ISO 11451-2:2015
(Main)Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation sources
Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation sources
ISO 11451-2:2015 specifies a method for testing the immunity of passenger cars and commercial vehicles to electrical disturbances from off-vehicle radiation sources, regardless of the vehicle propulsion system (e.g. spark ignition engine, diesel engine, electric motor). The electromagnetic disturbances considered are limited to narrowband electromagnetic fields.
Véhicules routiers — Méthodes d'essai d'un véhicule soumis à des perturbations électriques par rayonnement d'énergie électromagnétique en bande étroite — Partie 2: Sources de rayonnement hors du véhicule
General Information
Relations
ISO 11451-2:2015 - Overview
ISO 11451-2:2015 specifies a test method for assessing the immunity of passenger cars and commercial vehicles to narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy from off-vehicle radiation sources. Applicable across propulsion types (spark ignition, diesel, hybrid, electric), the standard defines practical procedures, instrumentation and test set‑ups to simulate real-world radiated electromagnetic disturbances and verify vehicle electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
Key topics and technical requirements
- Scope and frequency range: Covers narrowband radiated fields from 0.01 MHz to 18 000 MHz; users select required severity levels for the frequency range.
- Test location: Tests are performed preferably in an absorber‑lined shielded enclosure to emulate open-field conditions; outdoor sites are allowed if regulatory requirements are met.
- Field generation: Uses antennas or transmission line systems (TLS) as field‑generating devices. Multiple antennas/amplifiers may be required to cover the frequency band.
- Instrumentation: Required equipment includes RF signal generators (with modulation), high‑power amplifiers, power meters, field probes (electrically small and isotropic, with fibre‑optic links), directional couplers and loads.
- Vehicle placement & constraints:
- Radiating elements must respect minimum clearances (e.g., antenna phase centre ≥ 2 m from vehicle reference point; no antenna parts within 0.5 m of absorbing material).
- TLS must cover at least 75% of vehicle length and maintain prescribed separations.
- Vehicle configurations: Three setups are defined:
- Vehicle not connected to power mains.
- Vehicle in charging mode connected to the power grid (AC/DC, with or without communication), including use of artificial mains networks (AMN) mounted on the ground plane.
- Vehicle charging via wireless power transmission (WPT).
- Test procedure and reporting: Field calibration, stimulation/monitoring of DUT (using low‑interaction actuators and fibre optics), and documentation of test conditions and results. Annex A provides suggested severity levels and function‑performance status classification.
Practical applications - who uses this standard
- Automotive EMC engineers validating vehicle immunity to external radiated sources.
- Test laboratories building compliant absorber‑lined shielded enclosures and TLS/antenna rigs.
- OEMs and suppliers assessing electronic control units, charging systems and vehicle-level performance during grid‑connected or WPT charging.
- Certification bodies and regulators verifying compliance with vehicle EMC requirements.
Related standards
- ISO 11451-1 - General principles and terminology for narrowband radiated energy tests.
- Other parts of ISO 11451 (Part 3: on‑board transmitter simulation; Part 4: bulk current injection) for complementary test methods.
Keywords: ISO 11451-2, vehicle EMC testing, off-vehicle radiation sources, narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy, shielded enclosure, transmission line system, antenna testing, AMN, wireless power transmission, vehicle immunity testing.
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 11451-2:2015 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation sources". This standard covers: ISO 11451-2:2015 specifies a method for testing the immunity of passenger cars and commercial vehicles to electrical disturbances from off-vehicle radiation sources, regardless of the vehicle propulsion system (e.g. spark ignition engine, diesel engine, electric motor). The electromagnetic disturbances considered are limited to narrowband electromagnetic fields.
ISO 11451-2:2015 specifies a method for testing the immunity of passenger cars and commercial vehicles to electrical disturbances from off-vehicle radiation sources, regardless of the vehicle propulsion system (e.g. spark ignition engine, diesel engine, electric motor). The electromagnetic disturbances considered are limited to narrowband electromagnetic fields.
ISO 11451-2:2015 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 33.100.20 - Immunity; 43.040.10 - Electrical and electronic equipment. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 11451-2:2015 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 11451-2:2025, ISO 11451-2:2005. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase ISO 11451-2:2015 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ISO standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11451-2
Fourth edition
2015-06-01
Road vehicles — Vehicle test methods
for electrical disturbances from
narrowband radiated electromagnetic
energy —
Part 2:
Off-vehicle radiation sources
Véhicules routiers — Méthodes d’essai d’un véhicule soumis
à des perturbations électriques par rayonnement d’énergie
électromagnétique en bande étroite —
Partie 2: Sources de rayonnement hors du véhicule
Reference number
©
ISO 2015
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Test conditions . 1
5 Test location . 2
6 Test instrumentation . 4
6.1 Field generating device . 4
6.2 Field probes . 5
6.3 Stimulation and monitoring of the device under test (DUT) . 5
7 Test set-up . 5
7.1 Vehicle placement . 6
7.2 Field generating device location (relative to vehicle and shielded enclosure) . 6
7.2.1 Antenna constraints . 6
7.2.2 TLS constraints . 6
7.3 Vehicle test configurations . 6
7.3.1 Vehicle not connected to the power grid . 6
7.3.2 Vehicle in charging mode connected to the power grid . 7
7.3.3 Vehicle in charging mode through wireless power transmission (WPT) .15
8 Test procedure .17
8.1 Test plan .18
8.2 Test method .18
8.2.1 Field calibration .18
8.3 Test report .24
Annex A (informative) Function performance status classification .25
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 32, Electrical
and electronic components and general system aspects.
Annex A of this part of ISO 11451 is for information only.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 11451-2:2005) which has been technically
revised.
ISO 11451 consists of the following parts, under the general title Road vehicles — Vehicle test methods for
electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy:
— Part 1: General principles and terminology
— Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation sources
— Part 3: On-board transmitter simulation
— Part 4: Bulk current injection (BCI)
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11451-2:2015(E)
Road vehicles — Vehicle test methods for electrical
disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic
energy —
Part 2:
Off-vehicle radiation sources
1 Scope
This part of ISO 11451 specifies a method for testing the immunity of passenger cars and commercial
vehicles to electrical disturbances from off-vehicle radiation sources, regardless of the vehicle propulsion
system (e.g. spark ignition engine, diesel engine, electric motor).
The electromagnetic disturbances considered are limited to narrowband electromagnetic fields.
While this standard refers specifically to passenger cars and commercial vehicles, generalized as
“vehicle(s)”, it can readily be applied to other types of vehicles.
ISO 11451-1 specifies general test conditions, definitions, practical use, and basic principles of the test
procedure.
Function performance status classification guidelines for immunity to electromagnetic radiation from
an off-vehicle radiation source are given in Annex A.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11451-1, Road vehicles — Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated
electromagnetic energy — Part 1: General principles and terminology
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11451-1 apply.
4 Test conditions
The applicable frequency range of this test method is 0,01 MHz to 18 000 MHz. Testing over the full
frequency range could require different field-generating devices, but this does not imply that testing of
overlapping frequency ranges is required.
The user shall specify the test severity level or levels over the frequency range. Suggested test severity
levels are given in Annex A of this International Standard.
Standard test conditions are given in ISO 11451-1 for the following:
— test temperature;
— supply voltage;
— modulation;
— dwell time;
— frequency step sizes;
— definition of test severity levels;
— test signal quality.
5 Test location
The test should be performed in an absorber-lined shielded enclosure.
The aim of using an absorber-lined shielded enclosure is to create an indoor electromagnetic compatibility
testing facility that simulates open field testing.
The size, shape, and construction of the enclosure can vary considerably. Typically, the floor is not
covered with absorbing material, but such covering is allowed. Measurements in enclosures with or
without floor absorbers can lead to different results. The minimum size of the shielded enclosure is
determined by the size of the test region needed, the size of the field generation device or devices, the
needed clearances between these and the largest vehicle to be tested, and the characteristics of the
absorbing material. To create the test region, the absorber, field generation system and enclosure shape
are selected such that the amount of extraneous energy in the test region is reduced to below a minimum
value that will give the desired measurement accuracy. The design objective is to reduce the reflected
energy in the test region to −10 dB or less over the test frequency range (not applicable to transmission
line system (TLS) field generation systems). An example of a rectangular shielded enclosure is shown
in Figure 1.
The test may alternatively be performed at an outdoor test site. The test facility shall comply with
(national) legal requirements regarding the emission of electromagnetic fields.
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
a) Side view (vertical polarization)
b) Top view (horizontal polarization)
Key
1 absorber-lined shielded enclosure 4 antenna
2 RF absorber material 5 amplifier room
a
3 vehicle dynamometer on turntable 6 control room
a
Turntable shown rotatable through ±180° with two pairs of variable wheelbase rollers to accommodate all
vehicle sizes and functions.
Figure 1 — Example of absorber-lined shielded enclosure
6 Test instrumentation
Testing consists of generating radiated electromagnetic fields using antenna sets with radio frequency
(RF) sources capable of producing the desired field strength over the range of test frequencies.
The following test instrumentation is used:
— Field generating device(s): e.g. antenna(s);
— Field probe(s);
— RF signal generator with internal or external modulation capability;
— High power amplifier(s);
— Powermeter (or equivalent measuring instrument) to measure forward power and reflected power.
6.1 Field generating device
The field generating device can be an antenna or a TLS.
The construction and orientation of any field generating device shall be such that the generated field
can be polarized in the mode specified in the test plan (see 8.1). An example of a parallel-plate TLS is
shown in Figure 2. Multiple antennas, amplifiers and directional couplers could be necessary to cover
the complete frequency range.
a) Side view
4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
b) Top view
Key
1 shielded enclosure (absorbers permitted) 6 coaxial cable
2 conductive plate or set of wires 7 load
3 non-metallic supports 8 conductive wires
4 shielded enclosure floor 9 signal source feed connection
5 signal source feed line (coaxial cable) 10 turntable (not required for this test)
Figure 2 — Example of parallel-plate TLS
6.2 Field probes
Field probes shall be electrically small in relation to the wavelength and isotropic. The communication
lines from the probes shall be fibre optic links.
6.3 Stimulation and monitoring of the device under test (DUT)
The vehicle shall be operated as required in the test plan by using actuators which have a minimum effect
on the electromagnetic characteristics, e.g. plastic blocks on the push-buttons, pneumatic actuators
with plastic tubes.
Connections to equipment monitoring electromagnetic interference reactions of the vehicle may be
accomplished by using fibre-optics, or high resistance leads. Other type of leads can be used but require
extreme care to minimize interactions. The orientation, length, and location of such leads shall be
carefully documented to ensure repeatability of test results.
Any electrical connection of monitoring equipment to the vehicle can cause malfunctions of the vehicle.
Extreme care shall be taken to avoid such an effect.
7 Test set-up
Three test setups are described:
— one for all types of vehicles when they are not connected to the power mains;
— one for vehicles in charging mode connected to the power grid (with or without communication);
— one for vehicles in charging mode through wireless power transmission (WPT).
7.1 Vehicle placement
The vehicle shall be placed in the test region. The test region can contain a vehicle dynamometer or
turntable or both (see Figure 1).
7.2 Field generating device location (relative to vehicle and shielded enclosure)
The position or positions of the vehicle relative to the antenna or TLS shall be specified in the test plan
(see 8.1).
The radiating elements of the field-generating device shall be no closer than 0,5 m to any absorbing
material and no closer than 1,5 m to the wall of the shielded enclosure.
7.2.1 Antenna constraints
No part of the radiating antenna shall be closer than 0,5 m to the outer body surface of the vehicle.
The phase centre of the antenna shall be separated by at least 2 m horizontally from the reference point.
No part of an antenna’s radiating elements shall be closer than 0,25 m to the floor.
There shall be no absorber material in the direct path between the transmitting antenna and the DUT.
7.2.2 TLS constraints
No part of a TLS, with the exception of the ground plane, shall be closer than 0,5 m to any part of the
vehicle. The TLS radiating element or elements shall be separated by at least 1 m vertically from the
reference point (see 8.2.1.1).
The TLS shall extend centrally over at least 75 % of the length of the vehicle.
Particular care needs to be taken when testing heavy vehicles such as buses and large trucks. Under
certain conditions related to dimensions and frequency, it is possible that close to 100 % of the applied
power can be coupled to the vehicle by a directional coupler mechanism. Room resonances can also have
a significant effect on the field uniformity, amplitude and direction under the TLS.
7.3 Vehicle test configurations
The configuration of 7.3.1 is applicable to whatever the vehicle type (combustion engine, electric, or
hybrid propulsion).
The configuration of 7.3.2 is applicable only to the electric or hybrid/plugin propelled vehicles when
they are in charging mode and connected to the power grid.
The configuration of 7.3.3 is applicable only to the electric propelled vehicles when they are in charging
mode through wireless power transmission (WPT).
7.3.1 Vehicle not connected to the power grid
An example of a test set-up is shown in Figure 3.
6 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Dimensions in metres
Side view
Key
1 absorber-lined shielded enclosure
2 RF signal generator
3 power amplifier
4 dual directional coupler
5 power meter
6 coaxial feed through
7 field generating device
8 vehicle reference point (see 8.2.1.1.2)
α is the tilt angle of the antenna
Figure 3 — Example of test set-up
7.3.2 Vehicle in charging mode connected to the power grid
The various configurations (a.c. or d.c., with or without communication) are considered in this clause.
7.3.2.1 AC power charging without communication
7.3.2.1.1 Power mains
The power mains socket can be placed anywhere in the test location with the following conditions.
— It shall be placed on the ground plane.
— The length of the harness between the power mains socket and the AMN(s) shall be kept as short as
possible.
— The harness shall be placed as close as possible of the ground plane.
Care shall be taken to avoid disturbances to the off-board peripheral equipment.
7.3.2.1.2 Artificial mains network
Power mains shall be applied to the vehicle through 50 µH/50 Ω artificial mains networks (AMN(s)) as
defined in ISO 11451-1, Annex B.
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11451-2
Redline version
compares Fourth edition to
Third edition
Road vehicles — Vehicle test
methods for electrical disturbances
from narrowband radiated
electromagnetic energy —
Part 2:
Off-vehicle radiation sources
Véhicules routiers — Méthodes d’essai d’un véhicule soumis
à des perturbations électriques par rayonnement d’énergie
électromagnétique en bande étroite —
Partie 2: Sources de rayonnement hors du véhicule
Reference number
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
IMPORTANT — PLEASE NOTE
This is a mark-up copy and uses the following colour coding:
Text example 1 — indicates added text (in green)
— indicates removed text (in red)
Text example 2
— indicates added graphic figure
— indicates removed graphic figure
1.x . — Heading numbers containg modifications are highlighted in yellow in
the Table of Contents
All changes in this document have yet to reach concensus by vote and as such should only
be used internally for review purposes.
DISCLAIMER
This Redline version provides you with a quick and easy way to compare the main changes
between this edition of the standard and its previous edition. It doesn’t capture all single
changes such as punctuation but highlights the modifications providing customers with
the most valuable information. Therefore it is important to note that this Redline version is
not the official ISO standard and that the users must consult with the clean version of the
standard, which is the official standard, for implementation purposes.
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General test Test conditions . 1
5 Test location . 2
6 Test apparatus instrumentation . 4
6.1 Field generating device . 5
6.2 Field probes . 6
6.5 6.3 Stimulation and monitoring of the device under test (DUT) . 6
7 Stimulation and monitoring of vehicle . 7
8 7 Test set-up(see Figure 3). 8
8.1 7.1 Vehicle placement . 8
8.2 7.2 Field generating device location (relative to vehicle and shielded enclosure) . 8
8.2.1 General. 8
8.2.2 7.2.1 .
Antenna constraints . 8
8.2.3 7.2.2 .
TLS constraints . 8
7.3 Vehicle test configurations . 9
7.3.1 Vehicle not connected to the power grid . 9
7.3.2 Vehicle in charging mode connected to the power grid .10
7.3.3 Vehicle in charging mode through wireless power transmission (WPT) .18
9 8 Testing Test procedure .21
9.1 Test conditions .21
9.2 8.1 Test plan .21
9.3 Test method .21
9.4 8.2 Field calibration Test method .22
9.4.1 General procedure .22
9.4.2 8.2.1 .
Reference point and reference line Field calibration .23
9.5 Test procedure .30
9.6 8.3 Test report .30
Annex A (informative) Functional Function performance status classification (FPSC) .31
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards areThe procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its
further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval
criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted
in accordance with the rules given ineditorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.
org/directives).
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
ISO 11451-2 was prepared by Technical CommitteeThe committee responsible for this document is
ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 332, Electrical and electronic equipmentcomponents and
general system aspects.
Annex A of this part of ISO 11451 is for information only.
This thirdfourth edition cancels and replaces the secondthird edition
(ISO 11451-2:2001),ISO 11451-2:2005) which has been technically revised.
ISO 11451 consists of the following parts, under the general title Road vehicles — Vehicle test methods for
electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy:
— Part 1: General principles and terminology
— Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation sources
— Part 3: On-board transmitter simulation
— Part 4: Bulk current injection (BCI)
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
Road vehicles — Vehicle test methods for electrical
disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic
energy —
Part 2:
Off-vehicle radiation sources
1 Scope
This part of ISO 11451 specifies a vehicle test method for determiningtesting the immunity of passenger
cars and commercial vehicles to electrical disturbances from off-vehicle radiation sources, regardless
of the vehicle propulsion system (e.g. spark- ignition engine, diesel engine, electric motor). It can also be
readily applied to other types of vehicles.
The electromagnetic disturbances considered are limited to narrowband electromagnetic fields.
While this standard refers specifically to passenger cars and commercial vehicles, generalized as
“vehicle(s)”, it can readily be applied to other types of vehicles.
ISO 11451-1 specifies general test conditions, definitions, practical use, and basic principles of the
test procedure.
The electromagnetic disturbances considered are limited to narrowbandFunction performance status
classification guidelines for immunity to electromagnetic radiation from an off-vehicle radiation source
are given in Annex A electromagnetic fields.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documentsdocuments, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this
document and are indispensable for the application of this documentits application. For dated references,
only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11451-1:2001 , Road vehicles — Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband
radiated electromagnetic energy — Part 1: General principles and terminology
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11451-1 apply.
4 General test Test conditions
The applicable frequency range of this test method is 0,01 MHz to 18 000 MHz. Testing over the full
frequency range could require different field-generating devices, but this does not imply that testing of
overlapping frequency ranges is required.
The user shall specify the test severity level or levels over the frequency range. Suggested test severity
levels are given in Annex A of this International Standard.
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
SeeStandard ISO 11451-1 for descriptions of, and requirementstest conditions are given in ISO 11451-1
for, the following standard test conditions, applicable to this part of the followingISO 11451:
— test temperature;
— supply voltage;
— modulation;
— dwell time;
— frequency step sizes;
— definition of test severity levels;
— test signal quality.
5 Test location
The test should be performed in an absorber-lined shielded enclosure.
The test should be performed inaim of using an absorber-lined shielded enclosure, the aim being is to
create an indoor electromagnetic compatibility testing facility that simulates open field testing.
The size, shape, and construction of the enclosure can vary considerably. Typically, the floor is not covered
1)
with absorbing material, but such covering is allowed . Measurements in enclosures with or without
floor absorbers can lead to different results. The minimum size of the shielded enclosure is determined by
the size of the test region needed, the size of the field generation device or devices, the needed clearances
between these and the largest vehicle to be tested, and the characteristics of the absorbing material. To
create the test region, the absorber, field generation system and enclosure shape are selected such that
the amount of extraneous energy in the test region is reduced to below a minimum value that will give the
desired measurement accuracy. The design objective is to reduce the reflected energy in the test region
to −10 dB or less over the test frequency range [(not applicable to transmission line system (TLS) field
generation systems]). An example of a rectangular shielded enclosure is shown in Figure 1.
Alternatively, theThe test may alternatively be performed at an outdoor test site. The test facility shall
comply with (national) legal requirements regarding the emission of electromagnetic fields.
1) Measurements in enclosures with or without floor absorbers can lead to different results.
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
a) Vertical polarization
a) Side view (vertical polarization)
b) Horizontal polarization
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
b) Top view (horizontal polarization)
Key
1 absorber-lined shielded enclosure
2 RF absorber material
3 vehicle dynamometer on turntable
antenna
5 amplifier room
6 control room
1 absorber-lined shielded enclosure 4 antenna
2 RF absorber material 5 amplifier room
a
3 vehicle dynamometer on turntable 6 control room
a
Turntable shown rotatable through ±180° with two pairs of variable wheelbase rollers to accommodate all
vehicle sizes and functions.
Figure 1 — Example of absorber-lined shielded enclosure
6 Test apparatus instrumentation
Testing consists of generating radiated electromagnetic fields using antenna sets with radio frequency
(RF) sources capable of producing the desired field strength over the range of test frequencies, for which
the following apparatus/instrumentation shall be used.
The following test instrumentation is used:
— Field generating device(s): e.g. antenna(s);
— Field probe(s);
— RF signal generator with internal or external modulation capability;
— High power amplifier(s);
4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
— Powermeter (or equivalent measuring instrument) to measure forward power and reflected power.
6.1 Field generating device
The field generating device can be an antenna or a TLS.
Field generating deviceThe construction and, which may be an antenna or antennas, or a TLS, and whose
construction and orientation orientation of any field generating device shall be such that the generated
field can be polarized in the mode specified in the test plan (see 9.28.1). An example of a parallel-plate
TLS is shown in Figure 2. Multiple antennas, amplifiers and directional couplers could be necessary to
cover the complete frequency range.
See Figure 2 for an example of a parallel-plate TLS. Multiple antennas, amplifiers and directional couplers
could be necessary to cover the complete frequency range.
a) Side view
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
b) Top view
Key
1 shielded enclosure (absorbers permitted) 6 coaxial cable
2 conductive plate or set of wires 7 load
3 non-metallic supports 8 conductive wires
4 shielded enclosure floor 9 signal source feed connection
5 signal source feed line (coaxial cable) 10 turntable (not required for this test)
Figure 2 — Example of parallel-plate TLS
6.2 Field probes
field probe(s)Field probes, which shall be electrically small in relation to the wavelength and isotropic.
The communication lines from the probes shall be fibre optic links.
The communication lines from the probes shall be fibre-optic links.
6.3 RF signal generator, with internal or external modulation capability.
6.4 High power amplifier(s).
6.5 6.3 Stimulation and monitoring of the device under test (DUT)
The vehicle shall be operated as required in the test plan by using actuators which have a minimum effect
on the electromagnetic characteristics, e.g. plastic blocks on the push-buttons, pneumatic actuators
with plastic tubes.
PowermeterConnections (or equivalent measuring instrument), for measuring forward and reflected
powerto equipment monitoring electromagnetic interference reactions of the vehicle may be
accomplished by using fibre-optics, or high resistance leads. Other type of leads can be used but require
extreme care to minimize interactions. The orientation, length, and location of such leads shall be
carefully documented to ensure repeatability of test results.
6 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
Key
1 shielded enclosure (absorbers permitted)
2 conductive plate or set of wires
3 non-metallic supports
4 shielded enclosure floor
5 signal source feed line (coaxial cable)
6 coaxial cable
7 load
8 conductive wires
9 signal source feed connection
10 turntable (not required for this test)
Figure 2 — Example of parallel-plate TLS
Any electrical connection of monitoring equipment to the vehicle can cause malfunctions of the vehicle.
Extreme care shall be taken to avoid such an effect.
7 Stimulation and monitoring of vehicle
WARNING — — Any electrical connection of monitoring equipment to the vehicle could cause
malfunctions of the vehicle. Extreme care shall be taken to avoid such an effect.
The vehicle (the device under test or DUT) shall be operated as required in the test plan by using
actuators which have a minimum effect on the electromagnetic characteristics, e.g. plastic blocks on the
push-buttons, pneumatic actuators with plastic tubes.
Connections to equipment monitoring electromagnetic interference reactions of the vehicle may
be accomplished by using fibre-optics or high-resistance leads. Other type of leads may be used but
require extreme care to minimize interactions. The orientation, length and location of such leads shall
be carefully documented to ensure repeatability of test results.
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
8 7 Test set-up(see Figure 3)
Three test setups are described:
— one for all types of vehicles when they are not connected to the power mains;
— one for vehicles in charging mode connected to the power grid (with or without communication);
— one for vehicles in charging mode through wireless power transmission (WPT).
8.1 7.1 Vehicle placement
The vehicle shall be placed in the test region. The test region can contain a vehicle dynamometer, or
turntable or both these (see Figure 1).
8.2 7.2 Field generating device location (relative to vehicle and shielded enclosure)
8.2.1 General
The position or positions of the vehicle relative to the antenna or TLS shall be specified in the test
plan (see 9.2).
The radiating elements of the field-generating device shall be no closer than 0,5 m to any absorbing
material and no closer than 1,5 m to the wall of the shielded enclosure.
The position or positions of the vehicle relative to the antenna or TLS shall be specified in the test
plan (see 8.1).
The radiating elements of the field-generating device shall be no closer than 0,5 m to any absorbing
material and no closer than 1,5 m to the wall of the shielded enclosure.
8.2.2 7.2.1 Antenna constraints
No part of the radiating antenna shall be closer than 0,5 m to the outer body surface of the vehicle.
The phase centre of the antenna shall be separated by at least 2 m horizontally from the reference point.
No part of an antenna’santenna’s radiating elements shall be closer than 0,25 m to the floor.
There shall be no absorber material in the direct path between the transmitting antenna and the DUT.
8.2.3 7.2.2 TLS constraints
No part of a TLS, with the exception of the ground plane, shall be closer than 0,5 m to any part of the
vehicle. The TLS radiating element or elements shall be separated by at least 1 m vertically from the
reference point (see 8.2.1.1).
The TLS radiating element or elements shall be separated by at least 1 m vertically from the reference
point (see 9.4.2).
The TLS shall extend centrally over at least 75 % of the length of the vehicle.
Particular care needs to be taken when testing heavy vehicles such as buses and large trucks. Under
certain conditions related to dimensions and frequency, it is possible that close to 100 % of the applied
power can be coupled to the vehicle by a directional coupler mechanism. Room resonances can also have
a significant effect on the field uniformity, amplitude and direction under the TLS.
8 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
Key
α tilt angle of antenna
1 absorber-lined shielded enclosure
2 RF signal generator
3 power amplifier
4 dual directional coupler
5 power meter
6 coaxial feedthrough
7 field generating device
8 vehicle reference point (see 9.4.2.2)
Figure 3 — Example of test set-up
7.3 Vehicle test configurations
The configuration of 7.3.1 is applicable to whatever the vehicle type (combustion engine, electric, or
hybrid propulsion).
The configuration of 7.3.2 is applicable only to the electric or hybrid/plugin propelled vehicles when
they are in charging mode and connected to the power grid.
The configuration of 7.3.3 is applicable only to the electric propelled vehicles when they are in charging
mode through wireless power transmission (WPT).
7.3.1 Vehicle not connected to the power grid
An example of a test set-up is shown in Figure 3.
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
Dimensions in metres
Side view
Key
1 absorber-lined shielded enclosure
2 RF signal generator
3 power amplifier
4 dual directional coupler
5 power meter
6 coaxial feed through
7 field generating device
8 vehicle reference point (see 8.2.1.1.2)
α is the tilt angle of the antenna
Figure 3 — Example of test set-up
7.3.2 Vehicle in charging mode connected to the power grid
The various configurations (a.c. or d.c., with or without communication) are considered in this clause.
7.3.2.1 AC power charging without communication
7.3.2.1.1 Power mains
The power mains socket can be placed anywhere in the test location with the following conditions.
— It shall be placed on the ground plane.
— The length of the harness between the power mains socket and the AMN(s) shall be kept as
short as possible.
— The harness shall be placed as close as possible of the ground plane.
Care shall be taken to avoid disturbances to the off-board peripheral equipment.
7.3.2.1.2 Artificial mains network
Power mains shall be applied to the vehicle through 50 µH/50 Ω artificial mains networks (AMN(s)) as
defined in ISO 11451-1, Annex B.
10 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 11451-2:redline:2015(E)
The AMN(s) shall be mounted directly on the ground plane. The grounding connection of the AMN(s)/
AMN(s) shall be bonded to the ground plane with a low inductivity connection.
The measuring port of each AMN shall be terminated with a 50 Ω load.
The AMN shall be placed in front, aligned and on the same side of the vehicle power charging plug.
7.3.2.1.3 Power charging cable
The power charging cable shall be placed in a straight line between the AMN(s) and the vehicle charging
plug and shall be routed perpendicularly to the vehicle longitudinal axis as shown in Figures 4 and 5.
The distance between the AMN(s) and the vehicle body should be 0,8 (+0,2/0) m.
If the length of the cable is longer than 1 m, the extraneous length shall be “Z-folded” in less than 0,5 m width.
The charging c
...
ISO 11451-2:2015は、自動車の電気的干渉に対する耐性を評価するための試験手法を規定した重要な標準です。この文書は、乗用車や商用車がオフビークルの放射源から発生する電気的干渉に対する耐性を測定する方法を提供しています。この基準のスコープは、スパーク点火エンジン、ディーゼルエンジン、電動モーターなど、さまざまな車両駆動システムに関係なく適用されるため、広範な車両に対する普遍的な適用性があります。 ISO 11451-2:2015の強みは、狭帯域の電磁界に対する干渉を特定して評価できる点です。この標準により、自動車メーカーは、製造する車両がさまざまな外部要因から影響を受ける可能性を理解し、対策を講じることができます。さらに、乗用車だけでなく商用車にも適用されるため、業界全体の品質向上に寄与します。 この標準は、現代の車両がますます複雑になる中で、電気的な安定性を保証するために必須です。オフビークル放射源による電気的干渉が重要な懸念事項であるため、ISO 11451-2:2015の relevancy は高く、自動車業界の安全基準を維持する上で不可欠な役割を担っています。 AQは、他の国際基準と同様に、この標準を遵守することで、製品の国際的な競争力を高めることにも寄与します。そのため、ISO 11451-2:2015は、電磁界の干渉問題に対する業界の信頼性を増すために非常に重要な標準であると評価できます。
Die Norm ISO 11451-2:2015 ist ein entscheidendes Dokument für die Automobilindustrie, das Methoden zur Prüfung der Immunität von Personen- und Nutzfahrzeugen gegenüber elektrischen Störungen durch externe Strahlungsquellen festlegt. Die Relevanz dieser Norm liegt in der Möglichkeit, die elektrischen Störungen zu bewerten, die Fahrzeugen aus engen elektromagnetischen Feldern zugeführt werden, unabhängig vom Antriebssystem des Fahrzeugs. Dies bedeutet, dass sowohl Fahrzeuge mit Zündfunkenmotoren, Dieselantrieben als auch Elektroantrieben in die Tests einbezogen werden können. Ein zentraler Teil der Norm ist die Klarstellung, dass die elektromagnetischen Störungen, die berücksichtigt werden, auf schmalbandige elektromagnetische Felder beschränkt sind. Diese Fokussetzung bietet den Herstellern einen klaren Rahmen, innerhalb dessen sie die Sicherstellung der elektrischen Verträglichkeit ihrer Fahrzeuge angehen können. Zudem verbessert ISO 11451-2:2015 das Verständnis für die Herausforderungen, denen Fahrzeuge durch externe elektromagnetische Einflüsse ausgesetzt sind, und fördert somit auch die Entwicklung robusterer und zuverlässigerer Fahrzeuge. Ein weiterer wichtiger Punkt ist, dass die Norm nicht nur für die Sicherheit, sondern auch für die Funktionalität der Fahrzeuge von Bedeutung ist. In einer Zeit, in der Fahrzeuge immer mehr auf Elektronik angewiesen sind, ist es unerlässlich, dass die getesteten Fahrzeuge in der Lage sind, in einer Vielzahl von Umgebungen zu funktionieren, ohne dass ihre Leistung durch externe elektromagnetische Störungen beeinträchtigt wird. Die Anwendung der ISO 11451-2:2015 unterstützt nicht nur die Automobilhersteller bei der Einhaltung von Qualitätsstandards, sondern trägt auch zur Verbesserung des Vertrauens der Verbraucher in die elektrische Leistungsfähigkeit von Fahrzeugen bei. Daher ist diese Norm nicht nur ein regulatorischer Rahmen, sondern auch ein Werkzeug zur Innovationsförderung im Bereich der Fahrzeugtechnologie.
ISO 11451-2:2015 is a critical standard that delineates a comprehensive methodology for assessing the immunity of vehicles, including both passenger and commercial types, to electrical disturbances emanating from off-vehicle radiation sources. The standard is particularly relevant in today's automotive landscape, as it addresses the growing concerns over electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in modern vehicles, which increasingly rely on complex electronic systems. The scope of ISO 11451-2:2015 is notably robust, catering to various vehicle propulsion systems, such as spark ignition engines, diesel engines, and electric motors. By encompassing such a wide range of vehicles, this standard underscores its significance in ensuring the reliability and functionality of automotive systems in environments with electromagnetic disruptions. One of the strengths of this standard is its focus on narrowband electromagnetic fields, which are commonly encountered in urban settings and industrial areas. This specification not only aids manufacturers in establishing effective testing protocols but also aligns with global efforts to enhance vehicle safety and performance under real-world conditions. The relevance of ISO 11451-2:2015 cannot be overstated, as the automotive industry continues to evolve with the introduction of more electronic components and communication systems. Inadequate immunity to electrical disturbances can lead to malfunctions, which may compromise vehicle safety and operational efficiency. Therefore, adhering to this standard is essential for automotive manufacturers aiming to deliver high-quality products that meet both regulatory and consumer expectations regarding electromagnetic susceptibility. In summary, ISO 11451-2:2015 serves as a vital tool in the automotive sector, providing a standardized approach for testing against off-vehicle radiation sources that threaten electrical system integrity, thereby fortifying the industry's commitment to electromagnetic compatibility.
ISO 11451-2:2015는 도로 차량이 외부의 방사선 전자기 에너지로부터의 전기적 간섭에 대한 내성을 시험하는 방법을 규정합니다. 이 표준은 승용차 및 상업용 차량의 전기적 내성을 시험하는 객관적인 접근 방식을 제공하며, 차량의 힘의 원리에 관계없이 적용 가능합니다. 이로 인해 사용자는 다양한 차량의 전자기 간섭에 대한 신뢰성을 평가할 수 있습니다. ISO 11451-2:2015의 강점 중 하나는 좁은 대역 전자기장에 국한된 전자기 간섭을 다룬다는 점입니다. 이는 차량이 특정한 범위의 전자기 방해에 어떻게 반응하는지를 보다 정확하게 측정할 수 있도록 돕습니다. 이러한 표준은 차량 제조사 및 연구 기관이 차량의 품질과 안전성을 확인하는 데 유용하며, 최종 소비자에게는 더욱 신뢰할 수 있는 제품으로 제공될 것입니다. 또한, 이 표준은 다양한 차량 모델에 적용 가능하며, 전기 모터, 디젤 엔진, 스파크 점화 엔진 등 모든 유형의 차량 추진 시스템에 상관없이 명확한 테스트 방법을 제공하여 업계 표준 입장에서도 큰 의미를 갖습니다. 따라서 ISO 11451-2:2015는 도로 차량의 전자기 내성에 대한 체계적이고 포괄적인 접근을 통해 관련 산업의 발전에 기여하는 중요한 문서입니다.
La norme ISO 11451-2:2015 constitue un référentiel essentiel pour les essais de véhicules routiers face aux perturbations électriques provenant de sources de rayonnement électromagnétique hors véhicule. Cette norme spécifie une méthode d'évaluation de l'immunité des voitures particulières et des véhicules commerciaux, ce qui est crucial dans un contexte où la qualité et la sécurité des véhicules sont surveillées de près. Le champ d'application de l'ISO 11451-2:2015 est particulièrement pertinent car il s'applique à tous les systèmes de propulsion des véhicules, qu'il s'agisse de moteurs à allumage par étincelle, de moteurs diesel ou de moteurs électriques. Cela garantit que la norme couvre une large gamme de véhicules, prenant en compte l'évolution rapide des technologies de propulsion. En se concentrant sur les champs électromagnétiques à bande étroite, la norme répond à des préoccupations spécifiques en matière de compatibilité électromagnétique dans des environnements de plus en plus complexes. Parmi les points forts de cette norme, on note sa capacité à standardiser les méthodes de test, ce qui facilita la comparaison des résultats entre différents véhicules et fabricants. Cela est particulièrement important pour les chercheurs et les ingénieurs qui cherchent à améliorer la résistance des véhicules aux perturbations externes. De plus, l'approche méthodologique définie par l'ISO 11451-2:2015 permet une meilleure compréhension des performances des véhicules dans des conditions réelles, renforçant ainsi la confiance des consommateurs et des professionnels du secteur. En résumé, l'ISO 11451-2:2015 est une norme d'une grande pertinence qui améliore la fiabilité des véhicules face aux émissions électromagnétiques, tout en offrant un cadre de test uniforme qui peut être appliqué à une diversité de systèmes de propulsion. Sa mise en œuvre dans l'industrie automobile contribue à la sécurité et à l'innovation dans un contexte technologique en constante évolution.
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