ISO 22948:2020
(Main)Carbon footprint for seafood — Product category rules (CFP–PCR) for finfish
Carbon footprint for seafood — Product category rules (CFP–PCR) for finfish
This document specifies requirements for calculating the carbon footprint specific to finfish product category rules (CFP?PCR). This methodology builds on the requirements of International Standards for life cycle assessment (LCA) and products' carbon footprints. This document is applicable to the calculation and communication of finfish products' carbon footprints from fishing and/or cultivation of feed ingredients to the consumption of finfish products. It is applicable to the carbon footprints of products from both fisheries and aquaculture value chains. This document used alone does not apply to specifying a product's overall environmental or sustainability characteristics.
Empreinte carbone des fruits de mer — Règles de définition des catégories de produit (CFP–PCR) pour les poissons
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22948
First edition
2020-12
Carbon footprint for seafood —
Product category rules (CFP–PCR) for
finfish
Empreinte carbone des fruits de mer — Règles de définition des
catégories de produit (CFP–PCR) pour les poissons
Reference number
ISO 22948:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 22948:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 22948:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Quantification of the carbon footprint of a product. 2
3.2 Products, product systems and processes . 2
3.3 Data and data quality. 5
3.4 Greenhouse gases . 5
3.5 Waste, storage and transport . 6
4 Calculation and communication requirements . 6
5 Methodological requirements . 7
5.1 General . 7
5.2 Functional unit or declared unit . 7
5.3 Principles of data and methodological reporting . 7
5.4 Impact assessment . 8
5.5 System boundaries . 8
5.5.1 General. 8
5.5.2 The cut-off criterion: General rule for what can be excluded from the
carbon footprint . 9
5.5.3 General processes that can be excluded . 9
5.5.4 System boundaries for waste . 9
5.5.5 Use of recycled or recovered materials .10
5.5.6 Capital investments .10
5.5.7 System boundaries for fishing .10
5.5.8 System boundaries for feed production .11
5.5.9 System boundaries for products from aquaculture .12
5.5.10 System boundaries for processing .12
5.5.11 System boundaries for distribution to dealers .13
5.5.12 System boundary for final consumption .14
5.6 Data requirements .14
5.6.1 General.14
5.6.2 Rules for data sampling.15
5.6.3 Data on electricity .15
5.6.4 Data on fuel .15
5.6.5 Geographical delimitation .15
5.6.6 Time delimitation .15
5.6.7 Validation of data .15
5.6.8 Transport calculation rules.16
5.7 Allocation .16
5.8 Impact assessment .16
5.9 Interpretation .17
5.10 Fossil and biogenic carbon .17
5.11 Land use change .17
5.12 Land use .17
5.13 Carbon sequestration .17
5.14 Communication of carbon footprints for finfish .17
5.14.1 General.17
5.14.2 Details about the producer .17
Annex A (informative) Example of data collection in the calculation of the carbon footprint
of finfish products from aquaculture and fisheries .19
Annex B (informative) Example of mass allocation for salmon co-product processing .21
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
Annex C (informative) Example of LCA seabass value-chain modelling .22
Annex D (informative) Example of LCA fish meal value-chain modelling .24
Annex E (informative) Example of LCA fish oil value-chain modelling for human consumption .25
Bibliography .27
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 234, Fisheries and aquaculture.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 22948:2020(E)
Introduction
This document contains product category rules for the calculation and communication of the carbon
footprint of finfish products. The CFP–PCR (carbon footprint of products – product category rules) is as
defined in ISO 14067:2018.
This document sets out rules for the calculation and communication of the carbon footprint of
finfish products. The overarching aim of the document is to provide a basis for reliable and accurate
information about the climate impact of the product. It is a pre-condition for a market-driven reduction
of climate impact of finfish products that dealers and consumers are able to choose the products with
the least climate impact. In addition to this, the document will provide:
— a basis for the development of tools and databases for calculating the carbon footprint of finfish
products;
— a basis for internal improvement efforts in the finfish industry;
— an improved knowledge base concerning the value chains of finfish products, their resource
consumption and climate impacts;
— a basis for further understanding the environmental impact of finfish products beyond climate
change alone.
This document is intended to function in line with ordinary market mechanisms. Providing credible
and transparent information about the products’ climate impact will pave the way for increased
demand and market value of the most climate-friendly finfish products. It will also provide incentives
to drive further improvements and reduce energy consumption and climate impacts from all links in
finfish value chains.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22948:2020(E)
Carbon footprint for seafood — Product category rules
(CFP–PCR) for finfish
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for calculating the carbon footprint specific to finfish product
category rules (CFP–PCR). This methodology builds on the requirements of International Standards for
life cycle assessment (LCA) and products’ carbon footprints.
This document is applicable to the calculation and communication of finfish products’ carbon
footprints from fishing and/or cultivation of feed ingredients to the consumption of finfish products.
It is applicable to the carbon footprints of products from both fisheries and aquaculture value chains.
This document used alone does not apply to specifying a product’s overall environmental or
sustainability characteristics.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14026:2017, Environmental labels and declarations — Principles, requirements and guidelines for
communication of footprint information
ISO 14040, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework
ISO 14044, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines
ISO 14067:2018, Greenhouse gases — Carbon footprint of products — Requirements and guidelines for
quantification
IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2013
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
3.1 Quantification of the carbon footprint of a product
3.1.1
carbon footprint of a product
CFP
sum of greenhouse gas (GHG) (3.4.1) emissions and GHG removals in a product system (3.2.13), expressed
as CO2 equivalents (3.1.2) and based on a life cycle assessment using the single impact category of
climate change
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.1, modified — Notes 1 and 2 to entry have been deleted.]
3.1.2
carbon dioxide equivalent
CO equivalent
2
CO e
2
unit for comparing the radiative forcing (3.5.4) of a greenhouse gas (GHG) (3.4.1) to that of carbon dioxide
Note 1 to entry: Mass of a GHG is converted into CO equivalents by multiplying the mass of the GHG by the
2
corresponding global warming potential (GWP) or global temperature change potential (GTP) of that gas.
Note 2 to entry: In the case of GTP, CO equivalent is the unit for comparing the change in global mean surface
2
temperature caused by a GHG to the temperature change caused by CO .
2
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.2.2]
3.1.3
partial carbon footprint of a product
partial CFP
sum of greenhouse gas (GHG) (3.4.1) emissions and GHG removals of one or more selected process(es)
in a product system (3.2.13), expressed as CO2 equivalents (3.1.2) and based on the selected stages or
processes within the life cycle (3.2.10)
Note 1 to entry: A partial CFP is based on or compiled from data related to (a) specific process(es) or footprint
information modules, which is (are) part of a product system and can form the basis for quantification of a CFP.
More detailed information on information modules is given in ISO 14025:2006, 5.4.
Note 2 to entry: “Footprint information modules” is defined in ISO 14026:2017, 3.1.4.
Note 3 to entry: The results of the quantification of the partial CFP are documented in the CFP study report
expressed in mass of CO equivalent per declared unit (3.2.14).
2
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.2]
3.2 Products, product systems and processes
3.2.1
product
any goods or service
[SOURCE: ISO 14050:2020, 3.5.2]
3.2.2
product category
group of products (3.2.1) that have an equivalent function
3.2.3
primary product
primary output of commercial value from a production process
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
3.2.4
by-product
secondary output from a process, but of commercial value, that is produced in addition to a defined
primary product (3.2.3)
3.2.5
intermediate goods
raw materials or semi-finished goods, which may be recycled or recovered, that are fed into the product
system (3.2.13)
3.2.6
capital goods
products (3.2.1) that are not used up in consumption or production over a brief period but that retain
their function over a longer time
3.2.7
seafood
food, of which a significant proportion of the content derives directly from animals or plants that live in
the sea, lakes or watercourses
3.2.8
finfish
products (3.2.1) from fisheries and aquaculture as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
[7]
Note 1 to entry: Finfish species and their yearly production volumes are available in FishStatJ and regularly
published by the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, available from: http:// www .fao .org/ fishery/
statistics/ en.
3.2.9
edible product
quantity of fish and fish products (3.2.1) as available for sale from a retailer, excluding packaging
3.2.10
life cycle
consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system (3.2.13), from raw material acquisition or
generation from natural resources to final disposal
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.1]
3.2.11
value chain
range of activities or parties that create or receive value in the form of products (3.2.1) or services
3.2.12
carbon footprint of a product – product category rules
CFP–PCR
set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for CFP (3.1.1) or partial CFP (3.1.3) quantification
and communication for one or more product categories (3.2.2)
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.10, modified — Notes 1 and 2 to entry have been deleted.]
3.2.13
product system
collection of unit processes with elementary and product flows, performing one or more defined
functions, and which models the life cycle (3.2.10) of a product (3.2.1)
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.28]
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
3.2.14
declared unit
quantity of a product (3.2.1) for use as a reference unit in the quantification of a partial carbon footprint
of a product (CFP) (3.1.3)
3
EXAMPLE Mass (1 kg of primary steel), volume (1 m of crude oil).
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.3.8]
3.2.15
functional unit
quantified performance of a product system (3.2.13) for use as a reference unit
Note 1 to entry: As the carbon footprint of a product (CFP) (3.1.1) treats information on a product (3.2.1) basis, an
additional calculation based on a declared unit (3.2.14) can be presented.
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.3.7]
3.2.16
allocation
partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a product system (3.2.13) between the product
system under study and one or more other product systems
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.17]
3.2.17
energy carrier
substance of phenomena that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat, or to operate chemical
or physical processes
[SOURCE: ISO 16818:2008, 3.75]
3.2.18
fishing gear
aids used to retrieve biological material from the sea or freshwater but that are not integrated parts of
the fishing vessel
3.2.19
refrigerant
medium that is used to maintain a specified temperature, e.g. in a room lower than ambient temperature,
through switching between aggregate states by the medium readily taking up or releasing heat
3.2.20
cut-off criterion
specification of the amount of material or energy flow or the level of environmental significance
associated with unit processes or product system (3.2.13) to be excluded from the study
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.18]
3.2.21
direct land use change
dLUC
change in human use or management of land within the organizational boundaries and as part of
upstream or downstream activities
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 14069:2013, 3.2.4]
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
3.2.22
indirect land use change
iLUC
change in the use or management of land that is a consequence of direct land use change (3.2.21) not
taking place within the operational boundaries of the greenhouse gas (GHG) (3.4.1) inventory
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 14069:2013, 3.2.5]
3.3 Data and data quality
3.3.1
primary data
quantified value of a process or an activity obtained from a direct measurement or a calculation based
on direct measurements
Note 1 to entry: Primary data need not necessarily originate from the product system (3.2.13) under study
because primary data could relate to a different but comparable product system to that being studied.
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, 3.2.2, modified — Note 1 to entry has been replaced.]
3.3.2
secondary data
data obtained from sources other than primary data (3.3.1)
Note 1 to entry: Such sources can include databases and published literature validated by competent authorities.
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, 3.2.4]
3.3.3
data quality
characteristics of data that relate to their ability to satisfy stated requirements
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.19]
3.3.4
statistical representativeness
characteristic of a survey that requires it to be sufficiently large, to not include systematic measurement
errors and to be based on a random sample of measured objects
3.4 Greenhouse gases
3.4.1
greenhouse gas
GHG
gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits
radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s
surface, the atmosphere and clouds
Note 1 to entry: For a list of GHGs, see the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC)
Assessment Report.
Note 2 to entry: Water vapour and ozone are anthropogenic as well as natural GHGs, but are not included as
recognized GHGs due to difficulties, in most cases, in isolating the human-induced component of global warming
attributable to their presence in the atmosphere.
Note 3 to entry: The focus of this document is limited to long-lived GHGs and it therefore excludes climate effects
due to changes in surface reflectivity (albedo) and short-lived radiative forcing (3.5.4) agents (e.g. black carbon
and aerosols).
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, 3.1.1, modified — Note 3 to entry has been added.]
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
3.4.2
greenhouse gas emission
GHG emission
release of a GHG (3.4.1) into the atmosphere
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, 3.1.5]
3.5 Waste, storage and transport
3.5.1
waste
output flow of no commercial value from a process
3.5.2
landfill
more or less permanent storage of waste (3.5.1)
3.5.3
steaming
bi-directional movement of a vessel between a fishing ground and a landing place
3.5.4
radiative forcing
difference between incoming solar radiation on the Earth and outgoing thermal radiation from the Earth
Note 1 to entry: A positive radiative forcing tends to warm the surface and a negative radiative forcing tends to
cool the surface.
4 Calculation and communication requirements
This document only provides rules for calculating a product’s potential climate impact and cannot be
used in isolation for specifying a product’s overall environmental or sustainability characteristics.
However, the carbon footprint may be included as one of several indicators in the evaluation of a
product’s overall environmental or sustainability characteristics.
Calculation and communication of carbon footprints shall be:
— seen from an LCA perspective;
— seen in relation to functional units or a declared unit;
— iteratively approached;
— scientifically founded;
— relevant;
— complete;
— coherent;
— consistent;
— accurate;
— transparent;
— free of double counting.
For further information linked to each of these principles, see ISO 14067:2018, Clause 5. A particular
reference is made to the iterative characteristics of the LCA methodology.
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
5 Methodological requirements
5.1 General
The carbon footprint of fish and fish products shall be calculated in accordance with the established
methodology for LCAs as described in ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, and in accordance with the
methodology for calculating products’ carbon footprints in accordance with ISO 14067.
NOTE ISO/TS 14027 gives general guidance for all types of PCRs.
5.2 Functional unit or declared unit
The functional unit or declared unit of a system shall be selected in accordance with the scope and the
system boundary of the study. The functional unit of finfish shall capture GHG emissions of all life cycle
phases of the CFP, and shall be expressed per mass of edible product consumed by the final user. The
declared unit of finfish is more variable but nevertheless shall capture GHG emissions of the specific
life cycle phases of the partial CFP under assessment, and shall be expressed per mass of intermediate
product produced, e.g. live-mass or head-on-gutted finfish.
As supplementary information, the carbon footprint may be stated relative to other functional units or
declared units, e.g. CO equivalents per:
2
— kilogram of whole product;
— sold unit;
— unit of nutrient, such as protein, lipids or specific vitamins;
— energy unit (mega joules or kilocalories).
EXAMPLE 1 A partial CFP is conducted on an aquaculture production system. The LCA practitioner selected
cradle-to-farm gate system boundaries to specifically assess impacts occurring during hatchery and grow-out
production phases. The practitioner’s declared unit is consequently “1 t of live-mass farmed Atlantic salmon at
farm gate”.
EXAMPLE 2 A CFP is conducted on frozen cod fillet. To include all life cycle phases in the carbon footprint,
the practitioner selects cradle-to-grave system boundaries. This means that the CFP must consider and include
emissions starting with cod fisheries up to the consumption of cod fillet. The practitioner’s functional unit is
consequently “200 g frozen cod fillets consumed”.
5.3 Principles of data and methodological reporting
Methodologies, standards and guidance documents that are already recognized internationally and
adopted for product categories should be appl
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22948
First edition
Carbon footprint for seafood —
Product category rules (CFP–PCR) for
finfish
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 22948:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 22948:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 22948:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Quantification of the carbon footprint of a product. 2
3.2 Products, product systems and processes . 2
3.3 Data and data quality. 5
3.4 Greenhouse gases . 5
3.5 Waste, storage and transport . 6
4 Calculation and communication requirements . 6
5 Methodological requirements . 7
5.1 General . 7
5.2 Functional unit or declared unit . 7
5.3 Principles of data and methodological reporting . 7
5.4 Impact assessment . 8
5.5 System boundaries . 8
5.5.1 General. 8
5.5.2 The cut-off criterion: General rule for what can be excluded from the
carbon footprint . 9
5.5.3 General processes that can be excluded . 9
5.5.4 System boundaries for waste . 9
5.5.5 Use of recycled or recovered materials .10
5.5.6 Capital investments .10
5.5.7 System boundaries for fishing .10
5.5.8 System boundaries for feed production .11
5.5.9 System boundaries for products from aquaculture .12
5.5.10 System boundaries for processing .12
5.5.11 System boundaries for distribution to dealers .13
5.5.12 System boundary for final consumption .14
5.6 Data requirements .14
5.6.1 General.14
5.6.2 Rules for data sampling.15
5.6.3 Data on electricity .15
5.6.4 Data on fuel .15
5.6.5 Geographical delimitation .15
5.6.6 Time delimitation .15
5.6.7 Validation of data .15
5.6.8 Transport calculation rules.16
5.7 Allocation .16
5.8 Impact assessment .16
5.9 Interpretation .17
5.10 Fossil and biogenic carbon .17
5.11 Land use change .17
5.12 Land use .17
5.13 Carbon sequestration .17
5.14 Communication of carbon footprints for finfish .17
5.14.1 General.17
5.14.2 Details about the producer .17
Annex A (informative) Example of data collection in the calculation of the carbon footprint
of finfish products from aquaculture and fisheries .19
Annex B (informative) Example of mass allocation for salmon co-product processing .21
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
Annex C (informative) Example of LCA seabass value-chain modelling .22
Annex D (informative) Example of LCA fish meal value-chain modelling .24
Annex E (informative) Example of LCA fish oil value-chain modelling for human consumption .25
Bibliography .27
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 234, Fisheries and aquaculture.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 22948:2020(E)
Introduction
This document contains product category rules for the calculation and communication of the carbon
footprint of finfish products. The CFP–PCR (carbon footprint of products – product category rules) is as
defined in ISO 14067:2018.
This document sets out rules for the calculation and communication of the carbon footprint of
finfish products. The overarching aim of the document is to provide a basis for reliable and accurate
information about the climate impact of the product. It is a pre-condition for a market-driven reduction
of climate impact of finfish products that dealers and consumers are able to choose the products with
the least climate impact. In addition to this, the document will provide:
— a basis for the development of tools and databases for calculating the carbon footprint of finfish
products;
— a basis for internal improvement efforts in the finfish industry;
— an improved knowledge base concerning the value chains of finfish products, their resource
consumption and climate impacts;
— a basis for further understanding the environmental impact of finfish products beyond climate
change alone.
This document is intended to function in line with ordinary market mechanisms. Providing credible
and transparent information about the products’ climate impact will pave the way for increased
demand and market value of the most climate-friendly finfish products. It will also provide incentives
to drive further improvements and reduce energy consumption and climate impacts from all links in
finfish value chains.
vi PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22948:2020(E)
Carbon footprint for seafood — Product category rules
(CFP–PCR) for finfish
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for calculating the carbon footprint specific to finfish product
category rules (CFP–PCR). This methodology builds on the requirements of International Standards for
life cycle assessment (LCA) and products’ carbon footprints.
This document is applicable to the calculation and communication of finfish products’ carbon
footprints from fishing and/or cultivation of feed ingredients to the consumption of finfish products.
It is applicable to the carbon footprints of products from both fisheries and aquaculture value chains.
This document used alone does not apply to specifying a product’s overall environmental or
sustainability characteristics.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14026:2017, Environmental labels and declarations — Principles, requirements and guidelines for
communication of footprint information
ISO 14040, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework
ISO 14044, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines
ISO 14067:2018, Greenhouse gases — Carbon footprint of products — Requirements and guidelines for
quantification
IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2013
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
3.1 Quantification of the carbon footprint of a product
3.1.1
carbon footprint of a product
CFP
sum of greenhouse gas (GHG) (3.4.1) emissions and GHG removals in a product system (3.2.13), expressed
as CO2 equivalents (3.1.2) and based on a life cycle assessment using the single impact category of
climate change
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.1, modified — Notes 1 and 2 to entry have been deleted.]
3.1.2
carbon dioxide equivalent
CO equivalent
2
CO e
2
unit for comparing the radiative forcing (3.5.4) of a greenhouse gas (GHG) (3.4.1) to that of carbon dioxide
Note 1 to entry: Mass of a GHG is converted into CO equivalents by multiplying the mass of the GHG by the
2
corresponding global warming potential (GWP) or global temperature change potential (GTP) of that gas.
Note 2 to entry: In the case of GTP, CO equivalent is the unit for comparing the change in global mean surface
2
temperature caused by a GHG to the temperature change caused by CO .
2
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.2.2]
3.1.3
partial carbon footprint of a product
partial CFP
sum of greenhouse gas (GHG) (3.4.1) emissions and GHG removals of one or more selected process(es)
in a product system (3.2.13), expressed as CO2 equivalents (3.1.2) and based on the selected stages or
processes within the life cycle (3.2.10)
Note 1 to entry: A partial CFP is based on or compiled from data related to (a) specific process(es) or footprint
information modules, which is (are) part of a product system and can form the basis for quantification of a CFP.
More detailed information on information modules is given in ISO 14025:2006, 5.4.
Note 2 to entry: “Footprint information modules” is defined in ISO 14026:2017, 3.1.4.
Note 3 to entry: The results of the quantification of the partial CFP are documented in the CFP study report
expressed in mass of CO equivalent per declared unit (3.2.14).
2
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.2]
3.2 Products, product systems and processes
3.2.1
product
any goods or service
[SOURCE: ISO 14050:2020, 3.5.2]
3.2.2
product category
group of products (3.2.1) that have an equivalent function
3.2.3
primary product
primary output of commercial value from a production process
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
3.2.4
by-product
secondary output from a process, but of commercial value, that is produced in addition to a defined
primary product (3.2.3)
3.2.5
intermediate goods
raw materials or semi-finished goods, which may be recycled or recovered, that are fed into the product
system (3.2.13)
3.2.6
capital goods
products (3.2.1) that are not used up in consumption or production over a brief period but that retain
their function over a longer time
3.2.7
seafood
food, of which a significant proportion of the content derives directly from animals or plants that live in
the sea, lakes or watercourses
3.2.8
finfish
products (3.2.1) from fisheries and aquaculture as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
[7]
Note 1 to entry: Finfish species and their yearly production volumes are available in FishStatJ and regularly
published by the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, available from: http:// www .fao .org/ fishery/
statistics/ en.
3.2.9
edible product
quantity of fish and fish products (3.2.1) as available for sale from a retailer, excluding packaging
3.2.10
life cycle
consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system (3.2.13), from raw material acquisition or
generation from natural resources to final disposal
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.1]
3.2.11
value chain
range of activities or parties that create or receive value in the form of products (3.2.1) or services
3.2.12
carbon footprint of a product – product category rules
CFP–PCR
set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for CFP (3.1.1) or partial CFP (3.1.3) quantification
and communication for one or more product categories (3.2.2)
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.10, modified — Notes 1 and 2 to entry have been deleted.]
3.2.13
product system
collection of unit processes with elementary and product flows, performing one or more defined
functions, and which models the life cycle (3.2.10) of a product (3.2.1)
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.28]
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
3.2.14
declared unit
quantity of a product (3.2.1) for use as a reference unit in the quantification of a partial carbon footprint
of a product (CFP) (3.1.3)
3
EXAMPLE Mass (1 kg of primary steel), volume (1 m of crude oil).
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.3.8]
3.2.15
functional unit
quantified performance of a product system (3.2.13) for use as a reference unit
Note 1 to entry: As the carbon footprint of a product (CFP) (3.1.1) treats information on a product (3.2.1) basis, an
additional calculation based on a declared unit (3.2.14) can be presented.
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.3.7]
3.2.16
allocation
partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a product system (3.2.13) between the product
system under study and one or more other product systems
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.17]
3.2.17
energy carrier
substance of phenomena that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat, or to operate chemical
or physical processes
[SOURCE: ISO 16818:2008, 3.75]
3.2.18
fishing gear
aids used to retrieve biological material from the sea or freshwater but that are not integrated parts of
the fishing vessel
3.2.19
refrigerant
medium that is used to maintain a specified temperature, e.g. in a room lower than ambient temperature,
through switching between aggregate states by the medium readily taking up or releasing heat
3.2.20
cut-off criterion
specification of the amount of material or energy flow or the level of environmental significance
associated with unit processes or product system (3.2.13) to be excluded from the study
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.18]
3.2.21
direct land use change
dLUC
change in human use or management of land within the organizational boundaries and as part of
upstream or downstream activities
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 14069:2013, 3.2.4]
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
3.2.22
indirect land use change
iLUC
change in the use or management of land that is a consequence of direct land use change (3.2.21) not
taking place within the operational boundaries of the greenhouse gas (GHG) (3.4.1) inventory
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 14069:2013, 3.2.5]
3.3 Data and data quality
3.3.1
primary data
quantified value of a process or an activity obtained from a direct measurement or a calculation based
on direct measurements
Note 1 to entry: Primary data need not necessarily originate from the product system (3.2.13) under study
because primary data could relate to a different but comparable product system to that being studied.
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, 3.2.2, modified — Note 1 to entry has been replaced.]
3.3.2
secondary data
data obtained from sources other than primary data (3.3.1)
Note 1 to entry: Such sources can include databases and published literature validated by competent authorities.
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, 3.2.4]
3.3.3
data quality
characteristics of data that relate to their ability to satisfy stated requirements
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.19]
3.3.4
statistical representativeness
characteristic of a survey that requires it to be sufficiently large, to not include systematic measurement
errors and to be based on a random sample of measured objects
3.4 Greenhouse gases
3.4.1
greenhouse gas
GHG
gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits
radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s
surface, the atmosphere and clouds
Note 1 to entry: For a list of GHGs, see the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC)
Assessment Report.
Note 2 to entry: Water vapour and ozone are anthropogenic as well as natural GHGs, but are not included as
recognized GHGs due to difficulties, in most cases, in isolating the human-induced component of global warming
attributable to their presence in the atmosphere.
Note 3 to entry: The focus of this document is limited to long-lived GHGs and it therefore excludes climate effects
due to changes in surface reflectivity (albedo) and short-lived radiative forcing (3.5.4) agents (e.g. black carbon
and aerosols).
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, 3.1.1, modified — Note 3 to entry has been added.]
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
3.4.2
greenhouse gas emission
GHG emission
release of a GHG (3.4.1) into the atmosphere
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, 3.1.5]
3.5 Waste, storage and transport
3.5.1
waste
output flow of no commercial value from a process
3.5.2
landfill
more or less permanent storage of waste (3.5.1)
3.5.3
steaming
bi-directional movement of a vessel between a fishing ground and a landing place
3.5.4
radiative forcing
difference between incoming solar radiation on the Earth and outgoing thermal radiation from the Earth
Note 1 to entry: A positive radiative forcing tends to warm the surface and a negative radiative forcing tends to
cool the surface.
4 Calculation and communication requirements
This document only provides rules for calculating a product’s potential climate impact and cannot be
used in isolation for specifying a product’s overall environmental or sustainability characteristics.
However, the carbon footprint may be included as one of several indicators in the evaluation of a
product’s overall environmental or sustainability characteristics.
Calculation and communication of carbon footprints shall be:
— seen from an LCA perspective;
— seen in relation to functional units or a declared unit;
— iteratively approached;
— scientifically founded;
— relevant;
— complete;
— coherent;
— consistent;
— accurate;
— transparent;
— free of double counting.
For further information linked to each of these principles, see ISO 14067:2018, Clause 5. A particular
reference is made to the iterative characteristics of the LCA methodology.
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
5 Methodological requirements
5.1 General
The carbon footprint of fish and fish products shall be calculated in accordance with the established
methodology for LCAs as described in ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, and in accordance with the
methodology for calculating products’ carbon footprints in accordance with ISO 14067.
NOTE ISO/TS 14027 gives general guidance for all types of PCRs.
5.2 Functional unit or declared unit
The functional unit or declared unit of a system shall be selected in accordance with the scope and the
system boundary of the study. The functional unit of finfish shall capture GHG emissions of all life cycle
phases of the CFP, and shall be expressed per mass of edible product consumed by the final user. The
declared unit of finfish is more variable but nevertheless shall capture GHG emissions of the specific
life cycle phases of the partial CFP under assessment, and shall be expressed per mass of intermediate
product produced, e.g. live-mass or head-on-gutted finfish.
As supplementary information, the carbon footprint may be stated relative to other functional units or
declared units, e.g. CO equivalents per:
2
— kilogram of whole product;
— sold unit;
— unit of nutrient, such as protein, lipids or specific vitamins;
— energy unit (mega joules or kilocalories).
EXAMPLE 1 A partial CFP is conducted on an aquaculture production system. The LCA practitioner selected
cradle-to-farm gate system boundaries to specifically assess impacts occurring during hatchery and grow-out
production phases. The practitioner’s declared unit is consequently “1 t of live-mass farmed Atlantic salmon at
farm gate”.
EXAMPLE 2 A CFP is conducted on frozen cod fillet. To include all life cycle phases in the carbon footprint,
the practitioner selects cradle-to-grave system boundaries. This means that the CFP must consider and include
emissions starting with cod fisheries up to the consumption of cod fillet. The practitioner’s functional unit is
consequently “200 g frozen cod fillets consumed”.
5.3 Principles of data and methodological reporting
Methodologies, standards and guidance documents that are already recognized internationally and
adopted fo
...
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