ISO 19694-5:2023
(Main)Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries — Part 5: Lime industry
Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries — Part 5: Lime industry
This document provides a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the lime industry. It includes the manufacture of lime and any downstream lime products manufactured at the plant, such as ground or hydrated lime. This document allows for reporting of GHG emissions for various purposes and on different basis, such as plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or international organization basis. This document addresses all of the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included as defined in ISO 14064-1: — direct greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 a)] from greenhouse gas sources that are owned or controlled by the company, such as emissions resulting from the following sources: — calcination of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in the kiln stone; — combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass fuels and bio fuels) related to lime production and/or drying of raw materials; — combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass fuels and bio fuels) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, heating/cooling and other on-site uses; — combustion of fuels for on-site power generation; — indirect greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 b)] from the generation of imported electricity, heat or steam consumed by the organization; — other indirect greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 c) to f)], which are a consequence of an organization's activities, but arise from greenhouse gas sources that are owned or controlled by other organizations, except emissions from imported kiln stone, are excluded from this document. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 19694-1, which contains generic, overall requirements, definitions and rules applicable to the determination of GHG emissions for all energy-intensive sectors, provides common methodological issues and defines the details for applying the rules. The application of this document to the sector-specific standards ensures accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the results.
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives — Partie 5: Industrie de la chaux
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19694-5
First edition
2023-03
Stationary source emissions —
Determination of greenhouse gas
emissions in energy-intensive
industries —
Part 5:
Lime industry
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à
effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives —
Partie 5: Industrie de la chaux
Reference number
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 S c op e . 1
2 Nor m at i ve r ef er enc e s . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 S ymbols and abbreviated terms.3
5 G ener a l . 6
5 .1 I nt r o duc t ion . 6
5.2 Overview of the lime manufacturing process . 6
5.3 D irect greenhouse gas emissions from calcination of kiln stone — Process
emissions . 7
5.4 D irect greenhouse gas emissions from fuels for kiln operation — Combustion
emissions . 7
5.5 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from non-kiln fuels — Combustion emissions . 8
5.6 E nergy indirect greenhouse gas emissions . 8
6 I nvent or y b ou nd a r ie s . 8
6.1 A ppropriate boundaries to distinguish . 8
6 . 2 O r g a n i z at ion a l b ou nd a r ie s . 8
6 . 3 R epor t i ng bou nd a r ie s . 9
6.3.1 E missions to be included . 9
6.3.2 S tructure of plants and processes . 10
6.4 S ources and greenhouse gases to be included . 10
6.5 I nternal lime transfers . 10
6 . 6 A s s e s s ment p er io d . 10
7 P r i nc iple s .10
8 Determination of greenhouse gas emissions: General requirements .11
8.1 M onitoring plan and other requirements for identifying, calculating and reporting
of greenhouse gas emissions . 11
8.2 Stack-measurement-based method or mass-balance-based method . 11
9 D irect greenhouse gas emissions and their determination .11
9.1 S ources of direct greenhouse gas emissions and applicability of determination
methods . 11
9. 2 D i r e c t CO greenhouse gas emissions from the calcination of kiln stone (process
emissions) using the mass-balance-based method .12
9.2.1 I ntroduction and overview of the methods .12
9. 2 . 2 I nput me t ho d . 13
9. 2 . 3 O ut put me t ho d . 17
9.2.4 D irect greenhouse gas emissions during kiln start up or shutdown .20
9.3 D irect greenhouse gas emissions from kiln fuels (combustion emissions) using
the mass-balance-based method . 20
9.3.1 Introduction to the mass-balance-based method for kiln fuels .20
9.3.2 D etermination of the activity data of kiln fuels . 21
9.3.3 Determination of fuel emission factors for kiln fuels . 21
9.3.4 D etermination of the greenhouse gas emissions from heat transfer to
external parties . 23
9.3.5 Determination of the greenhouse gas emissions from exported on-site
power generation . 24
9.4 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from non-kiln fuels (combustion emissions)
using the mass-balance-based method . 24
9.4.1 I ntroduction of the mass-balance-based method for non-kiln fuels . 24
9.4.2 D etermination of the quantity of externally generated electricity used —
Activity data . 25
iii
9.4.3 Determination of fuel factors for non-kiln fuels . 27
10 I ndirect greenhouse gas emissions from imported energy and their determination .27
10.1 O verview of the sources of energy indirect greenhouse gas emissions . 27
10.2 D etermination of the quantity of externally generated electricity used — Activity
data . 27
10.2.1 Plant producing only lime . 27
10.2.2 Plant manufacturing products in addition to lime .28
10.3 D etermination of the emission factor for externally generated electricity .29
11 Indirect greenhouse gas emissions from imported kiln stone and transport of kiln
stone by third parties .29
11.1 I ndirect indirect greenhouse gas emissions, third party and off-site transportation.29
11.2 G reenhouse gas emissions from manufacture of imported kiln stone .29
11.3 G HG from transport of kiln stone by third parties .30
12 Re porting and performance assessment .31
12.1 R eporting data to include . 31
12 . 2 Per f or m a nc e a s s e s s ment . 31
13 U ncertainty of GHG inventories .33
13.1 G eneral principles . 33
13.2 A ssessment of uncertainty for the mass-balance-based method . 33
13.2.1 Major sources of uncertainty . 33
13.2.2 Uncertainty of activity data .34
13.2.3 Aggregated uncertainties of activity data. 35
13.2.4 Uncertainty of analytical parameters . 35
13.2.5 Application of default values instead of analytical results .36
13.2.6 Evaluation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory .36
13.3 A ssessment of uncertainty for the stack-measurement-based method .36
14 Verification / certification .37
Annex A (informative) Objective and outcome of the site trails .38
Annex B (normative) Minimum content of the monitoring plan .41
Annex C (informative) Details about the calculation of process emissions from lime kilns
using the mass-balance-based method. 44
Annex D (informative) Example of an uncertainty calculation .49
Bibliography .51
iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19694 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of
greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries —
Part 5:
Lime industry
1 S cope
This document provides a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
from the lime industry. It includes the manufacture of lime and any downstream lime products
manufactured at the plant, such as ground or hydrated lime. This document allows for reporting of GHG
emissions for various purposes and on different basis, such as plant basis, company basis (by country
or by region) or international organization basis.
This document addresses all of the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included as defined in
ISO 14064-1:
— direct greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 a)] from greenhouse gas sources that
are owned or controlled by the company, such as emissions resulting from the following sources:
— calcination of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in the kiln stone;
— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon
content, biomass fuels and bio fuels) related to lime production and/or drying of raw materials;
— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass
fuels and bio fuels) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, heating/cooling and other on-site
uses;
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— indirect greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 b)] from the generation of imported
electricity, heat or steam consumed by the organization;
— other indirect greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 c) to f)], which are a
consequence of an organization's activities, but arise from greenhouse gas sources that are owned
or controlled by other organizations, except emissions from imported kiln stone, are excluded from
this document.
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 19694-1, which contains generic, overall
requirements, definitions and rules applicable to the determination of GHG emissions for all energy-
intensive sectors, provides common methodological issues and defines the details for applying the
rules. The application of this document to the sector-specific standards ensures accuracy, precision and
reproducibility of the results.
2 Normat ive references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19694-1:2021, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-
intensive industries — Part 1: General aspects
ISO 13909 (all parts), Hard coal and coke — Mechanical sampling
ISO 18283, Coal and coke — Manual sampling
ISO 14064-1:2018, Greenhouse gases — Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for
quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19694-1 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
activity data
quantitative measure of activity that results in a GHG emission or removal
EXAMPLE Amount of energy, fuels or electricity consumed, material produced, service provided, area of
land affected.
3.2
dolime
product resulting from the calcination of kiln stone (3.6) consisting of calcium carbonate and magnesium
carbonate
3.3
downstream lime product
downstream lime products including run-of-kiln lime (3.13), lime kiln dust (3.8) and products made from
them at the plant including ground lime and hydrated lime
3.4
free CaO and MgO
free calcium oxide and magnesium oxide
calcium oxide or magnesium oxide that has been produced in the kiln during the decarbonation of
calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate
Note 1 to entry: The terminology free CaO and MgO as used in this document can differ from the terminology
applied in other standards.
3.5
kiln battery
group of kilns at the same plant and of the same design
EXAMPLE Parallel flow regenerative kilns, annular shaft kilns, mixed feed shaft kilns, preheater rotary
kilns or long rotary kilns.
3.6
kiln stone
limestone (3.9) that is fed into the kiln
3.7
lime
LI
generic name for quicklime (3.11), dolime (3.2) or sintered dolime (3.14)
3.8
lime kiln dust
LKD
partly calcined kiln stone (3.6) material which is extracted by the kiln particulate abatement system
3.9
limestone
LS
sedimentary rock consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO ), magnesium carbonate (MgCO ), mineral
3 3
and other minor impurities, including in some cases a small fraction of organic carbon
3.10
non-kiln stone aggregate
stone extracted from a quarry except that used as kiln stone (3.6)
3.11
quicklime
product resulting from the calcination of limestone (3.9) consisting primarily of calcium carbonate
3.12
residual CO
CO that remains in the product leaving the kiln which is bound with CaO in the form of CaCO and
2 3
possibly with MgO in the form of MgCO
3.13
run-of-kiln lime
ROK
direct output from the kiln
3.14
sintered dolime
dolime (3.2) heated to temperatures below its melting temperature, so as to increase its density
4 S ymbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply.
AF alternative fuel
m mass of CO emitted through the stack t
CO2−stack 2
x
arithmetic mean of the measured values
CaCO mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the dry ROK lime produced by the kiln
3 LI-ROK
CaCO mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the dry LKD
3 LKD
CaCO mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the dry limestone fed into the kiln
3 LS
CaO CaO bound in the form of CaCO
bd 3
CaO free CaO
fr
CaO mass fraction of free calcium oxide in the dry ROK lime produced by the kiln
LI-ROK
CaO mass fraction of free calcium oxide in the dry LKD
LKD
CaO total CaO
t
CV calorific value of the fuel (y) GJ/t or GJ/m N
Fy
NOTE The applied calorific value always has to match the status of the fuel,
especially with respect to the correct moisture content during its weighing (e.g.
raw coal or dried coal).
d transport distance of the kiln stone for the mode i
i
EF emission factor of the ROK lime, here the CO emissions resulting from the CO /t
LI 2 2e
calcination of the limestone factor per mass of ROK lime
EF emission factor of the limestone, here the CO emissions resulting from the CO /t
LS 2 2e
calcination of the limestone factor per mass of limestone
EF emission factor of externally generated electricity (CO /kWh)
ELEC 2e
EF emission factor of the fuel (y) expressed as (combustion emissions) t /GJ
Fy CO2e
EF greenhouse gas emission factor of imported kiln stone
LS-PUR i
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LI lime
LKD lime kiln dust
LS limestone
m mass of CO from oxidation of organic carbon in the raw materials
CO2−oxy 2
m dry mass of ROK lime t
LI-ROK
m dry mass of LKD generated by the process t
LKD
m dry mass of limestone fed into the kiln or kiln battery t
LS
M molar mass of magnesium carbonate 84,314 g/mol
MgCO3
M molar mass of magnesium oxide 40,304 g/mol
MgO
M molar mass of calcium carbonate 100,087 g/mol
CaCO3
M molar mass of calcium oxide 56,077 g/mol
CaO
M molar mass of carbon dioxide 44,010 g/mol
CO2
m material flow of a fuel (y), i.e. the fuel consumption expressed as mass for t or m
Fy N
solid and liquid fuels or as volume for gaseous fuels
MgCO mass fraction of magnesium carbonate in the dry ROK lime produced by
3LI-ROK
the kiln
NOTE In practice, this mass fraction can be considered as close to 0 as
the magnesium carbonate is fully converted to magnesium oxide due to the
temperatures prevailing in the kiln.
MgCO mass fraction of magnesium carbonate in the dry LKD
3LKD
MgCO mass fraction of magnesium carbonate in the dry limestone fed into the kiln
3LS
MgO mass fraction of free magnesium oxide in the dry ROK lime produced by
LI-ROK
the kiln
MgO mass fraction of free magnesium oxide in the dry LKD
LKD
MgO free MgO
fr
MgO total MgO
t
m mass of load i t
i
m measured mass of downstream lime product
LI-Prod
m dry mass of LKD that is not blended with the downstream lime t
LKD-out
m annual total (wet) mass of imported kiln stone from the third party that is t
LS-PUR i
imported into the plant and used for lime manufacture during the 12-month
reporting period
Ox oxidation factor of the fuel (y)
Fy
Q quantity of electricity consumed
ELEC
ROK run of kiln
TOC total organic carbon
tonne t
tonnes of aggregates used for the production of fillers t
e
TF emission factor per wet mass for kiln stone imported kgCO /t
LS-PUR 2
TF GHG emission factor of transport mode i
LS-PUR i
given period of time t
gt
TOC total organic carbon content of the limestone
LS
U uncertainty associated with the overall analytical procedure
a
U relative expanded uncertainty
i
U uncertainty associated with the sampling procedure
m
U uncertainty of the weighbridge for measurement of load i
mi
U total relative uncertainty of the mass measurement
mtotal
w average moisture content of the kiln stone determined according to the
provisions of 9.2.2.3
x absolute amount of mass flow or material in stock in the mass balance
i
y fuel consumed
η mass flow of LKD generated in the dedusting system(s) of the kiln divided
LI
by the mass flow of ROK lime produced by the kiln
η mass flow of LKD generated in the dedusting system(s) of the kiln divided
LS
by the dry mass flow of limestone fed into the kiln
5 General
5.1 Introduction
Since lime is defined as the generic name for quicklime, dolime and sintered dolime, plants
manufacturing at least one of these products shall be covered by this document.
In conjunction with ISO 19694-1, this document provides a harmonized method for:
a) measuring, testing and quantifying methods for GHG emissions;
b) assessing the level of GHG emissions performance of production processes over time at production
sites;
c) establishment and provision of reliable, accurate and quality information for reporting and
verification purposes.
GHG emissions offset mechanisms, including but not limited to voluntary offset schemes or nationally
or internationally recognized offset mechanisms, shall not be used at any point in the GHG assessment
according to this document.
5.2 Overview of the lime manufacturing process
Lime manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1):
a) kiln stone preparation including quarrying, crushing, washing, screening and transporting to the
lime kiln;
b) kiln operation including lime manufacture using pyro-processing to calcine the kiln stone in a lime
kiln;
c) downstream processing including crushing, screening, transporting to silos, grinding/milling,
hydrating and packing.
Figure 1 — Process steps in lime manufacture
A lime manufacturing plant can also encompass the use of additional fuel for on-site power generation
and for preparation or processing of fuels for use in the plant.
There are two main sources of direct greenhouse gas emissions in the lime manufacturing process:
— calcination of kiln stone through pyro-processing in the lime kiln (known as process emissions);
— combustion of kiln fuels (known as combustion emissions).
These two sources are described in more detail below.
Other minor direct greenhouse gas emissions can come from non-kiln fuels such as on-site transport,
pumps, room heating and other on-site uses.
The main source of energy indirect greenhouse gas emissions in the lime manufacturing process come
from external power production or transport but these sources are relatively small in comparison to
the direct greenhouse gas emissions.
For the lime sector, only the greenhouse gas CO is relevant as demonstrated by different field tests.
Details about these tests are provided in Annex A.
5.3 Dir ect greenhouse gas emissions from calcination of kiln stone — Process
emissions
In the lime manufacturing process, CO is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium,
magnesium and other carbonates in the kiln stone when the kiln stone is heated to high temperatures
Formula (1):
CaCO →+CaOCO (1)
MgCO →+MgOCO (2)
This process is called “calcining” or “calcination”. It results in direct emissions of CO through the kiln
stack. When considering CO emissions due to calcination, two components can be distinguished:
— CO from kiln stone used for lime production;
— CO from materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined LKD.
The CO from lime production is dependent on the quality of the final lime product, i.e. the degree of
calcination. This varies depending on the kiln design and targeted final lime product properties. The
amount of LKD leaving the kiln system varies with kiln type. The associated greenhouse gas emissions
are likely to be relevant and so shall be accounted for.
CO emissions from calcination can be determined as a part of the measurement method or by using the
following mass-balance-based methods which are in principle equivalent:
a) the input method, based on the mass of kiln stone entering the kiln and chemical composition of the
limestone, lime and LKD leaving the kiln system;
b) the output method, based on the mass and chemical composition of the lime and LKD leaving the
kiln system;
c) direct greenhouse gas emissions from organic carbon in kiln stone.
Some kiln stone sources contain a small fraction of organic carbon, which can be expressed as TOC
content. Organic carbon in the kiln stone is converted to CO during pyro-processing. The contribution
of this component to the overall CO emissions is typically very small. The organic carbon content of
kiln stone can, however, vary substantially between locations and shall be assessed.
5.4 Dir ect greenhouse gas emissions from fuels for kiln operation — Combustion
emissions
The lime industry uses various fossil fuels to heat the kiln, including natural gas, coal and fuel oil. In
recent years, fuels derived from waste materials have become important substitutes. These AF include
fossil fuel-derived fractions, such as waste oil, as well as biomass-derived fractions, such as waste
wood. Furthermore, fuels are increasingly used which contain both fossil and biogenic carbon, such as
municipal and pre-treated industrial wastes or waste tyres (containing natural and synthetic rubber).
Both conventional fossil and AF result in direct greenhouse gas emissions through the kiln stack.
However, biomass fuels and the biomass component of mixed fuels are considered in accordance with
IPCC definitions and can be reported separately as a memo item.
Greenhouse gas emissions from combustion of fuels can be calculated based on the mass, calorific value
and chemical composition of fuels entering the kiln.
The mass-balance-based method used in this document is compatible with Reference [5].
Alternatively, kiln GHG emissions, from combustion, calcination and organic carbon in the kiln stone,
can be determined by direct measurement at the kiln stack using the stack-measurement-based
method. Emissions from the kiln stack all sources are determined based on continuous measurement
of the concentration of the relevant GHG in the flue gas and of the flue gas volume flow. For the stack-
measurement-based method, non-kiln emissions are measured using a mass balance approach similar
to the mass-balance-based method.
5.5 Dir ect greenhouse gas emissions from non-kiln fuels — Combustion emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions from use of fuels in non-kiln applications which are part of the lime
manufacturing plant, such as on-site transport, fuel heating, and room heating are determined in a
similar way to the greenhouse gas from fuels for kiln operation.
5.6 Ener gy indirect greenhouse gas emissions
In lime manufacture, the main energy indirect greenhouse gas emission source is electricity purchased
by the plant but generated off-site. Where kiln stone is imported to the plant, the emissions associated
with its manufacture to the plant shall be included within the scope of this document. The emissions
associated with the off-site transport of purchased kiln stone to the plant can be included within the
scope of this document.
6 Inventory boundar ies
6.1 A ppropriate boundaries to distinguish
The reporting entity shall define appropriate boundaries in line with ISO 14064-1 which distinguishes
between organizational and reporting boundaries.
6.2 Organizational bou ndaries
Organizational boundaries define which parts of an organization – for example, wholly owned
operations, joint ventures and subsidiaries – are covered by an inventory, and how the emissions of
these entities are consolidated.
The rules for defining organizational boundaries in ISO 19694-1 shall be applied.
In particular, the lime industry shall include the following types of activities:
— kiln stone preparation including quarrying, crushing, washing, screening and transporting to the
lime kiln;
— calcination in the lime kiln;
— downstream processing including crushing, screening, transporting to silos, grinding/milling,
hydrating and packing;
— fuel use for on-site power generation or heat;
— preparation or processing of fuels in own installations.
6.3 Reporting bounda ries
6.3.1 Emissions to be included
Reporting boundaries define the types of sources of emissions covered by this document.
The requirements for defining the scopes of emissions in ISO 19694-1 shall be applied.
Subject to the limitations set out in 6.4, the following greenhouse gas emissions sources shall be
measured for lime manufacturing plant facilities:
— all direct greenhouse gas emissions (direct emissions) from greenhouse gas sources owned or
controlled by the organization;
— all energy indirect greenhouse gas emissions (indirect emissions) from imported energy (electricity,
heat or steam) consumed by the organization;
— other indirect greenhouse gas emissions (other indirect emissions) from the production and
transportation of imported kiln stone.
Each lime plant shall undertake an assessment of its direct greenhouse gas emission sources,
indirect greenhouse gas emission sources from imported energy and, where relevant, other indirect
greenhouse gas emission sources. The assessment shall include GHG emissions from all stages of the
lime manufacturing process undertaken at the plant including kiln stone preparation, calcination
and downstream processing of the lime products such as into ground lime or hydrated lime. Where
kiln stone is imported into the site, GHG emissions from its production shall be included for use in
performance assessments.
By way of example, but not restricted to, the following greenhouse gas emissions as shown in Table 1
are relevant for a typical lime manufacturing plant.
Table 1 — Relevant GHG emissions for a lime manufacturing plant
Category Process steps
Direct greenhouse gas emissions including extraction, quarry operations,
Direct greenhouse
transport to stone processing plant, processing (washing, crushing,
gas emissions
screening), transport to the lime kiln
Indirect greenhouse Indirect greenhouse gas emissions including extraction, quarry opera-
Kiln stone gas emissions from tions including quarry dewatering, transport to stone processing plant,
preparation imported energy processing (washing, crushing, screening), transport to the lime kiln
Indirect greenhouse
Includes imported kiln stone extraction, quarry operations including
gas emissions from
quarry dewatering, transport to stone processing plant, processing
products used by the
(washing, crushing, screening), transport to the lime kiln
organization
Direct greenhouse gas emissions from the manufacture of lime
Direct greenhouse
Direct greenhouse gas emissions from the production of LKD
gas emissions
Direct greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels
Kiln process
Indirect greenhouse
Indirect greenhouse gas emissions from kiln operation and
gas emissions from
infrastructure
imported energy
Direct greenhouse
Includes transport to silos, grinding/milling, hydrating or packing
gas emissions
Downstream
Indirect greenhouse
processing
gas emissions from Includes transport to silos, grinding/milling, hydrating or packing
imported energy
It is not necessary to include the following greenhouse gas emissions as these are deemed to be
insignificant or irrelevant:
— greenhouse gas emissions from overburden removal in the quarry;
— greenhouse gas emissions from the rehabilitation or restoration of the quarry and plant;
— greenhouse gas emission from manufacture and use of explosives during quarrying;
— greenhouse gas emissions from the original development of the plant, including the manufacturing
the infrastructure;
— greenhouse gas emissions from the production, transportation and distribution of fossil and AFs;
— indirect greenhouse gas emissions from products used by the organization other than for kiln stone
imported to the plant.
If these greenhouse gas emissions are incorporated within the available measured values and cannot
be separately measured, they shall be included in the reported information.
6.3.2 Structure of plants and processes
The reporting entity shall document all production units at the plant, including the downstream
processes, such as grinding and hydration.
If there is more than one type of industry being operated at the plant, the reporting entity shall clearly
identify the operations associated with lime manufacture.
6.4 S ources and greenhouse gases to be included
All greenhouse gas emissions sources necessary for producing lime shall be included.
The following greenhouse gas shall be reported as a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO ) using the relevant
2e
global warming potential for a time horizon of 100 years (GWP 100 factor), consistent with reporting
under the second assessment report of the IPCC: carbon dioxide (CO ).
As demonstrated during different field tests, other greenhouse gasses are not relevant for the lime
industry (see Annex A).
6.5 Int ernal lime transfers
Some lime companies transfer lime products internally between different lime plants for further
downstream processing, for example, milling/grinding or hydration. These transferred products shall
be accounted for in a manner that avoids double counting between different plants or distortion of the
performance indicators. Such transfers shall be taken into account in the calculation of the performance
indicators.
6.6 Assessment period
Data for determination of greenhouse gas emissions and performance indicators shall be collected over
a minimum 12 months' period. If data are collected over a shorter period, this shall be reported by the
reporting entity wherever results are published.
7 Principles
Accounting and performance assessment of greenhouse gas emissions shall be based on the principles
as described in the introduction of ISO 19694-1:2021.
8 De termination of greenhouse gas emissions: General requirements
8.1 Monit oring plan and other requirements for identifying, calculating and reporting
of greenhouse gas emissions
The reporting entity shall develop a monitoring plan to identify, calculate and report greenhouse gas
emissions according to ISO 19694-1.
The monitoring plan shall contain at least the elements laid down in ISO 19694-1:2021, Annex A and in
Annex B.
8.2 Stack -measurement-based method or mass-balance-based method
The amount of kiln direct greenhouse gas emissions can be determined by stack-measurement-based
methods or a mass-balance-based method.
Both techniques with the corresponding requirements are described in ISO 19694-1:2021, Clause 9.
For lime plants, it is not usually practical for the concentration of emissions from all emission sources
to be measured directly. The stack-measurement-based method therefore involves only the continuous
measurement of the greenhouse gasses from the kiln exhaust stack(s) and application of the mass-
balance-based method for other emission sources in accordance with 9.4.
Where biomass or mixed fuels containing biomass are used, the greenhouse gas emissions associated
with the biomass fraction shall be determined using the mass-balance-based method described in 9.2.
The annual proportion for greenhouse gas emissions from the biomass shall be deducted from the total
kiln greenhouse gas emissions as measured continuously at the exhaust stack(s).
9 Dir ect greenhouse gas emissions and their determination
9.1 S ources of direct greenhouse gas emissions and applicability of determination
methods
In the production of lime, direct greenhouse gas emissions can arise from, but are not restricted to, the
following sources:
— calcination of carbonates and organic carbon contained in the kiln stone (and other raw materials
where relevant);
— combustion of fuels used to heat the kiln, including:
— combustion of conventional fossil fuels;
— combustion of alternative or mixed fuels with biogenic content;
— combustion of biomass and bio-fuels (including biomass wastes);
— combustion of fuels for non-kiln processes, including:
— combustion of conventional fossil fuels;
— combustion of mixed fuels with biogenic content;
— combustion of biomass and bio-fuels (including biomass wastes);
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation.
The reporting entity shall prepare a full inventory of all direct greenhouse gas emissions sources of the
plant.
The amount of kiln direct greenhouse gas emissions can be determined by the continuous stack-
measurement-based method or by the mass-balance-based method.
Determination using the stack-measurement-based method involves the continuous measurement of
the concentration of the relevant greenhouse gases in the flue gas and the flue gas volume. The stack-
measurement-based method can only be applied to the kiln greenhouse gas emissions and cannot be
applied to other site or plant greenhouse gas emissions which require application of a mass-balance-
based method. If the stack-measurement-based method is selected, the provisions specified in
ISO 19694-1:2021, 9.2.2.1 to 9.2.2.6 shall be met.
Determination using the mass-balance-based method involves emissions from each source stream
being determined based on input or production data obtained by means of measurement systems and
additional parameters from laboratory analyses (e.g.
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.
Loading comments...