-tolualdehyde.

This document specifies a method to evaluate the capacity of air purifiers to reduce the concentration of airborne culturable bacteria. The test is applicable to air purifiers commonly used in single room spaces.

This document specifies the selection, preparation, conditioning, packaging, labelling, transportation and storage for materials and components for, but not limited to, volatile organic compound (VOC) testing, fogging testing and odour testing. It pays special attention to materials sensitive to contamination and/or rapid volatilization of emissions in order to achieve repeatable and accurate test results.

This document specifies the general strategies for determining the concentration of airborne particles indoors and covers the size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 µm. In addition, this document describes methods for identifying typical indoor particle sources and gives general recommendations for obtaining a representative sample. The main sources of indoor particulate matter are described in this document, together with indoor particle dynamics. Various measurement methods are described, along with their advantages, disadvantages and areas of application, as well as some general sampling recommendations. Measurement strategies for determining airborne particles indoors are discussed, including reference case studies with more specific sampling recommendations. Additional documents in the ISO 16000 series will focus on each fraction of airborne particulate matter and give specific recommendations for these measurements. The determination of measurement uncertainty and minimum reporting requirements are also part of this document. This document does not apply to the determination of bioaerosols or the chemical characterization of particles. For the measurement and assessment of dust composition, see the relevant part in the ISO 16000 series. This document does not apply to the measurement of airborne particles in vehicle passenger compartments and public transport systems.

ISO 16000-33:2017 specifies the sampling and analysis of phthalates in indoor air and describes the sampling and analysis of phthalates in house dust and in solvent wipe samples of surfaces by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Two alternative sampling and processing methods, whose comparability has been proven in a round robin test, are specified for indoor air[4]. Sampling can take place using sorbent tubes with subsequent thermal desorption and GC-MS analysis. Alternatively, sampling can take on other types of sorbent tubes that are subsequently analysed by solvent extraction with GC-MS. Depending on the sampling method, the compounds dimethyl phthalate to diisoundecylphthalate can be analysed in house dust as described in Annex C[8]. The investigation of house dust samples is only appropriate as a screening method. This investigation only results in indicative values and is not acceptable for a final assessment of a potential need for action. Dimethyl phthalate to diisoundecylphthalate can be analysed in solvent wipe samples as described in Annex B. Solvent wipe samples are suitable for non-quantitative source identification. NOTE In principle, the method is also suitable for the analysis of other phthalates, adipates and cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid esters, but this is confirmed by determination of the performance characteristics in each case. General information on phthalates are given in Annex A.

ISO 12219-6:2017 describes a qualitative and quantitative analytical method for vapour-phase organic compounds released from car trim materials under simulated real use conditions, i.e. a vehicle is parked for several hours in direct sunlight. Under these conditions, some interior parts and materials reach higher temperatures than 65 °C (ISO 12219‑4), e.g. a dashboard can reach temperatures up to 120 °C. This document can be implemented as an optional addition to ISO 12219‑4 so that VOC, volatile carbonyl and SVOC testing can all be completed within one day. This part has been added to gain insight into the emission behaviour and emission potential of selected vehicle interior parts and materials exposed to higher temperatures. (By convention, 100 °C is set as the higher temperature.) The test is performed in small emission test chambers (small chambers). These small chambers are intended to provide a transfer function for vehicle level emissions. This method is intended for evaluating new car interior trim components but can, in principle, be applied to used car components. The specified analytical procedure for SVOCs and semi-volatile carbonyls is ISO 16000‑6. ISO 12219-6:2017 is complementary to existing standards[1],[2] and provides third party test laboratories and manufacturing industry with an approach for - identifying the effect of real use conditions on specific VOC and SVOC emissions data, - comparing emissions from various assemblies with regards to specific VOC and SVOC emissions, - evaluating and sorting specific assemblies regarding specific VOC and SVOC emissions data, - providing specific VOC and SVOC emissions data to develop and verify a correlation between component level methods and in vehicle air quality and - evaluating prototype, "low-emission" assemblies during development. The method described can be exclusively performed as a high temperature test or it can be performed in combination with the determination of VOCs at 65 °C in one run, which is described in ISO 12219‑4.

ISO 12219-7:2017 specifies a standardized and objective process to analyse and determine the olfactory behaviour of components, semi-finished products and materials fitted in the interior of road vehicles. The odour determination is either performed by using samples from the interior air of road vehicles or from emission test chamber air. This document describes an olfactory screening method based on different scales for the olfactory assessment which are described in the annexes. Other olfactory assessments, e.g. according to ISO 16000‑28, are also possible but are not the focus of this document.

ISO 16000-20:2014 specifies requirements for sampling of moulds from air. Following the instructions given, samples are obtained for microscopy to determine the total concentration of spores.

ISO 16000-30:2014 specifies sensory testing and the evaluation of indoor odours using human panels. Sensory testing can be performed on site or in laboratories; in the latter case, by means of air in sampling containers which were collected from the site. The olfactory testing is appropriate for office and administration buildings, assembly halls, residential buildings, and other habitable rooms in which the comfort and health of the occupants is of interest. The test criteria in ISO 16000-30:2014 specifies are not applicable to factory buildings and workshops or other rooms in which odours unavoidably stem from the production processes (kitchens, bakeries etc.). If an odour evaluation of such rooms is undertaken without the odour-producing processes, it is necessary to take into account that there is a possibility that the processes have influenced and changed the odour of the room through the adsorption of odorous compounds. Sensory odour tests of indoor air can meet a variety of objectives. These include finding the cause(s) of unpleasant or objectionable odours, determining the reasonability of odours and the usability of affected rooms, and inspecting the results of renovation work. When seeking the cause of odours, it is wise to conduct additional laboratory tests on samples of the component materials according to ISO 16000‑28. In the process of locating odour sources by means of olfactory tests, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the odour compounds can accumulate on other surfaces, which exacerbates the problem.

ISO 16000-32:2014 specifies the requirements for investigating buildings and other structures and their technical installations for the occurrence of pollutants, as a basis for subsequent sampling of suspect areas and determination of the type and quantity of pollutants, which are described in other parts of ISO 16000.

ISO 16000-29:2014 specifies test methods of the performance of VOC detectors that are designed to monitor indoor and living atmosphere VOC concentration as well as to control indoor air quality in portable, mobile, and remote applications. The provisions in ISO 16000-29:2014 cover VOCs detectors as well as detectors for individual VOCs. ISO 16000-29:2014 sets out only the requirements applicable to a test method of VOC detectors such as response time, stability, and measuring range.

ISO 12219-5:2014 specifies a chamber based, static headspace type method for measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds which may diffuse from vehicle interior unit components into the cabin air. The chamber emission test is intended to provide characteristic emission of unit component to car interior of assembly level emission. It also specifies the emission test chamber, preparation of the test specimen, connection of the vapour sampling devices and test conditions. This method is valid for new car interior unit components intended for vehicles, and can also be used for car interior unit components disassembled from assembly of car interior trim or used cars. A set of multi-unit components could be applicable according to the test purpose. A dynamic mode operation of emission chamber could be applied if corroborative information of the unit component emission between this method and small chamber method (ISO12219-4:2013) is desired. The specified analytical procedure for VOCs (ISO 16000-6) is valid for the determination of VOCs ranging in concentration from sub-µg/m3 to several mg/m3. The method is applicable to the measurement of non-polar and slightly polar VOCs ranging in volatility from n-C6 to n-C16. Some very volatile compounds (VVOC) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) can also be analysed (see informative Annex D of ISO 16000-6:2011). ISO 12219-5:2014 is complementary to existing standards and provides third party test laboratories and manufacturing industry with an approach for: - comparing emissions from various unit components in assembly with regards to specific VOC emissions, - evaluating and sorting specific unit components regarding specific VOC emissions data, - providing specific VOC emissions data to develop and verify the correlation between a material-based method and an assembly-based method, - evaluating prototype, "low-emission" unit components during development.

ISO 16000-31:2014 specifies a test method for the sampling and analysis of the phosphoric acid esters in indoor air and in test chamber air through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Both principle methods of the low-resolution mass spectrometry and the high-resolution mass spectrometry are described. The methods described in ISO 16000-31:2014 are not suitable for the determination of the phosphoric acid esters in materials.

ISO 16000-21:2014 specifies requirements for sampling of moulds from building materials. Following the instructions given, samples are obtained for microscopy or for subsequent detection of moulds by cultivation according to ISO 16000-17.

ISO 12219-4:2013 specifies a qualitative and quantitative analytical method for vapour-phase organic compounds (volatile and some semi-volatile) released from car trim materials under simulated real use conditions using small emission test chambers (small chamber). Small chambers are intended to provide a transfer function to vehicle level emissions. This method is intended for evaluating new car interior trim components but can, in principle, be applied to used car components. Target compounds include VOCs (conventionally defined as organic compounds in the volatility range n-hexane to n-hexadecane) and volatile carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde. The specified analytical procedure for VOCs is ISO 16000‑6 and for formaldehyde and some other light carbonyl compounds is ISO 16000‑3. ISO 12219-4:2013 is complementary to ASTM D5116 and VDA 276, and provides third party test laboratories and manufacturing industry with an approach for: a) identifying the effect of real use conditions on specific VOC emissions data; b) comparing emissions from various assemblies with regards to specific VOC emissions; c) evaluating and sorting specific assemblies regarding specific VOC emissions data; d) providing specific VOC emissions data to develop and verify a correlation between material level methods and the vehicle level method; e) evaluating prototype, "low-emission" assemblies during development.

ISO 16000-26:2012 specifies the planning of carbon dioxide indoor pollution measurements. In the case of indoor air measurements, the careful planning of sampling and the entire measurement strategy are of particular significance since the result of the measurement can have far-reaching consequences, for example, with regard to ascertaining the need for remedial action or the success of such an action. An inappropriate measurement strategy can lead to misrepresentation of the true conditions or, worse, to erroneous results. ISO 16000-26:2012 is not applicable to the measurement strategy for carbon monoxide (CO).

ISO 12219-2:2012 specifies the sampling bag test method for measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds which may diffuse from vehicle interior parts into the air inside road vehicles. This method is intended for evaluating and screening new vehicle interior parts and materials such as seats, the instrument panel, ceiling materials and so on. The test method specified in ISO 12219-2:2012 specifies a procedure for screening of VOCs, formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds using sampling bags. ISO 12219-2:2012 provides third party test laboratories and manufacturing industry with a cost-effective approach for: a) evaluating and screening prototype, "low-diffusion" materials or products during development; b) comparing diffusions from products within a range (e.g. different colours or patterns). ISO 12219-2:2012 specifies the design, construction, performance, evaluation, and use of sampling bags for testing vapour-phase organic emissions diffused from vehicle interior parts.

ISO 12219-3:2012 specifies a fast, qualitative and semiquantitative screening method for vapour-phase organic compounds (volatile and some semi-volatile) released from vehicle trim materials under simulated real-use conditions using micro-scale test chambers. This method is intended for evaluating new car interior trim components but can, in principle, also be applied to used car components. Target analytes include VOCs (conventionally defined as organic compounds in the volatility range of n-hexane to n-hexadecane) and volatile carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde. The specified analytical procedure for VOCs is ISO 16000‑6 and for formaldehyde and some other light carbonyl compounds is ISO 16000‑3. ISO 12219-3:2012 provides third party test laboratories and manufacturing industry with a cost-effective approach for: a) monitoring and screening VOC emissions as part of routine quality control; b) monitoring product uniformity or conformity between formal certification tests; c) comparing emissions from products within a range (e.g. different colours or patterns); d) evaluating prototype, "low-emission" materials or products during development.

ISO 16000-19:2012 describes the measurement strategy for the detection of fungi in indoor environments. ISO 16000-19:2012 describes suitable sampling and analysis methods together with a description of the applicability and the interpretation of the measurement results to maximize the comparability of the measured data obtained for a given measurement objective. It does not include details on recording building characteristics or field inspections by qualified professionals which have to take place prior to any microbiological measurement. ISO 16000-19:2012 is not applicable to a detailed description of the building physics- and building-engineering-related procedures applicable to field inspections. The methods and procedures presented do not allow quantitative exposure assessment with regard to the room occupants. The application of ISO 16000-19:2012 presupposes the knowledge of ISO 16000-1.

ISO 16000-4:2011 specifies a determination of formaldehyde in indoor air using a diffusive sampler with solvent desorption and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The test method is applicable to the measurement of formaldehyde in indoor air over the range from 0,001 mg/m3 to 1,0 mg/m3 for a sampling period of between 24 h and 72 h. For sampling periods of 24 h, the applicable concentration range is 0,003 mg/m3 to 1 mg/m3, and for 72 h it is 0,001 mg/m3 to 0,33 mg/m3. The method is suitable for measurements in atmospheres with conventional indoor air relative humidity and for monitoring at air velocities as low as 0,02 m/s. The chromatographic step in the method is designed to eliminate potential interferences, including those due to the presence of other carbonyl compounds. The sampling method gives a time-weighted average result.

This part of ISO 16000 specifies requirements for short-term (1 min to 10 min) sampling of moulds in indoor air by impaction on solid agar media. Following the instructions given, a sample is obtained for subsequent detection of moulds by cultivation in accordance with ISO 16000-17.

This part of ISO 16000 specifies a determination of formaldehyde (HCHO) and other carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) in air. The method is specific to formaldehyde but, with modification, at least 12 other aromatic as well as saturated and unsaturated aliphatic carbonyl compounds (see last paragraph) can be detected and quantified. It is suitable for determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in the approximate concentration range 1 µg/m3 to 1 mg/m3. The sampling method gives a time-weighted average (TWA) sample. It can be used for long-term (1 h to 24 h) or short-term (5 min to 60 min) sampling of air for formaldehyde. This part of ISO 16000 specifies a sampling and analysis procedure for formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds that involves collection from air on to adsorbent cartridges coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and subsequent analysis of the hydrazones formed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection by ultraviolet absorption. This part of ISO 16000 applies to the determination of: formaldehyde; acetaldehyde; acetone; benzaldehyde; butyraldehyde; valeraldehyde; 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde; capronaldehyde; isovaleraldehyde; propionaldehyde; o-tolualdehyde; m-tolualdehyde; p-tolualdehyde.

ISO 16000-18:2011 specifies requirements for short-term (1 min to 10 min) sampling of moulds in indoor air by impaction on solid agar media. Following the instructions given, a sample is obtained for subsequent detection of moulds by cultivation in accordance with ISO 16000-17.

ISO 16000-25:2011 specifies a test method for determination of the area specific emission rate of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from newly produced building products or furnishings under defined climate conditions using a micro-chamber. The method can in principle also be applied to aged products. This measurement method is applicable to products and materials, such as board materials, wallpapers, flooring materials, insulation materials, adhesives, paints, and their combinations. Sampling, transport and storage of materials to be tested, and preparation of test specimens are specified in ISO 16000-11. Air sampling and analytical methods for the determination of SVOCs are specified in ISO 16000-6 and ISO 16017-1. An example of a micro-chamber is described in an annex.

This part of ISO 16000 specifies a method for the detection and enumeration of moulds by cultivation after sampling by impaction according to ISO 16000-18 or by filtration according to ISO 16000-16. It is also suitable for cultivation of moulds from material suspensions or from direct plating.

ISO 16000-14:2009 specifies extraction, clean-up, and analysis procedures for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) collected from indoor air on particle filters backed by polyurethane foam (PUF). The method incorporates specific analyses by high resolution gas chromatography combined with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). The method provides accurate quantitative data for tetra- to decachlorobiphenyls and tetra- to octachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (total concentrations for each isomeric series). It is capable of detecting 0,2 pg/m3 or lower concentrations of most PCBs and PCDFs/PCDDs with air sampling volumes up to 360 m3 or more in special cases. However, it may not be possible to detect all analytes at 0,2 pg/m3 or lower, especially at lower sampling volumes. Precision under normal conditions can be expected to be ±25 % or better and uncertainty ±50 % or better.

ISO 16000-16:2008 specifies requirements for long-term (0,5 h to several hours) sampling of moulds in indoor air by filtration. Following the instructions given, a sample is obtained for subsequent detection of moulds by cultivation after suspension according to ISO 16000-17, which is part of the complete measurement procedure. ISO 16000-16:2008 is not suitable for personal sampling.

ISO 16000-17:2008 specifies a method for the detection and enumeration of moulds by cultivation after sampling by impaction according to ISO 16000-18:— or by filtration according to ISO 16000-16. It is also suitable for cultivation of moulds from material suspensions or from direct plating.

ISO 16000-13:2008 specifies sampling and preparation of sampling media for dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in indoor air. The method incorporates a sampling procedure that collects PCBs and PCDFs/PCDDs from air on a fine-particle filter backed up by a sorbent trap. The method cannot be used to separately determine gaseous PCBs and PCDFs/PCDDs and those that are particle-associated because some of the compounds will volatilize from the filter and be collected by the sorbent trap. ISO 16000-13:2008 does not address analytical methods for PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs, which are included in ISO 16000-14.

ISO 16000-15:2008 specifies the planning of nitrogen dioxide indoor pollution measurements. In the case of indoor air measurements, the careful planning of sampling and the entire measurement strategy are of particular significance since the result of the measurement may have far-reaching consequences, for example, with regard to ascertaining the need for remedial action or the success of such an action. An inappropriate measurement strategy may lead to misrepresentation of the true conditions or, worse, to erroneous results.

ISO 16000-12:2008 specifies the planning of measurements for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) also known as polychlorinated oxanthrenes, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor air. In the case of indoor air measurements, the careful planning of sampling and the entire measurement strategy are of particular significance since the result of the measurement may have far-reaching consequences, e.g. with respect to the need for remedial action or the success of such an action. An inappropriate measurement strategy may contribute more overall uncertainty to the measurement result than the measurement procedure itself.

ISO 16000-8:2007 describes the use of single tracer gas for determining the local mean age of air as an indicator of ventilation conditions in a building. The procedures include concentration decay and homogeneous constant emission. The described methods are intended for air quality studies and can be used for checking whether the building ventilation requirements are met, estimating the adequacy of ventilation in buildings with indoor air quality problems, and characterizing the strength and distribution of indoor emission sources. In principle, the methods can be applied to all indoor spaces, regardless of the type of ventilation used and the state of mixing of air between zones. The prevailing ventilation conditions need not be disturbed by the measurement. ISO 16000-8:2007 does not address the details of the analytical methods for tracer gases.

ISO 16000-5:2007 is intended as an aid to planning volatile organic compound (VOC) indoor pollution measurements. In the case of indoor air measurements, the careful planning of sampling and the entire measurement strategy are of particular significance since the result of the measurement may have far-reaching consequences, for example, with regard to the need for remedial action or the success of such an action. An inappropriate measurement strategy may contribute to the complete uncertainty of the measurement result in a larger extent than the measurement procedure itself.

Studies of the emission of volatile organic compounds from unused building products or furnishing in test chambers or cells require proper handling of the product prior to testing, and during the testing period. ISO 16000-11:2006 defines three types of building products or furnishing: solid, liquid and combined. For each type, specifications are given for the sampling procedures, transport conditions, storage, and substrate used that can affect emissions of volatile organic compounds. For individual products, the preparation of a test specimen for each type is prescribed.

ISO 16000-10:2006 specifies a general laboratory test method for determination of the area specific emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from newly produced building products or furnishing under defined climate conditions. The method can also, in principle, be applied to aged products. The emission data obtained can be used to calculate concentrations in a model room. According to the definition of an emission test cell, it is also possible to perform non-destructive emission measurements on building products on-site in buildings. However, the procedure for such measurements is not described in ISO 16000-10:2006. An example of an emission test cell is described. ISO 16000-10:2006 is also applicable to wood-based panels and other building products, in order to determine the emission rate of formaldehyde.

ISO 16000-9:2006 specifies a general laboratory test method for determination of the area specific emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from newly produced building products or furnishing under defined climate conditions. The method can also, in principle, be applied to aged products. The emission data obtained can be used to calculate concentrations in a model room. ISO 16000-9:2006 applies to various emission test chambers used for determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products or products. A general description of an emission test chamber is given. ISO 16000-9:2006 is also applicable to wood-based panels and other building products, in order to determine the emission rate of formaldehyde.

ISO 16000-2:2004 is intended as an aid to planning formaldehyde indoor pollution measurements. In the case of indoor air measurements, the careful planning of sampling and the entire measurement strategy are of particular significance, since the result of the measurement can have far-reaching consequences, for example, with regard to the need for remedial action or the success of such an action.

ISO 16000-1:2004 is intended to aid the planning of indoor pollution monitoring. Before a sampling strategy is devised for indoor air monitoring, it is necessary to clarify for what purposes, when, where, how often and over what periods of time monitoring is to be performed. The answers to these questions depend, in particular, on a number of special characteristics of the indoor environments, on the objective of the measurement and, finally, on the environment to be measured. ISO 16000-1:2004 deals with the significance of these factors and offers suggestions on how to develop a suitable sampling strategy. ISO 16000-1:2004 is applicable to indoor environments such as dwellings having living rooms, bedrooms, do-it-yourself rooms, recreation rooms and cellars, kitchens and bathrooms; workrooms or work places in buildings which are not subject to health and safety inspections in regard to air pollutants (for example, offices, sales premises); public buildings (for example hospitals, schools, kindergartens, sports halls, libraries, restaurants and bars, theatres, cinemas and other function rooms), and also cabins of vehicles.

ISO 16017-2:2003 gives general guidance for the sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air. It is applicable to indoor, ambient and workplace air. ISO 16017-2:2003 is applicable to a wide range of VOCs, including hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ester, glycol ethers, ketones and alcohols. A number of sorbents are recommended for the sampling of these VOCs, each sorbent having a different range of applicability. Very polar compounds generally require derivatisation; very low boiling compounds are only partially retained by the sorbents and can only be estimated qualitatively. Semi-volatile compounds are fully retained by the sorbents, but may only be partially recovered. ISO 16017-2:2003 is applicable to the measurement of airborne vapours of VOCs in a concentration range of approximately 0,002 mg/m3 to 100 mg/m3 individual organic for an exposure time of 8 h, or 0,3 g/m3 to 300 g/m3 individual organic for an exposure time of four weeks. The upper limit of the useful range is set by the sorptive capacity of the sorbent used and by the linear dynamic range of the gas chromatograph column and detector or by the sample splitting capability of the analytical instrumentation used. The lower limit of the useful range depends on the noise level of the detector and on blank levels of analyte and/or interfering artefacts on the sorbent tubes. Artefacts are typically sub-nanogram for well-conditioned Tenax GR and carbonaceous sorbents, carbonized molecular sieves and pure charcoals; at low nanogram levels for Tenax TA and at 5 ng to 50 ng levels for other porous polymers.

This part of ISO 16017 gives general guidance for the sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air. It is applicable to ambient, indoor and workplace atmospheres and the assessment of emissions from materials in small- or full-scale test chambers. This part of ISO 16017 is appropriate for a wide range of VOCs, including hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, esters, glycol ethers, ketones and alcohols. A number of sorbents 1) are recommended for the sampling of these VOCs, each sorbent having a different range of applicability. Very polar compounds will generally require derivatization, very low boiling compounds will only be partially retained by the sorbents, depending on ambient temperature, and can only be estimated qualitatively. Semi-volatile compounds will be fully retained by the sorbents, but may only be partially recovered. Compounds for which this part of ISO 16017 has been tested are given in tables. This part of ISO 16017 may be applicable to compounds not listed, but in these cases it is advisable to use a back-up tube containing the same or a stronger sorbent. This part of ISO 16017 is applicable to the measurement of airborne vapours of VOCs in a concentration range of approximately 0,5 _g/ m3 to 100 mg/m3 individual compound. The upper limit of the useful range is set by the sorptive capacity of the sorbent used and by the linear dynamic range of the gas chromatograph column and detector or by the sample-splitting capability of the analytical instrumentation used. The sorptive capacity is measured as a breakthrough volume of air, which determines the maximum air volume that shall not be exceeded when sampling. The lower limit of the useful range depends on the noise level of the detector and on blank levels of analyte and/or interfering artefacts on the sorbent tubes. Artefacts are typically sub-nanogram for well-conditioned Tenax GR and carbonaceous sorbents such as Carbopack/Carbotrap type materials, carbonized molecular sieves and molecular sieves such as Spherocarb, or pure charcoal; at low nanogram levels for Tenax TA and at 5 ng to 50 ng levels for other porous polymers such as Chromosorbs and Porapaks. Sensitivity is typically limited to 0,5 _g/m_ for 10-litre air samples with this latter group of sorbents because of their inherent high background. The procedure specified in this part of ISO 16017 is applicable to low flowrate personal sampling pumps and gives a time-weighted average result. It is not applicable to the measurement of instantaneous or short-term fluctuations in concentration. 1) The sorbents listed in annex C and elsewhere in this International Standard are those known to perform as specified under this part of ISO 16017. Each sorbent or product that is identified by a trademarked name is unique and has a sole manufacturer; however, they are widely available from many different suppliers. This information is given for the convenience of users of this part of ISO 16017 and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the product named. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.