ISO 19148:2021
(Main)Geographic information — Linear referencing
Geographic information — Linear referencing
This document specifies a conceptual schema for locations relative to a one-dimensional object as measurement along (and optionally offset from) that object. It defines a description of the data and operations required to use and support linear referencing. This document is applicable to transportation, utilities, environmental protection, location-based services and other applications which define locations relative to linear objects. For ease of reading, most examples discussed in this document come from the transportation domain.
Information géographique — Référencement linéaire
Le présent document spécifie un schéma conceptuel pour les localisations par rapport à un objet à une seule dimension sous la forme d'une mesure le long de cet objet (et éventuellement décalées par rapport à celui-ci). Il définit une description des données et des opérations nécessaires pour utiliser et prendre en charge le référencement linéaire. Le présent document est applicable aux transports, aux utilités, à la protection de l'environnement, aux services géolocalisés et aux autres applications qui définissent des localisations par rapport à des objets linéaires. Afin de faciliter la lecture, la plupart des exemples abordés dans le présent document proviennent du domaine des transports.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19148
Second edition
2021-04
Geographic information — Linear
referencing
Information géographique — Référencement linéaire
Reference number
ISO 19148:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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Published in Switzerland
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms and UML notation . 5
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 5
4.2 UML notation . 5
5 Conformance . 5
5.1 Conformance overview . 5
5.2 Conformance classes . 6
5.2.1 General. 6
5.2.2 Data type conformance . 6
5.2.3 Operation conformance . 6
6 Linear referencing . 7
6.1 Background . 7
6.1.1 Linear referencing concepts . 7
6.1.2 Linear referencing packages .17
6.2 Package: Linear Referencing System .18
6.2.1 Semantics .18
6.2.2 PositionExpression .19
6.2.3 LinearElement . .20
6.2.4 LinearElementType .21
6.2.5 ILinearElement .21
6.2.6 IFeature .22
6.2.7 ISpatial .23
6.2.8 LinearReferencingMethod .24
6.2.9 DistanceAlongDirection .25
6.2.10 LRMType .25
6.2.11 DistanceExpression .26
6.2.12 Referent .27
6.2.13 ReferentType .28
6.2.14 ValueExpression .29
6.3 Package: Linear Referencing Towards Referent .30
6.3.1 Semantics .30
6.3.2 LRMWithTowardsReferent .30
6.3.3 DistanceExpression .31
6.4 Package: Linear Referencing Offset .31
6.4.1 Semantics .31
6.4.2 LRMWithOffset .33
6.4.3 LateralOffsetDirection .34
6.4.4 VerticalOffsetDirection .34
6.4.5 LateralOffsetDistanceExpression .34
6.4.6 LateralOffsetExpression .35
6.4.7 LateralOffsetReferent . .36
6.4.8 VerticalOffsetExpression .37
6.4.9 VerticalOffsetReferent .38
6.4.10 ICrossSectionalConvention .38
6.4.11 ICrossSectionalConventionPart .39
6.5 Package: Linear Referencing Offset Vector .40
6.5.1 Semantics .40
6.5.2 VectorOffsetDistanceExpression .40
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
6.5.3 VectorOffsetExpression .41
6.6 Package: Linearly Located Event .42
6.6.1 Semantics .42
6.6.2 Linearly located event .43
6.6.3 Event .44
6.6.4 AttributeEvent.45
6.6.5 FeatureEvent .46
6.6.6 EventLocation .47
6.6.7 AtLocation .47
6.6.8 FromToLocation .47
6.6.9 EventTime .48
6.6.10 EventInstant .49
6.6.11 EventPeriod .49
6.7 Package: Linear Segmentation .49
6.7.1 Semantics .49
6.7.2 SegmentableFeature .50
6.7.3 LinearSegmentSet .51
6.7.4 LinearSegment .52
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .54
Annex B (informative) Generalized Model for Linear Referencing .58
Annex C (informative) Commonly used linear referencing methods and models .61
Annex D (informative) Application Schema example .84
Annex E (informative) Event and segmentation examples .87
Annex F (informative) Backwards compatibility with ISO 19148:2012 .96
Bibliography .98
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics,
in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/
TC 287, Geographic Information, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between
ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 19148:2012), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— revision of the definition of the term linear element, removing a circular reference with the definition
for the term linear referencing;
— introduction of the definition of the term referent;
— revision of the conceptual schema to meet current standards and harmonize with other ISO/TC 211
International Standards;
— refactoring of the core Linear Referencing System package, abstracting implementation classes into
a new Application Schema package which is now presented as an example in Annex D;
— introduction of an approach addressing broken-chainage;
— introduction of an enumeration addressing directionality of measurements;
— introduction of an approach addressing Cross-Sectional Positioning (XSP) conventions;
— introduction of an approach addressing Measures with Uneven Distribution;
— refactoring of the Linearly Located Event package dropping the previous assumption that the Linear
Element was always of a Feature type;
— introduction of simplifications of the conceptual schema;
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
— additional example illustrating Measures with Uneven Distribution in Annex C;
— introduction of information about some standards implementing the conceptual schema described
in this document in Annex C;
— additional example illustrating Secondary Linear Referencing Systems in Annex E;
— the correction of minor errors;
— introduction of a detailed overview regarding changes and backwards compatibility in Annex F.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
Introduction
This document is a description of the data and operations required to support linear referencing. This
includes Linear Referencing Systems, linearly located events and linear segments.
Linear Referencing Systems enable the specification of positions along linear objects. The approach is
[12]
based upon the Generalized Model for Linear Referencing first standardized within ISO 19133:2005.
This document extends that which was included in ISO 19133, both in functionality and explanation.
ISO 19109 supports features representing discrete objects with attributes with values which apply to
the entire feature. ISO 19123 allows the attribute value to vary, depending upon the location within a
feature, but does not support the assignment of attribute values to a single point or length along a linear
feature. Linearly located events provide the mechanism for specifying attribution of linear objects
when the attribute value varies along the length of a linear feature. A Linear Referencing System is used
to specify where along the linear object each attribute value applies. The same mechanism can be used
to specify where along a linear object another object is located, such as guardrail or a traffic accident.
It is common practice to segment a linear object with linearly located events, based upon one or
more of its attributes. The resultant linear segments are attributed with just the attributes used in
the segmentation process, ensuring that the linear segments are homogeneous in value for these
segmenting attributes.
In accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, 2018, Rules for the structure and drafting of
International Standards, in International Standards the decimal sign is a comma on the line. However,
the General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures) at its
meeting in 2003 passed unanimously the following resolution:
“The decimal marker shall be either a point on the line or a comma on the line.” In practice, the choice
between these alternatives depends on customary use in the language concerned. In the technical areas
of geodesy and geographic information it is customary for the decimal point always to be used, for all
languages. That practice is used throughout this document.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19148:2021(E)
Geographic information — Linear referencing
1 Scope
This document specifies a conceptual schema for locations relative to a one-dimensional object as
measurement along (and optionally offset from) that object. It defines a description of the data and
operations required to use and support linear referencing.
This document is applicable to transportation, utilities, environmental protection, location-based
services and other applications which define locations relative to linear objects. For ease of reading,
most examples discussed in this document come from the transportation domain.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19103, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO 19107, Geographic information — Spatial schema
ISO 19108, Geographic information — Temporal schema
ISO 19111, Geographic information — Referencing by coordinates
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
attribute event
value of an attribute of a feature (3.4) that can apply to only part of the feature
Note 1 to entry: An attribute event includes the linearly referenced location (3.16) where the attribute value
applies along the attributed feature (3.2).
Note 2 to entry: An attribute event can be qualified by the instant (3.8) in which, or period (3.20) during which,
the attribute value applied.
3.2
attributed feature
feature (3.4) along which an attribute event (3.1) applies
3.3
direct position
position (3.21) described by a single set of coordinates within a coordinate reference system
[SOURCE: ISO 19136-1:2020, 3.1.20]
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
3.4
feature
abstraction of real-world phenomena
[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.11]
3.5
feature event
information about the occurrence of a located feature (3.17) along a locating feature (3.18)
Note 1 to entry: A feature event includes the linearly referenced location (3.16) of the located feature along the
locating feature.
Note 2 to entry: A feature event can be qualified by the instant (3.8) in which, or period (3.20) during which, the
feature event occurred.
3.6
geometric primitive
geometric object representing a single, connected, homogeneous (isotropic) element of space
Note 1 to entry: Geometric primitives are non-decomposed objects that present information about geometric
configuration. They include points, curves, surfaces and solids. Many geometric objects behave like primitives
(supporting the same interfaces defined for geometric primitives) but are actually composites composed of some
number of other primitives. General collections can be aggregates and incapable of acting like a primitive (such
as the lines of a complex network, which is not connected and thus incapable of being traceable as a single line).
By this definition, a geometric primitive is topological open, since the boundary points are not isotropic to the
interior points. Geometry is assumed to be closed. For points, the boundary is empty.
[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.50]
3.7
height
h, H
distance of a point from a chosen reference surface positive upward along a line perpendicular to
that surface
Note 1 to entry: A height below the reference surface will have a negative value.
Note 2 to entry: Generalization of ellipsoidal height (h) and gravity-related height (H).
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.38]
3.8
instant
0-dimensional geometric primitive (3.6) representing position (3.21) in time
Note 1 to entry: The geometry of time is discussed in ISO 19108:2002, 5.2.
[SOURCE: ISO 19108:2002, 4.1.17]
3.9
linear element
one-dimensional object that serves as the axis along which measurements are made
Note 1 to entry: Also known as curvilinear element.
EXAMPLE Feature (3.4), such as “road”; curve geometry; directed edge topological primitive.
3.10
linear referencing
specification of a location (3.19) relative to a linear element (3.9) as a measurement along (and optionally
offset from) that element
Note 1 to entry: An alternative to specifying a location as a two- or three- dimensional spatial position (3.23).
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
3.11
linear referencing method
LRM
manner in which measurements are made along (and optionally offset from) a linear element (3.9)
3.12
linear referencing system
LRS
set of linear referencing methods (3.11) and the policies, records and procedures for implementing them
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from Reference [10].
3.13
linear segment
part of a linear feature (3.4) that is distinguished from the remainder of that feature by a subset of
attributes, each having a single value for the entire part
Note 1 to entry: A linear segment is a one-dimensional object without explicit geometry.
Note 2 to entry: The implicit geometry of the linear segment can be derived from the geometry of the parent
feature.
3.14
linearly located
located using a linear referencing system (3.12)
3.15
linearly located event
occurrence along a feature (3.4) of an attribute value or another feature
Note 1 to entry: The event location (3.19) is specified using linearly referenced locations (3.16).
Note 2 to entry: A linearly located event can be qualified by the instant (3.8) in which, or period (3.20) during
which, the linearly located event occurred.
Note 3 to entry: ISO 19108 limits events to a single instant in time and does not include the specification of a
location.
3.16
linearly referenced location
location (3.19) whose position (3.21) is specified using linear referencing (3.10)
3.17
located feature
linearly located feature
feature (3.4) that is linearly located (3.14) along an associated (locating) feature
EXAMPLE A feature “bridge” can be a located feature along the feature “railway” [a locating feature (3.18)].
3.18
locating feature
linearly locating feature
feature (3.4) that is used to identify the location (3.19) of linearly located (3.14) features
EXAMPLE A feature “road” can be the locating feature for a feature “pedestrian crossing” [a located feature
(3.17)].
3.19
location
particular place or position (3.21)
Note 1 to entry: A location identifies a geographic place.
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: “Madrid”, “California”.
Note 3 to entry: Additionally, in this document, a location is represented by one of a set of data types that describe
a position (3.21), along with metadata about that data, including coordinates (from a coordinate reference
system), a measure (from a linear referencing system (3.12)), or an address (from an address system).
[SOURCE: ISO 19112:2019, 3.1.3]
3.20
period
one-dimensional geometric primitive (3.6) representing extent in time
Note 1 to entry: A period is bounded by two different temporal positions (3.24).
[SOURCE: ISO 19108:2002, 4.1.27]
3.21
position
data type that describes a point or geometry potentially occupied by an object or person
Note 1 to entry: A direct position (3.3) is a semantic subtype of position. Direct positions as described can define
only a point and, therefore, not all positions can be represented by a direct position. That is consistent with the
“is type of” relation. An ISO 19107 geometry is also a position, just not a direct position.
[SOURCE: ISO 19133:
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 19148
Deuxième édition
2021-04
Information géographique —
Référencement linéaire
Geographic information — Linear referencing
Numéro de référence
ISO 19148:2021(F)
©
ISO 2021
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ISO 19148:2021(F)
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© ISO 2021
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être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
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Publié en Suisse
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ISO 19148:2021(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .v
Introduction .vii
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Termes abrégés et notation UML . 5
4.1 Abréviations . 5
4.2 Notation UML . 5
5 Conformité . 6
5.1 Aperçu général de la conformité. 6
5.2 Classes de conformité . 6
5.2.1 Généralités . 6
5.2.2 Conformité en termes de type de données . 6
5.2.3 Conformité en termes d'opération . 7
6 Référencement linéaire . 8
6.1 Contexte . 8
6.1.1 Concepts de référencement linéaire . 8
6.1.2 Packages de référencement linéaire .18
6.2 Package: Système de référencement linéaire .19
6.2.1 Sémantique .19
6.2.2 PositionExpression .20
6.2.3 LinearElement . .21
6.2.4 LinearElementType .22
6.2.5 ILinearElement .22
6.2.6 IFeature .24
6.2.7 ISpatial .24
6.2.8 LinearReferencingMethod .25
6.2.9 DistanceAlongDirection .26
6.2.10 LRMType .27
6.2.11 DistanceExpression .27
6.2.12 Referent .28
6.2.13 ReferentType .30
6.2.14 ValueExpression .31
6.3 Package: Référent d'orientation de référencement linéaire .31
6.3.1 Sémantique .31
6.3.2 LRMWithTowardsReferent .32
6.3.3 DistanceExpression .33
6.4 Package: Décalage de référencement linéaire .33
6.4.1 Sémantique .33
6.4.2 LRMWithOffset .36
6.4.3 LateralOffsetDirection .37
6.4.4 VerticalOffsetDirection .37
6.4.5 LateralOffsetDistanceExpression .37
6.4.6 LateralOffsetExpression .38
6.4.7 LateralOffsetReferent . .39
6.4.8 VerticalOffsetExpression .40
6.4.9 VerticalOffsetReferent .41
6.4.10 ICrossSectionalConvention .41
6.4.11 ICrossSectionalConventionPart .42
6.5 Package: Vecteur de décalage de référencement linéaire .43
6.5.1 Sémantique .43
6.5.2 VectorOffsetDistanceExpression .44
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ISO 19148:2021(F)
6.5.3 VectorOffsetExpression .45
6.6 Package: Événement localisé linéairement .46
6.6.1 Sémantique .46
6.6.2 Événement localisé linéairement .47
6.6.3 Event .47
6.6.4 AttributeEvent.48
6.6.5 FeatureEvent .49
6.6.6 EventLocation .50
6.6.7 AtLocation .51
6.6.8 FromToLocation .51
6.6.9 EventTime .52
6.6.10 EventInstant .53
6.6.11 EventPeriod .53
6.7 Package: Segmentation linéaire .53
6.7.1 Sémantique .53
6.7.2 SegmentableFeature .54
6.7.3 LinearSegmentSet .55
6.7.4 LinearSegment .56
Annexe A (normative) Suite de tests abstraits .58
Annexe B (informative) Modèle généralisé pour le référencement linéaire .62
Annexe C (informative) Méthodes et modèles de référencement linéaire couramment utilisés .66
Annexe D (informative) Exemple de schéma d'application .89
Annexe E (informative) Exemples d'événements et de segmentations .92
Annexe F (informative) Rétrocompatibilité avec l'ISO 19148:2012 .101
Bibliographie .103
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ISO 19148:2021(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/ directives).
L'attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l'élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l'Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l'ISO (voir www .iso .org/ brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l'intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion
de l'ISO aux principes de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir www .iso .org/ avant -propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 211, Information géographique/
Géomatique, en collaboration avec le comité technique CEN/TC 287, Information géographique, du
Comité européen de normalisation (CEN), conformément à l'Accord de coopération technique entre
l'ISO et le CEN (Accord de Vienne).
Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition (ISO 19148:2012), qui a fait l'objet d'une
révision technique.
Les principales modifications par rapport à l'édition précédente sont les suivantes:
— révision de la définition du terme élément linéaire, remplacement d'une référence circulaire par la
définition du terme référencement linéaire;
— introduction de la définition du terme «référent»;
— révision du schéma conceptuel pour l'aligner sur les normes actuelles et l'harmoniser avec les autres
Normes internationales ISO/TC 211;
— restructuration du package principal de système de référencement linéaire, avec transfert des
classes d'implémentation dans un nouveau package de schémas d'application présenté à titre
d'exemple dans l'Annexe D;
— introduction d'une approche couvrant la méthode de chaînage interrompu;
— introduction d'une énumération couvrant la directionnalité des mesures;
— introduction d'une approche couvrant les conventions de Positionnement dans une coupe en
travers (XSP);
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ISO 19148:2021(F)
— introduction d'une approche couvrant les Mesures à répartition irrégulière;
— restructuration du package d'Événement localisé linéairement, en omettant l'hypothèse précédente
selon laquelle l'Élément linéaire a toujours été de type Entité (Feature type);
— introduction des simplifications du schéma conceptuel;
— exemple complémentaire illustrant les Mesures à répartition irrégulière en Annexe C;
— introduction d'informations concernant certaines normes d'implémentation du schéma conceptuel
décrit dans le présent document en Annexe C;
— exemple complémentaire illustrant les Systèmes de référencement linéaire secondaires en Annexe E;
— correction d'erreurs mineures;
— introduction d'un aperçu détaillé des modifications et de la rétrocompatibilité dans l'Annexe F.
Il convient que l'utilisateur adresse tout retour d'information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l'organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes
se trouve à l'adresse www .iso .org/ fr/ members .html.
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ISO 19148:2021(F)
Introduction
Le présent document est une description des données et des opérations nécessaires pour le
référencement linéaire. Cela inclut les systèmes de référencement linéaire, les événements localisés
linéairement et les segments linéaires.
Les systèmes de référencement linéaire permettent de spécifier des positions le long d'objets linéaires.
[12]
L'approche est basée sur le modèle généralisé de référencement linéaire normalisé pour la
première fois dans l'ISO 19133:2005. Le présent document développe le modèle inclus dans l'ISO 19133,
à la fois en ce qui concerne la fonctionnalité et les explications.
L'ISO 19109 traite des entités représentant des objets discrets dotés d'attributs ayant des valeurs
qui s'appliquent à l'entité entière. Il est admis dans l'ISO 19123 que la valeur de l'attribut peut varier
en fonction de la position dans une entité, mais cette norme ne traite pas de l'attribution des valeurs
d'attributs à un seul point ou à une seule longueur le long d'une entité linéaire. Les événements
localisés linéairement fournissent le mécanisme pour spécifier l'attribution d'objets linéaires lorsque la
valeur de l'attribut varie le long d'une entité linéaire. Un système de référencement linéaire est utilisé
pour spécifier à quel endroit le long de l'objet linéaire s'applique chaque valeur d'attribut. Le même
mécanisme peut être utilisé pour spécifier l'endroit le long d'un objet linéaire où est situé un autre
objet, tel qu'une glissière de sécurité ou un accident de la circulation.
Il est de pratique courante de segmenter un objet linéaire avec des événements localisés linéairement
à partir d'un ou de plusieurs de ses attributs. Les segments linéaires qui en résultent ne se voient
attribuer que les attributs utilisés dans le processus de segmentation, ce qui garantit que les segments
linéaires sont de valeur homogène pour ces attributs de segmentation.
Conformément aux Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2, 2018, Règles de structure et de rédaction des normes
internationales, le signe décimal est une virgule sur la ligne. Cependant, la Conférence générale des
poids et mesures réunie en 2003 a adopté à l'unanimité la résolution suivante:
«Le séparateur décimal doit être soit un point soit une virgule sur la ligne.» En pratique, le choix entre
ces alternatives dépend de l'usage coutumier dans la langue concernée. Dans les domaines techniques
de la géodésie et de l'information géographique, il est d'usage d'utiliser toujours le point décimal pour
toutes les langues. Cette pratique est utilisée tout au long du présent document.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 19148:2021(F)
Information géographique — Référencement linéaire
1 Domaine d'application
Le présent document spécifie un schéma conceptuel pour les localisations par rapport à un objet à une
seule dimension sous la forme d'une mesure le long de cet objet (et éventuellement décalées par rapport
à celui-ci). Il définit une description des données et des opérations nécessaires pour utiliser et prendre
en charge le référencement linéaire.
Le présent document est applicable aux transports, aux utilités, à la protection de l'environnement,
aux services géolocalisés et aux autres applications qui définissent des localisations par rapport à des
objets linéaires. Afin de faciliter la lecture, la plupart des exemples abordés dans le présent document
proviennent du domaine des transports.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont cités dans le texte de sorte qu'ils constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur
contenu, des exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique.
Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les
éventuels amendements).
ISO 19103, Information géographique — Langage de schéma conceptuel
ISO 19107, Information géographique — Schéma spatial
ISO 19108, Information géographique — Schéma temporel
ISO 19111, Information géographique — Système de références par coordonnées
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s'appliquent.
L'ISO et l'IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l'adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l'adresse https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
événement d'attribut
valeur d'un attribut d'une entité (3.4) qui peut ne s'appliquer qu'à une partie de l'entité
Note 1 à l'article: Un événement d'attribut comprend la localisation référencée linéairement (3.16) de l'endroit où
la valeur de l'attribut s'applique le long de l'entité dotée d'un attribut (3.2).
Note 2 à l'article: Un événement d'attribut peut être qualifié par l'instant (3.8) auquel ou la période (3.20) au cours
de laquelle la valeur de l'attribut s'applique.
3.2
entité dotée d'un attribut
entité (3.4) le long de laquelle un événement d'attribut (3.1) s'applique
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ISO 19148:2021(F)
3.3
position directe
position (3.21) décrite par un seul ensemble de coordonnées dans un système de référencement par
coordonnées
[SOURCE: ISO 19136-1:2020, 3.1.20]
3.4
entité
abstraction d'un phénomène du monde réel
[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.11]
3.5
événement d'entité
information sur l'occurrence d'une entité localisée (3.17) le long d'une entité de localisation (3.18)
Note 1 à l'article: Un événement d'entité comprend la localisation référencée linéairement (3.16) de l'entité localisée
le long de l'entité de localisation.
Note 2 à l'article: Un événement d'entité peut être qualifié par l'instant (3.8) auquel ou la période (3.20) durant
laquelle l'événement d'entité s'est produit.
3.6
primitive géométrique
objet géométrique représentant un élément géométrique d'espace simple connecté et
homogène
Note 1 à l'article: Les primitives géométriques sont des objets non décomposés présentant des informations sur la
configuration géométrique. Elles comprennent des points, des courbes, des surfaces et des solides. De nombreux
objets géométriques se comportent comme des primitives (prenant en charge les mêmes interfaces que celles
qui sont définies pour les primitives géométriques), mais ils sont en fait des composites constitués d'un certain
nombre d'autres primitives. Les collections générales peuvent être des agrégats et être incapables d'agir comme
une primitive (comme les lignes d'un réseau complexe non connexe et par conséquent incapable d'être traçable
en tant que ligne unique). Selon cette définition, une primitive géométrique est un ouvert topologique car les
points de la frontière ne sont pas isotropes aux points intérieurs. La géométrie est supposée fermée. Pour les
points, la frontière est vide.
[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.50]
3.7
hauteur
h, H
distance d'un point à une surface de référence choisie mesurée vers le haut le long d'une ligne
perpendiculaire à cette surface
Note 1 à l'article: Une hauteur sous la surface de référence aura une valeur négative.
Note 2 à l'article: Généralisation du concept de hauteur ellipsoïdale (h) et d'altitude associée à la gravité (H).
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.38]
3.8
instant
primitive géométrique (3.6) sans dimension représentant la position (3.21) dans le temps
Note 1 à l'article: La géométrie du temps est traitée dans l'ISO 19108:2002, 5.2.
[SOURCE: ISO 19108:2002, 4.1.17]
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ISO 19148:2021(F)
3.9
élément linéaire
objet à une dimension qui sert d'axe le long duquel les mesures sont réalisées
Note 1 à l'article: Également connu comme élément curviligne.
EXEMPLE Entité (3.4), comme «une route», une géométrie de courbe, une primitive topologique à axe
orienté.
3.10
référencement linéaire
spécification d'une localisation (3.19) par rapport à un élément linéaire (3.9) par le biais d'une mesure le
long de cet élément (et éventuellement avec un décalage par rapport à celui-ci)
Note 1 à l'article: Une autre possibilité pour spécifier une localisation sous la forme d'une position spatiale (3.23)
à deux ou trois dimensions.
3.11
méthode de référencement linéaire
LRM
manière dont les mesures sont effectuées le long d'un élément linéaire (3.9) (et éventuellement avec un
décalage par rapport à celui-ci)
3.12
système de référencement linéaire
LRS
ensemble de méthodes de référencement linéaire (3.11) et des politiques, des enregistrements et des
procédures pour les implémenter
Note 1 à l'article: Adapté de la Référence [10].
3.13
segment linéaire
partie d'une entité (3.4) linéaire qui se différencie du reste de cette entité par un sous-ensemble
d'attributs ayant chacun une valeur unique
Note 1 à l'article: Un segment linéaire est un objet à une dimension sans géométrie explicite.
Note 2 à l'article: La géométrie implicite du segment linéaire peut être déterminée à partir de la géométrie de
l'entité parente.
3.14
localisé linéairement
localisé en utilisant un système de référencement linéaire (3.12)
3.15
événement localisé linéairement
occurrence le long d'une entité (3.4) d'une valeur d'attribut ou d'une autre entité
Note 1 à l'article: La localisation (3.19) de l'événement est spécifiée en utilisant des localisations référencées
linéairement (3.16).
Note 2 à l'article: Un événement localisé linéairement peut être qualifié par l'instant (3.8) auquel ou la période
(3.20) au cours de laquelle l'événement localisé linéairement s'est produit.
Note 3 à l'article: L'ISO 19108 limite les événements à un seul instant et n'inclut pas la spécification d'une
localisation.
3.16
localisation référencée linéairement
localisation (3.19) dont la position (3.21) est spécifiée en utilisant un référen
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19148
Second edition
Geographic information — Linear
referencing
Information géographique — Référencement linéaire
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 19148:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms and UML notation . 5
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 5
4.2 UML notation . 5
5 Conformance . 5
5.1 Conformance overview . 5
5.2 Conformance classes . 6
5.2.1 General. 6
5.2.2 Data type conformance . 6
5.2.3 Operation conformance . 6
6 Linear referencing . 7
6.1 Background . 7
6.1.1 Linear referencing concepts . 7
6.1.2 Linear referencing packages .17
6.2 Package: Linear Referencing System .18
6.2.1 Semantics .18
6.2.2 PositionExpression .19
6.2.3 LinearElement . .20
6.2.4 LinearElementType .21
6.2.5 ILinearElement .21
6.2.6 IFeature .22
6.2.7 ISpatial .23
6.2.8 LinearReferencingMethod .24
6.2.9 DistanceAlongDirection .25
6.2.10 LRMType .25
6.2.11 DistanceExpression .26
6.2.12 Referent .27
6.2.13 ReferentType .28
6.2.14 ValueExpression .29
6.3 Package: Linear Referencing Towards Referent .30
6.3.1 Semantics .30
6.3.2 LRMWithTowardsReferent .30
6.3.3 DistanceExpression .31
6.4 Package: Linear Referencing Offset .31
6.4.1 Semantics .31
6.4.2 LRMWithOffset .33
6.4.3 LateralOffsetDirection .34
6.4.4 VerticalOffsetDirection .34
6.4.5 LateralOffsetDistanceExpression .34
6.4.6 LateralOffsetExpression .35
6.4.7 LateralOffsetReferent . .36
6.4.8 VerticalOffsetExpression .37
6.4.9 VerticalOffsetReferent .38
6.4.10 ICrossSectionalConvention .38
6.4.11 ICrossSectionalConventionPart .39
6.5 Package: Linear Referencing Offset Vector .40
6.5.1 Semantics .40
6.5.2 VectorOffsetDistanceExpression .40
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
6.5.3 VectorOffsetExpression .41
6.6 Package: Linearly Located Event .42
6.6.1 Semantics .42
6.6.2 Linearly located event .43
6.6.3 Event .44
6.6.4 AttributeEvent.45
6.6.5 FeatureEvent .46
6.6.6 EventLocation .47
6.6.7 AtLocation .47
6.6.8 FromToLocation .47
6.6.9 EventTime .48
6.6.10 EventInstant .49
6.6.11 EventPeriod .49
6.7 Package: Linear Segmentation .49
6.7.1 Semantics .49
6.7.2 SegmentableFeature .50
6.7.3 LinearSegmentSet .51
6.7.4 LinearSegment .52
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .54
Annex B (informative) Generalized Model for Linear Referencing .58
Annex C (informative) Commonly used linear referencing methods and models .61
Annex D (informative) Application Schema example .84
Annex E (informative) Event and segmentation examples .87
Annex F (informative) Backwards compatibility with ISO 19148:2012 .96
Bibliography .98
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics,
in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC
278, Intelligent transport systems, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between
ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 19148:2012), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— revision of the definition of the term linear element, removing a circular reference with the definition
for the term linear referencing;
— introduction of the definition of the term referent;
— revision of the conceptual schema to meet current standards and harmonize with other ISO/TC 211
International Standards;
— refactoring of the core Linear Referencing System package, abstracting implementation classes into
a new Application Schema package which is now presented as an example in Annex D;
— introduction of an approach addressing broken-chainage;
— introduction of an enumeration addressing directionality of measurements;
— introduction of an approach addressing Cross-Sectional Positioning (XSP) conventions;
— introduction of an approach addressing Measures with Uneven Distribution.
— refactoring of the Linearly Located Event package dropping the previous assumption that the Linear
Element was always of a Feature type;
— introduction of simplifications of the conceptual schema;
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
— additional example illustrating Measures with Uneven Distribution in Annex C;
— introduction of information about some standards implementing the conceptual schema described
in this document in Annex C.
— additional example illustrating Secondary Linear Referencing Systems in Annex E;
— the correction of minor errors;
— introduction of a detailed overview regarding changes and backwards compatibility in Annex F.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
Introduction
This document is a description of the data and operations required to support linear referencing. This
includes Linear Referencing Systems, linearly located events and linear segments.
Linear Referencing Systems enable the specification of positions along linear objects. The approach is
based upon the Generalized Model for Linear Referencing [12] first standardized within ISO 19133:2005.
This document extends that which was included in ISO 19133, both in functionality and explanation.
ISO 19109 supports features representing discrete objects with attributes with values which apply to
the entire feature. ISO 19123 allows the attribute value to vary, depending upon the location within a
feature, but does not support the assignment of attribute values to a single point or length along a linear
feature. Linearly located events provide the mechanism for specifying attribution of linear objects
when the attribute value varies along the length of a linear feature. A Linear Referencing System is used
to specify where along the linear object each attribute value applies. The same mechanism can be used
to specify where along a linear object another object is located, such as guardrail or a traffic accident.
It is common practice to segment a linear object with linearly located events, based upon one or
more of its attributes. The resultant linear segments are attributed with just the attributes used in
the segmentation process, ensuring that the linear segments are homogeneous in value for these
segmenting attributes.
In accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, 2018, Rules for the structure and drafting of
International Standards, in International Standards the decimal sign is a comma on the line. However,
the General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures) at its
meeting in 2003 passed unanimously the following resolution:
“The decimal marker shall be either a point on the line or a comma on the line.” In practice, the choice
between these alternatives depends on customary use in the language concerned. In the technical areas
of geodesy and geographic information it is customary for the decimal point always to be used, for all
languages. That practice is used throughout this document.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19148:2021(E)
Geographic information — Linear referencing
1 Scope
This document specifies a conceptual schema for locations relative to a one-dimensional object as
measurement along (and optionally offset from) that object. It defines a description of the data and
operations required to use and support linear referencing.
This document is applicable to transportation, utilities, environmental protection, location-based
services and other applications which define locations relative to linear objects. For ease of reading,
most examples discussed in this document come from the transportation domain.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19103, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO 19107, Geographic information — Spatial schema
ISO 19108, Geographic information — Temporal schema
ISO 19111, Geographic information — Referencing by coordinates
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
attribute event
value of an attribute of a feature (3.4) that can apply to only part of the feature
Note 1 to entry: An attribute event includes the linearly referenced location (3.16) where the attribute value
applies along the attributed feature (3.2).
Note 2 to entry: An attribute event can be qualified by the instant (3.8) in which, or period (3.20) during which,
the attribute value applied.
3.2
attributed feature
feature (3.4) along which an attribute event (3.1) applies
3.3
direct position
position (3.21) described by a single set of coordinates within a coordinate reference system
[SOURCE: ISO 19136-1:2020, 3.1.20]
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
3.4
feature
abstraction of real world phenomena
[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.11]
3.5
feature event
information about the occurrence of a located feature (3.17) along a locating feature (3.18)
Note 1 to entry: A feature event includes the linearly referenced location (3.16) of the located feature along the
locating feature.
Note 2 to entry: A feature event can be qualified by the instant (3.8) in which, or period (3.20) during which, the
feature event occurred.
3.6
geometric primitive
geometric object representing a single, connected, homogeneous (isotropic) element of space
Note 1 to entry: Geometric primitives are non-decomposed objects that present information about geometric
configuration. They include points, curves, surfaces and solids. Many geometric objects behave like primitives
(supporting the same interfaces defined for geometric primitives) but are actually composites composed of some
number of other primitives. General collections can be aggregates and incapable of acting like a primitive (such
as the lines of a complex network, which is not connected and thus incapable of being traceable as a single line).
By this definition, a geometric primitive is topological open, since the boundary points are not isotropic to the
interior points. Geometry is assumed to be closed. For points, the boundary is empty.
[SOURCE: ISO 19107:2019, 3.50]
3.7
height
h, H
distance of a point from a chosen reference surface positive upward along a line perpendicular to
that surface
Note 1 to entry: A height below the reference surface will have a negative value.
Note 2 to entry: Generalization of ellipsoidal height (h) and gravity-related height (H).
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.38]
3.8
instant
0-dimensional geometric primitive (3.6) representing position (3.21) in time
Note 1 to entry: The geometry of time is discussed in ISO 19108:2002, 5.2.
[SOURCE: ISO 19108:2002, 4.1.17]
3.9
linear element
one-dimensional object that serves as the axis along which measurements are made
Note 1 to entry: Also known as curvilinear element.
EXAMPLE Feature (3.4), such as “road”; curve geometry; directed edge topological primitive.
3.10
linear referencing
specification of a location (3.19) relative to a linear element (3.9) as a measurement along (and optionally
offset from) that element
Note 1 to entry: An alternative to specifying a location as a two- or three- dimensional spatial position (3.23).
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
3.11
linear referencing method
LRM
manner in which measurements are made along (and optionally offset from) a linear element (3.9)
3.12
linear referencing system
LRS
set of linear referencing methods (3.11) and the policies, records and procedures for implementing them
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from Reference [10].
3.13
linear segment
part of a linear feature (3.4) that is distinguished from the remainder of that feature by a subset of
attributes, each having a single value for the entire part
Note 1 to entry: A linear segment is a one-dimensional object without explicit geometry.
Note 2 to entry: The implicit geometry of the linear segment can be derived from the geometry of the parent
feature.
3.14
linearly located
located using a linear referencing system (3.12)
3.15
linearly located event
occurrence along a feature (3.4) of an attribute value or another feature
Note 1 to entry: The event location (3.19) is specified using linearly referenced locations (3.16).
Note 2 to entry: A linearly located event can be qualified by the instant (3.8) in which, or period (3.20) during
which, the linearly located event occurred.
Note 3 to entry: ISO 19108 limits events to a single instant in time and does not include the specification of a
location.
3.16
linearly referenced location
location (3.19) whose position (3.21) is specified using linear referencing (3.10)
3.17
located feature
linearly located feature
feature (3.4) that is linearly located (3.14) along an associated (locating) feature
EXAMPLE A feature “bridge” can be a located feature along the feature “railway” [a locating feature (3.18)].
3.18
locating feature
linearly locating feature
feature (3.4) that is used to identify the location (3.19) of linearly located (3.14) features
EXAMPLE A feature “road” can be the locating feature for a feature “pedestrian crossing” [a located feature
(3.17)].
3.19
location
particular place or position (3.21)
Note 1 to entry: A location identifies a geographic place.
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ISO 19148:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: “Madrid”, “California”.
Note 3 to entry: Additionally, in this document, a location is represented by one of a set of data types that describe
a position (3.21), along with metadata about that data, including coordinates (from a coordinate reference
system), a measure (from a linear referencing system (3.12)), or an address (from an address system).
[SOURCE: ISO 19112:2019, 3.1.3]
3.20
period
one-dimensional geometric primitive (3.6) representing extent in time
Note 1 to entry: A period is bounded by two different temporal positions (3.24).
[SOURCE: ISO 19108:2002, 4.1.27]
3.21
position
data type that describes a point or geometry potentially occupied by an object or person
Note 1 to entry: A direct position (3.3) is a semantic subtype of position. Direct positions as described can define
only a point and, therefore, not all positions can be represented by a direct position. That is con
...
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