ISO/TS 27687:2008
(Main)Nanotechnologies — Terminology and definitions for nano-objects — Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate
Nanotechnologies — Terminology and definitions for nano-objects — Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate
ISO/TS 27687:2008 lists unambiguous terms and definitions related to particles in the field of nanotechnologies. It is intended to facilitate communications between organizations and individuals in industry and those who interact with them.
Nanotechnologies — Terminologie et définitions relatives aux nano-objets — Nanoparticule, nanofibre et nanofeuillet
L'ISO/TS 27687:2008 donne la liste des termes et définitions concernant les particules appartenant au domaine des nanotechnologies. Elle est destinée à faciliter la communication entre différents organismes et membres de l'industrie, ainsi que leurs interlocuteurs.
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TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 27687
First edition
2008-08-15
Corrected version
2009-02-01
Nanotechnologies — Terminology and
definitions for nano-objects —
Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate
Nanotechnologies — Terminologie et définitions relatives
aux nano-objets — Nanoparticule, nanofibre et nanoplat
Reference number
ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
©
ISO 2008
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2008
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a
technical committee may decide to publish other types of document:
⎯ an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in
an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members
of the parent committee casting a vote;
⎯ an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical
committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting
a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a
further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is
confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an
International Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 27687 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies.
In this corrected version of ISO/TS 27687:2008, the caption for Figure 1 b) has been altered, a terminology
change has been made in the bottom, right-hand box of Figure 2 and the second line of the NOTE under 4.1
has been altered to align with Figure 1 b).
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
Introduction
As many authorities predict that applications of nanotechnologies will pervade all areas of life and will enable
dramatic advances to be realized in all areas of communication, health, manufacturing, materials and
knowledge-based technologies, there is an obvious need to provide industry and research with suitable tools
to aid the development and application of those technologies. It is also essential that regulators and health
and environmental protection agencies have available reliable measurement systems and evaluation
protocols supported by well-founded and robust standards.
Often in the field of nanotechnologies, researchers with the aid of microscopes name materials inspired by the
shape of objects found in everyday life although the physical size is much smaller. The prefix, nano-, is often
−9
added to denote the small size of the object. (The prefix nano-, is also used in S.I. units to indicate 10 e.g.
−9
1 nanometre = 10 metre.)
To create a unitary standard, this terminology and definitions document encompasses terms used in both
nanosciences and nanotechnologies concerning particles at the nano-scale. Nano-object and other new terms
are coined to allow development of a rational hierarchical system of definitions. This hierarchy will allow
systematic building of vocabulary and is contained in a larger hierarchy of terms under development for
nanotechnologies. This document provides an up-to-date listing of terms and definitions relevant to the area. It
forms one part of a projected multi-part terminology and definitions document covering the different aspects of
nanotechnologies. It is intended to facilitate communications between organizations and individuals in industry
and those who interact with them.
This document is concerned with the definition of terminology and definitions for these small objects. These
objects come in several shapes; the three basic shapes referred to in this document are illustrated in Figure 1:
a) nanoparticle b) nanofibre c) nanoplate
Figure 1 — Schematic diagrams showing some shapes for nano-objects
There is a hierarchical relationship between many of the different terms in the document. Some elements of
this are shown in Figure 2 to illustrate some of the relationships that exist.
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
Figure 2 — Fragment of hierarchy of terms related to nano-objects
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
Nanotechnologies — Terminology and definitions
for nano-objects — Nanoparticle, nanofibre and
nanoplate
1 Scope
This Technical Specification lists terms and definitions related to particles in the field of nanotechnologies. It is
intended to facilitate communications between organizations and individuals in industry and those who interact
with them.
2 Core terms related to particles
2.1
nanoscale
size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm
NOTE 1 Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size will typically, but not exclusively, be exhibited in this
size range. For such properties the size limits are considered approximate.
NOTE 2 The lower limit in this definition (approximately 1 nm) is introduced to avoid single and small groups of atoms
from being designated as nano-objects or elements of nanostructures, which might be implied by the absence of a lower
limit.
2.2
nano-object
material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale
NOTE Generic term for all discrete nanoscale objects.
3 Terms concerning particles and assemblies of particles
Nano-objects (for example nanoparticles, nanofibres, and nanoplates see Clause 4), often occur in (large)
groups, rather than isolated. For reasons of surface energy, such coexisting nano-objects are likely to interact.
In the description of these interactions, the following terms are often used. The following terms are not
restricted with respect to physical size and shape. These terms are included for completeness and their
importance at the nanoscale.
3.1
particle
minute piece of matter with defined physical boundaries
[ISO 14644-6:2007, definition 2.102]
NOTE 1 A physical boundary can also be described as an interface.
NOTE 2 A particle can move as a unit.
NOTE 3 This general particle definition applies to nano-objects.
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
3.2
agglomerate
collection of weakly bound particles or aggregates or mixtures of the two where the resulting external
surface area is similar to the sum of the surface areas of the individual components
NOTE 1 The forces holding an agglomerate together are weak forces, for example van der Waals forces, or simple
physical entanglement.
NOTE 2 Agglomerates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed primary
particles.
3.3
aggregate
particle comprising strongly bonded or fused particles where the resulting external surface area may be
significantly smaller than the sum of calculated surface areas of the individual components
NOTE 1 The forces holding an aggregate together are strong forces, for example covalent bonds, or those resulting
from sintering or complex physical entanglement.
NOTE 2 Aggregates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed primary
particles.
4 Terms specific to nano-objects
4.1
nanoparticle
nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale
NOTE If the lengths of the longest to the shortest axes of the nano-object differ significantly (typically by more than
three times), the terms nanofibre or nanoplate are intended to be used instead of the term nanoparticle.
4.2
nanoplate
nano-object with one external dimension in the nanoscale and the two other external dimensions
significant
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 27687
First edition
2008-08-15
Nanotechnologies — Terminology and
definitions for nano-objects —
Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate
Nanotechnologies — Terminologie et définitions relatives
aux nano-objets — Nanoparticule, nanofibre et nanoplat
Reference number
ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
©
ISO 2008
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2008
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a
technical committee may decide to publish other types of document:
⎯ an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in
an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members
of the parent committee casting a vote;
⎯ an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical
committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting
a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a
further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is
confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an
International Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 27687 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies.
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
Introduction
As many authorities predict that applications of nanotechnologies will pervade all areas of life and will enable
dramatic advances to be realized in all areas of communication, health, manufacturing, materials and
knowledge-based technologies, there is an obvious need to provide industry and research with suitable tools
to aid the development and application of those technologies. It is also essential that regulators and health
and environmental protection agencies have available reliable measurement systems and evaluation
protocols supported by well-founded and robust standards.
Often in the field of nanotechnologies, researchers with the aid of microscopes name materials inspired by the
shape of objects found in everyday life although the physical size is much smaller. The prefix, nano-, is often
−9
added to denote the small size of the object. (The prefix nano-, is also used in S.I. units to indicate 10 e.g.
−9
1 nanometre = 10 metre.)
To create a unitary standard, this terminology and definitions document encompasses terms used in both
nanosciences and nanotechnologies concerning particles at the nano-scale. Nano-object and other new terms
are coined to allow development of a rational hierarchical system of definitions. This hierarchy will allow
systematic building of vocabulary and is contained in a larger hierarchy of terms under development for
nanotechnologies. This document provides an up-to-date listing of terms and definitions relevant to the area. It
forms one part of a projected multi-part terminology and definitions document covering the different aspects of
nanotechnologies. It is intended to facilitate communications between organizations and individuals in industry
and those who interact with them.
This document is concerned with the definition of terminology and definitions for these small objects. These
objects come in several shapes; the three basic shapes referred to in this document are illustrated in Figure 1:
a) nanoparticle b) nanorod c) nanoplate
Figure 1 — Schematic diagrams showing some shapes for nano-objects
There is a hierarchical relationship between many of the different terms in the document. Some elements of
this are shown in Figure 2 to illustrate some of the relationships that exist.
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
Figure 2 — Fragment of hierarchy of terms related to nano-objects
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
Nanotechnologies — Terminology and definitions
for nano-objects — Nanoparticle, nanofibre and
nanoplate
1 Scope
This Technical Specification lists terms and definitions related to particles in the field of nanotechnologies. It is
intended to facilitate communications between organizations and individuals in industry and those who interact
with them.
2 Core terms related to particles
2.1
nanoscale
size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm
NOTE 1 Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size will typically, but not exclusively, be exhibited in this
size range. For such properties the size limits are considered approximate.
NOTE 2 The lower limit in this definition (approximately 1 nm) is introduced to avoid single and small groups of atoms
from being designated as nano-objects or elements of nanostructures, which might be implied by the absence of a lower
limit.
2.2
nano-object
material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale
NOTE Generic term for all discrete nanoscale objects.
3 Terms concerning particles and assemblies of particles
Nano-objects (for example nanoparticles, nanofibres, and nanoplates see Clause 4), often occur in (large)
groups, rather than isolated. For reasons of surface energy, such coexisting nano-objects are likely to interact.
In the description of these interactions, the following terms are often used. The following terms are not
restricted with respect to physical size and shape. These terms are included for completeness and their
importance at the nanoscale.
3.1
particle
minute piece of matter with defined physical boundaries
[ISO 14644-6:2007, definition 2.102]
NOTE 1 A physical boundary can also be described as an interface.
NOTE 2 A particle can move as a unit.
NOTE 3 This general particle definition applies to nano-objects.
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)
3.2
agglomerate
collection of weakly bound particles or aggregates or mixtures of the two where the resulting external
surface area is similar to the sum of the surface areas of the individual components
NOTE 1 The forces holding an agglomerate together are weak forces, for example van der Waals forces, or simple
physical entanglement.
NOTE 2 Agglomerates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed primary
particles.
3.3
aggregate
particle comprising strongly bonded or fused particles where the resulting external surface area may be
significantly smaller than the sum of calculated surface areas of the individual components
NOTE 1 The forces holding an aggregate together are strong forces, for example covalent bonds, or those resulting
from sintering or complex physical entanglement.
NOTE 2 Aggregates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed primary
particles.
4 Terms specific to nano-objects
4.1
nanoparticle
nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale
NOTE If the lengths of the longest to the shortest axes of the nano-object differ significantly (typically by more than
three times), the terms nanorod or nanoplate are intended to be used instead of the term nanoparticle.
4.2
nanoplate
nano-object with one external dimension in the nanoscale and the two other external dimensions
significantly larger
NOTE 1 The smallest external dimension is the thickness of the nanoplate.
NOTE 2 The two significantly larger dimensions are considere
...
SPÉCIFICATION ISO/TS
TECHNIQUE 27687
Première édition
2008-08-15
Nanotechnologies — Terminologie et
définitions relatives aux nano-objets —
Nanoparticule, nanofibre et nanofeuillet
Nanotechnologies — Terminology and definitions for nano-objects —
Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate
Numéro de référence
ISO/TS 27687:2008(F)
©
ISO 2008
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(F)
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© ISO 2008
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous
quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit
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Version française parue en 2009
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2008 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
Dans d'autres circonstances, en particulier lorsqu'il existe une demande urgente du marché, un comité
technique peut décider de publier d'autres types de documents:
— une Spécification publiquement disponible ISO (ISO/PAS) représente un accord entre les experts dans
un groupe de travail ISO et est acceptée pour publication si elle est approuvée par plus de 50 % des
membres votants du comité dont relève le groupe de travail;
— une Spécification technique ISO (ISO/TS) représente un accord entre les membres d'un comité technique
et est acceptée pour publication si elle est approuvée par 2/3 des membres votants du comité.
Une ISO/PAS ou ISO/TS fait l'objet d'un examen après trois ans afin de décider si elle est confirmée pour trois
nouvelles années, révisée pour devenir une Norme internationale, ou annulée. Lorsqu'une ISO/PAS ou
ISO/TS a été confirmée, elle fait l'objet d'un nouvel examen après trois ans qui décidera soit de sa
transformation en Norme internationale soit de son annulation.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO/TS 27687 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies.
La présente version française de l'ISO/TS 27687:2009 correspond à la version anglaise corrigée du
2009-02-01.
© ISO 2008 – Tous droits réservés iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(F)
Introduction
Un grand nombre d'autorités prévoient que les applications des nanotechnologies se propageront dans tous
les domaines de la vie et permettront de réaliser des progrès considérables dans tous les secteurs de la
communication, de la santé, de la fabrication, des matériaux et des technologies fondées sur des
connaissances fondamentales. Il existe donc un besoin évident de doter l'industrie et la recherche d'outils
appropriés pour faciliter l'élaboration et l'application de ces technologies. Il est également fondamental que les
législateurs ainsi que les organismes de protection de la santé et de l'environnement disposent de systèmes
de mesure fiables et de protocoles d'évaluation s'appuyant sur des normes pertinentes et robustes.
Dans le domaine des nanotechnologies, les chercheurs, s'aidant de microscopes, désignent souvent les
matériaux en s'inspirant de la forme d'objets rencontrés dans la vie quotidienne même si leurs dimensions
physiques sont beaucoup plus petites. Le préfixe, nano-, est souvent ajouté afin d'indiquer la petite taille de
−9
l'objet. (Dans les unités SI, le préfixe, nano-, est également utilisé pour représenter 10 par exemple,
−9
1 nanomètre = 10 m.)
Pour créer une norme unitaire, la terminologie et les définitions de la présente Spécification technique
englobent les termes utilisés à la fois dans les nanosciences et les nanotechnologies, relatifs à des particules
à la nano-échelle. Le néologisme nano-objet ainsi que d'autres termes nouveaux sont inventés afin de
permettre l'élaboration d'un système hiérarchique rationnel de définitions. Cette hiérarchie permettra une
construction systématique de vocabulaire et elle est incluse dans une hiérarchie plus vaste de termes à
l'étude dans le domaine des nanotechnologies. La présente Spécification technique fournit une liste à jour de
termes et définitions pertinents dans ce domaine. Elle ne constitue qu'une partie d'un document de
terminologie et de définitions, en plusieurs parties, couvrant les différents aspects des nanotechnologies. Elle
est destinée à faciliter la communication entre différents organismes et membres de l'industrie, ainsi que leurs
interlocuteurs.
La présente Spécification technique traite de l'établissement d'une terminologie et de définitions se rapportant
à ces nano-objets. Ces objets se présentent sous différentes formes dont les trois formes de base
mentionnées dans la présente Spécification technique sont illustrées à la Figure 1.
a) nanoparticule b) nanofibre c) nanofeuillet
Figure 1 — Illustrations représentant quelques formes de nano-objets
Un lien hiérarchique existe entre un grand nombre des différents termes abordés dans la présente
Spécification technique. Certains d'entre eux sont représentés à la Figure 2 afin d'illustrer certaines des
relations existantes.
iv © ISO 2008 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TS 27687:2008(F)
Figure 2 — Extrait de la hiérarchie des termes concernant les nano-objets
© ISO 2008 – Tous droits réservés v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE ISO/TS 27687:2008(F)
Nanotechnologies — Terminologie et définitions relatives aux
nano-objets — Nanoparticule, nanofibre et nanofeuillet
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Spécification technique donne la liste des termes et définitions concernant les particules
appartenant au domaine des nanotechnologies. Elle est destinée à faciliter la communication entre différents
organismes et membres de l'industrie, ainsi que leurs interlocuteurs.
2 Termes fondamentaux relatifs aux particules
2.1
nano-échelle
gamme de dimensions s'étendant approximativement de 1 nm à 100 nm
NOTE 1 Les propriétés qui ne constituent pas des extrapolations par rapport à des dimensions plus grandes seront
présentées de façon générale, mais pas exclusivement, dans cette gamme de dimensions. Pour ces propriétés, on
considère que les limites dimensionnelles sont approximatives.
NOTE 2 Dans cette définition, on indique une limite inférieure (approximativement 1 nm) pour éviter à des atomes
isolés et à de petits groupes d'atomes d'être désignés en tant que nano-objets ou éléments de nanostructures, ce qui
pourrait être le cas en l'absence de limite inférieure.
2.2
nano-objet
matériau dont une, deux ou les trois dimensions externes sont à la nano-échelle (2.1)
NOTE Terme générique pour tous les objets discrets à la nano-échelle.
3 Termes concernant les particules et les groupements de particules
Les nano-objets (par exemple les nanoparticules, les nanofibres et les nanofeuillets, voir Article 4)
apparaissent souvent en groupes (de grande taille), plutôt qu'isolés. Pour des raisons d'énergie de surface,
des interactions sont probables entre ces nano-objets qui coexistent. Dans la description de ces interactions,
les termes suivants sont souvent utilisés. Aucune restriction concernant les dimensions physiques et la forme
n'est indiquée pour les termes définis ci-après. Ces termes sont mentionnés par souci d'exhaustivité et en
raison de leur importance à la nano-échelle.
3.1
particule
élément minuscule de matière avec un périmètre physique défini
NOTE 1 Une limite physique peut également être décrite sous la forme d'une interface.
NOTE 2 Une particule peut se déplacer sous la forme d'une unité.
NOTE 3 Cette définition générale de «particule» s'applique aux nano-objets.
NOTE 4 Adapté de l'ISO 14644-6:2007, définition 2.102.
© ISO 2008 – Tous droits réservés 1
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ISO/TS 27687:2008(F)
3.2
agglomérat
ensemble de particules (3.1) faiblement liées, d'agrégats (3.3) ou mélange des deux dont l'aire de la surface
externe résultante est similaire à la somme des aires de surface de chacun des composants
NOTE 1 Les forces assurant la cohésion d'un agglomérat sont des forces faibles, par exemple forces de Van der
Waals ou un simple enchevêtrement physique.
NOTE 2 Les agglomérats sont également appelés particules secondaires et les particules sources initiales sont
appelées particules primaires.
3.3
agrégat
ensemble de particules (3.1) comprenant des particules fortement liées ou fusionnées dont l'aire de la
surface externe résultante peut être significativement plus petite que la somme des aires de surface calculées
de chacun des composants
NOTE 1 Les forces assurant la cohésion d'un agrégat sont des forces intenses, par exemple liaisons covalentes ou
forces résultant d'un frittage ou d'un enchevêtrement physique complexe.
NOTE 2 Les agrégats sont également appelés particules secondaires et les particules sources initiales sont appelées
particules primaires.
4 Termes spécifiques aux nano-objets
4.1
nanoparticule
nano-objet (2.2) dont les trois dimensions externes sont à la nano-échelle (2.1)
NOTE Si les valeurs de la plus longue dimension et de la plus courte dimension du nano-objet diffèrent de façon
significative (généralement d'un facteur plus grand que trois), on utilise les termes nanofibre (4.3) ou nanofeuillet (4.2) à
la place du terme nanoparticule.
4.2
nanofeuillet
nano-objet (2.2) dont une dimension externe est à la nano-échelle (2.1) et dont les deux autres sont
significativement plus grandes
NOTE 1 La dimension externe la plus petite est l'épaisseur du nanofeuillet.
NOTE 2 On considère que les deux dimensions
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