ISO 8909-1:2021
(Main)Equipment for harvesting — Forage harvesters — Part 1: Vocabulary
Equipment for harvesting — Forage harvesters — Part 1: Vocabulary
This document specifies terms and definitions related to forage harvesters and their component parts. This document identifies dimensions and other characteristics aimed at allowing comparison of operations of the machines and to improve communication among engineers and researchers, in association with ISO 8909-2, which lays down methods of measuring characteristics and performance requirements for the term defined.
Matériel de récolte — Récolteuses-hacheuses-chargeuses de fourrage — Partie 1: Vocabulaire
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8909-1
Second edition
2021-04
Equipment for harvesting — Forage
harvesters —
Part 1:
Vocabulary
Matériel de récolte — Récolteuses-hacheuses-chargeuses de
fourrage —
Partie 1: Vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Terms related to characteristics of functional components. 2
5 Terms related to measurement of machine and functional component characteristics .4
6 Terms related to crop .12
7 Terms related to performance .12
Bibliography .14
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by ISO/Technical Committee TC 23, Tractors and machinery for agriculture
and forestry, Subcommittee SC 7, Equipment for harvesting and conservation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8909-1:1994), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— adaptation of designation of some terms;
— modifications of some definitions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 8909 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
Equipment for harvesting — Forage harvesters —
Part 1:
Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document specifies terms and definitions related to forage harvesters and their component parts.
This document identifies dimensions and other characteristics aimed at allowing comparison of
operations of the machines and to improve communication among engineers and researchers, in
association with ISO 8909-2, which lays down methods of measuring characteristics and performance
requirements for the term defined.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
forage harvester
agricultural machine used to harvest or gather the crop, cut the crop into short parallel lengths and to
deliver the chopped crop into containers or separate vehicles
Note 1 to entry: Typical forage crops harvested are grasses, legumes, mixtures and/or row crops such as maize
(corn) and sorghum. The chopped crop may be preserved in storage by ensiling or dehydrating, or it may be fed
directly to livestock.
Note 2 to entry: The forage harvester may harvest the crop directly by cutting it at full width or from single or
multiple rows, or by picking it up from swaths or windrows. Forage harvesters may be tractor-mounted, towed
or self-propelled.
3.1.1
precision-cut forage harvester
forage harvester (3.1) which uses a feeding mechanism consisting of four or more feed rolls to partially
orient and advance the crop at a consistent rate into the cutting or shearing mechanism
Note 1 to entry: This type of forage harvester is capable of producing the shortest and most uniformly cut
particles.
3.1.2
semi-precision-cut forage harvester
forage harvester (3.1) which uses a feeding mechanism consisting of fewer than four feed rolls or other
means such as an auger to advance the crop to the cutting or shearing mechanism
Note 1 to entry: Mean particle lengths and particle uniformity are intermediate between those obtained with
precision-cut and random-cut forage harvesters. This type of forage harvester includes double-chop and multi-
chop machines.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
3.1.3
random-cut forage harvester
forage harvester (3.1) without a distinct feeding mechanism usually employing flails to impact-cut and
chop the standing crop or pre-cut crop directly into shorter pieces
Note 1 to entry: This type of forage harvester usually produces the longest mean particle lengths, and the least
uniformly cut particles.
4 Terms related to characteristics of functional components
4.1
crop-gathering header
device, usually detachable, used to gather the crop into the forage harvester (3.1)
4.1.1
row crop header
device used to cut off and gather row crops, usually near ground level
4.1.2
maize picker header
device used to harvest and gather only ears of maize (corn)
4.1.3
pickup header
device for picking up previously cut crop
Note 1 to entry: The crop may be in a swath or windrow.
4.1.4
direct-cut header
device capable of cutting unharvested crop across its full width and conveying the cut crop directly
into the forage harvester (3.1)
4.2
header cutting mechanism
device used on the header to cut off the standing crop from its root system
4.2.1
cutterbar
cutting device which uses one or two reciprocating components (e.g. sickle, knife) to cut off the
standing crop
4.2.2
rotary impact cutter
rotary cutting device using high-velocity knives driven about a vertical or horizontal axis to cut off the
unsupported standing crop by impact alone
4.2.2.1
disc cutter
multiple disc mechanism using two or more blades per disc driven about vertical axes from below at
sufficiently high rotational frequencies to achieve impact cutting
4.2.2.2
drum cutter
device using multiple large discs each with a central drum and driven about vertical axes from above or
below at sufficiently high rotational frequencies to achieve impact cutting
Note 1 to entry: Each disc has at least two knife blades which protrude outwards from beneath the peripheral edge.
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
4.2.2.3
flail cutter
device using multiple, radially attached blades that are mounted to pivot on a horizontal rotor
Note 1 to entry: Each blade has a transversely cutting edge to cut off crop by impact.
Note 2 to entry: The rotor is positioned transverse to the direction of travel.
4.2.3
rotary disc
disc on the head row unit used to shear off the crop
Note 1 to entry: There are two systems: the one-disc rotary knife system requires a stationary knife against
which to shear the crop, and the two-disc rotary knife system requires either a stationary knife or discs that are
overlapped and rotated in opposite directions such that the crop is sheared off at the forward intersection of the
two disc peripheries.
4.2.4
oscillating scissor knife
device consisting of one pivoting knife with two stationary knives per row crop head row unit
Note 1 to entry: The knife reciprocates in a semi-circular arc and cuts the crop off against one of two
stationary knives.
4.2.5
unidirectional cutterbar
device for cutting off stalks comprising a horizontally arranged chain or belt carrying protrusions
which guide and shear the stalks against spaced stationary supports
4.3
feedroll
one or more cylindrical rolls, generally with protrusions or flutes, used to gather, compress and advance
the crop into the cutterhead (4.4)
4.4
cutterhead
cutting rotor
devices intended to cut the crop into short lengths with reasonable consistency within a range of
optional settings
4.4.1
cylinder cutterhead
knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the knives are essentially parallel to the
axis of rotation
4.4.2
flywheel cutterhead
knives mounted essentially radially with the cutting edges describing a plane perpendicular to the axis
of rotation
4.5
stationary knife
shear bar
fixed plate providing a stationary edge against which the cutterhead knives shear the crop
4.6
recutter screen
semi-cylindrical band or plate with holes mounted concentric to a cylinder cutterhead (4.4.1), which
starts downstream of the stationary knife (4.5) and continues around the discharge opening
Note 1 to entry: The chopped crop is recut by the cutterhead knives as it passes through the screen holes.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 3
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ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: The recutter screen is used primarily to reduce particle lengths that are substantially beyond
the theoretical length of cut.
4.7
smasher impact attachments
protrusions attached either to the cutterhead knives or blower paddles, and/or to the cutterhead or
blower housing band used primarily to break whole grains or maize (corn) kernels into smaller pieces
either by impact or by shearing
4.8
crop processor
driven pair of opposing, counter-rotating rolls or discs placed in the chopped crop stream flow to crush
whole grains or kernels into smaller pieces
4.9
inertial chamber
chamber with special bottom mounted in the lower part of the cutterhead housing, into which chopped
material (maize) is directed and then inertially reversed to the cutterhead housing for re-chopping
4.10
random‐cut flail chopping rotor
multiple flails with transverse cutting edges at their tips, pivotably attached to a rotor
positioned transversely to the direction of travel and parallel to the ground
Note 1 to entry: The swath, windrow or standing crop is cut directly by the flail blades into shorter random
lengths by impact cutting or cutting against an adjustable element (stationary knife) on the chopping rotor
periphery.
4.11
crop delivery device
mechanism used to propel the chopped crop from the forage harvester through a converging duct or
chute to the transport container
4.11.1
cylinder impeller blower
device consisting of multiple rows of radial, fixed or free-swinging paddles mounted on a transverse
rotor, where the crop is fed essentially tangentially to the rotor
4.11.2
flywheel impeller blower
device generally using one row of paddles mounted essentially radially to the axis of rotation, in which
the crop is fed into the blower essentially parallel to
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8909-1
Second edition
Equipment for harvesting — Forage
harvesters —
Part 1:
Vocabulary
Matériel de récolte — Récolteuses-hacheuses-chargeuses de
fourrage —
Partie 1: Vocabulaire
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Terms related to characteristics of functional components. 2
5 Terms related to measurement of machine and functional component characteristics .4
6 Terms related to crop .12
7 Terms related to performance .12
Bibliography .13
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by ISO/Technical Committee TC 23, Tractors and machinery for agriculture
and forestry, Subcommittee SC 7, Equipment for harvesting and conservation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8909-1:1994), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— adaptation of designation of some terms;
— modifications of some definitions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 8909 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
Equipment for harvesting — Forage harvesters —
Part 1:
Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document specifies terms and definitions related to forage harvesters and their component parts.
This document identifies dimensions and other characteristics aimed at allowing comparison of
operations of the machines and to improve communication among engineers and researchers, in
association with ISO 8909-2, which lays down methods of measuring characteristics and performance
requirements for the term defined.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
forage harvester
agricultural machine used to harvest or gather the crop, cut the crop into short parallel lengths and to
deliver the chopped crop into containers or separate vehicles
Note 1 to entry: Typical forage crops harvested are grasses, legumes, mixtures and/or row crops such as maize
(corn) and sorghum. The chopped crop may be preserved in storage by ensiling or dehydrating, or it may be fed
directly to livestock.
Note 2 to entry: The forage harvester may harvest the crop directly by cutting it at full width or from single or
multiple rows, or by picking it up from swaths or windrows. Forage harvesters may be tractor-mounted, towed
or self-propelled.
3.1.1
precision-cut forage harvester
forage harvester (3.1) which uses a feeding mechanism consisting of four or more feed rolls to partially
orient and advance the crop at a consistent rate into the cutting or shearing mechanism
Note 1 to entry: This type of forage harvester is capable of producing the shortest and most uniformly cut
particles.
3.1.2
semi-precision-cut forage harvester
forage harvester (3.1) which uses a feeding mechanism consisting of fewer than four feed rolls or other
means such as an auger to advance the crop to the cutting or shearing mechanism
Note 1 to entry: Mean particle lengths and particle uniformity are intermediate between those obtained with
precision-cut and random-cut forage harvesters. This type of forage harvester includes double-chop and multi-
chop machines.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 1
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
3.1.3
random-cut forage harvester
forage harvester (3.1) without a distinct feeding mechanism usually employing flails to impact-cut and
chop the standing crop or pre-cut crop directly into shorter pieces
Note 1 to entry: This type of forage harvester usually produces the longest mean particle lengths, and the least
uniformly cut particles.
4 Terms related to characteristics of functional components
4.1
crop-gathering header
device, usually detachable, used to gather the crop into the forage harvester (3.1)
4.1.1
row crop header
device used to cut off and gather row crops, usually near ground level
4.1.2
maize picker header
device used to harvest and gather only ears of maize (corn)
4.1.3
pickup header
device for picking up previously cut crop
Note 1 to entry: The crop may be in a swath or windrow.
4.1.4
direct-cut header
device capable of cutting unharvested crop across its full width and conveying the cut crop directly
into the forage harvester (3.1)
4.2
header cutting mechanism
device used on the header to cut off the standing crop from its root system
4.2.1
cutterbar
cutting device which uses one or two reciprocating components (e.g. sickle, knife) to cut off the
standing crop
4.2.2
rotary impact cutter
rotary cutting device using high-velocity knives driven about a vertical or horizontal axis to cut off the
unsupported standing crop by impact alone
4.2.2.1
disc cutter
multiple disc mechanism using two or more blades per disc driven about vertical axes from below at
sufficiently high rotational frequencies to achieve impact cutting
4.2.2.2
drum cutter
device using multiple large discs each with a central drum and driven about vertical axes from above or
below at sufficiently high rotational frequencies to achieve impact cutting
Note 1 to entry: Each disc has at least two knife blades which protrude outwards from beneath the peripheral edge.
2 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
4.2.2.3
flail cutter
device using multiple, radially attached blades that are mounted to pivot on a horizontal rotor
Note 1 to entry: Each blade has a transversely cutting edge to cut off crop by impact.
Note 2 to entry: The rotor is positioned transverse to the direction of travel.
4.2.3
rotary disc
disc on the head row unit used to shear off the crop
Note 1 to entry: There are two systems: the one-disc rotary knife system requires a stationary knife against
which to shear the crop, and the two-disc rotary knife system requires either a stationary knife or discs that are
overlapped and rotated in opposite directions such that the crop is sheared off at the forward intersection of the
two disc peripheries.
4.2.4
oscillating scissor knife
device consisting of one pivoting knife with two stationary knives per row crop head row unit
Note 1 to entry: The knife reciprocates in a semi-circular arc and cuts the crop off against one of two
stationary knives.
4.2.5
unidirectional cutterbar
device for cutting off stalks comprising a horizontally arranged chain or belt carrying protrusions
which guide and shear the stalks against spaced stationary supports
4.3
feedroll
one or more cylindrical rolls, generally with protrusions or flutes, used to gather, compress and advance
the crop into the cutterhead (4.4)
4.4
cutterhead
cutting rotor
devices intended to cut the crop into short lengths with reasonable consistency within a range of
optional settings
4.4.1
cylinder cutterhead
knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the knives are essentially parallel to the
axis of rotation
4.4.2
flywheel cutterhead
knives mounted essentially radially with the cutting edges describing a plane perpendicular to the axis
of rotation
4.5
stationary knife
shear bar
fixed plate providing a stationary edge against which the cutterhead knives shear the crop
4.6
recutter screen
semi-cylindrical band or plate with holes mounted concentric to a cylinder cutterhead (4.4.1), which
starts downstream of the stationary knife (4.5) and continues around the discharge opening
Note 1 to entry: The chopped crop is recut by the cutterhead knives as it passes through the screen holes.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 3
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 8909-1:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: The recutter screen is used primarily to reduce particle lengths that are substantially beyond
the theoretical length of cut.
4.7
smasher impact attachments
protrusions attached either to the cutterhead knives or blower paddles, and/or to the cutterhead or
blower housing band used primarily to break whole grains or maize (corn) kernels into smaller pieces
either by impact or by shearing
4.8
crop processor
driven pair of opposing, counter-rotating rolls or discs placed in the chopped crop stream flow to crush
whole grains or kernels into smaller pieces
4.9
inertial chamber
chamber with special bottom mounted in the lower part of the cutterhead housing, into which chopped
material (maize) is directed and then inertially reversed to the cutterhead housing for re-chopping
4.10
random‐cut flail chopping rotor
multiple flails with transverse cutting edges at their tips, pivotably attached to a rotor
positioned transversely to the direction of travel and parallel to the ground
Note 1 to entry: The swath, windrow or standing crop is cut directly by the flail blades into shorter random
lengths by impact cutting or cutting against an adjustable element (stationary knife) on the chopping rotor
periphery.
4.11
crop delivery device
mechanism used to propel the chopped crop from the forage harvester through a converging duct or
chute to the transport container
4.11.1
cylinder impeller blower
device consisting of multiple rows of radial, fixed or free-swinging paddles mounted on a transverse
rotor, where the crop is fed essentially tangentially to the rotor
4.11.2
flywheel impell
...
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