ISO 19155-2:2017
(Main)Geographic information — Place Identifier (PI) architecture — Part 2: Place Identifier (PI) linking
Geographic information — Place Identifier (PI) architecture — Part 2: Place Identifier (PI) linking
ISO 19155-2:2017 defines the following three mechanisms for linking Place Identifiers (PIs) (see ISO 19155) to features or objects existing in other encodings: - Id attribute of a GML object (gml:id) as defined in ISO 19136; - Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) as defined in IETF RFC 4122; - Uniform Resource Locator (URL) as defined in IETF RFC 1738. These PI linking mechanisms are enabled using xlink:href as defined in W3C XML Linking Language (XLink). While the identifiers of these features or objects can sometimes identify a place, within the scope of this document, the identifiers of features or objects existing in other encoding domains are referred to conceptually as other identifiers. This document further defines that when PIs are encoded, as specified in ISO 19155, using the Geography Markup Language (GML) (ISO 19136), they are linked using gml:id to other GML encoded features. The details of encoding GML instances using gml:id are specified in a normative annex. Additional normative annexes define encodings for linking Place Identifiers to other identifiers using UUID and URL and present examples for their use. ISO 19155-2:2017 is applicable to location-based services, linked open data, robotic assisted services and other application domains that require a relationship between PIs and objects in either the real or virtual world. ISO 19155-2:2017 is not about creating a registry of Place Identifiers linked to specific features or objects, and support of linking mechanisms other than gml:id, UUID, and URL is out of the scope of this document.
Information géographique — Architecture d'identifiants de lieu (IL) — Partie 2: Liaison d’identifiants de lieu (IL)
Geografske informacije - Arhitektura lokacijskih identifikatorjev - 2. del: Povezovalni lokacijski identifikator
Ta dokument določa naslednje tri mehanizme za povezovanje lokacijskih identifikatorjev (PI) (glej ISO 19155) za funkcije ali objekte, ki obstajajo v drugih šifriranjih:
– atribut ID za objekt GML (gml:id), kot je opredeljen v standardu ISO 19136;
– globalni enolični identifikator (UUID), kot je opredeljen v standardu IETF RFC 4122;
– spletni naslov (URL), kot je opredeljen v standardu IETF RFC 1738.
Ti mehanizmi povezovanja lokacijskih identifikatorjev so omogočeni z uporabo povezave xlink: href, kot je opredeljena v povezovalnem jeziku W3C XML (XLink). Medtem ko lahko identifikatorji teh funkcij ali objektov včasih identificirajo lokacijo, se na področju uporabe tega dokumenta identifikatorji funkcij ali objektov, ki obstajajo v drugih domenah šifriranja, konceptualno obravnavajo kot drugi identifikatorji. Ta dokument nadalje določa naslednje: ko so lokacijski identifikatorji šifrirani, kot je določeno v standardu ISO 19155, z uporabo zemljepisnega označevalnega jezika (GML) (ISO 19136), se z drugimi šifriranimi funkcijami GML povezujejo na podlagi identifikatorja gml:id. Podrobnosti primerkov šifriranja GML z uporabo identifikatorja gml:id so opredeljene v normativnem dodatku. Dodatne normativni dodatki opredeljujejo šifriranja za povezovanje lokacijskih identifikatorjev z drugimi identifikatorji z uporabo identifikatorjev UUID in URL ter navajajo primere za njihovo uporabo. Ta dokument se uporablja za lokacijske storitve, povezane z odprtimi podatki, robotskimi pomožnimi storitvami in drugimi domenami uporabe, ki zahtevajo razmerje med lokacijskimi identifikatorji in objekti v resničnem ali virtualnem svetu. Ta dokument ne obravnava ustvarjanja registra lokacijskih identifikatorjev, povezanih z določilnimi funkcijami ali objekti, podpora za povezovalne mehanizme, ki niso gml:id, UUID in URL, pa je zunaj področja uporabe tega dokumenta.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19155-2
First edition
2017-08
Geographic information — Place
Identifier (PI) architecture —
Part 2:
Place Identifier (PI) linking
Information géographique — Architecture d’identifiants de lieu (IL) —
Partie 2: Liaison d’identifiants de lieu (IL)
Reference number
ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
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ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Abbreviated terms . 2
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 2
4.2 UML Notation . 3
4.3 Backward compatibility . 3
5 Conformance . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Linking mechanism: gml:id . 3
5.3 Linking mechanism: UUID . 3
5.4 Linking mechanism: URL . 3
6 Place Identifier (PI) concept . 4
6.1 General . 4
6.2 PI structure. 4
7 PI linking . 4
7.1 Overview . 4
7.2 PI linking directionality . 5
7.3 PI linking model . 7
8 PI linking mechanisms . 7
8.1 Overview . 7
8.2 Linking mechanism: gml:id . 8
8.2.1 Overview . 8
8.2.2 Linking from a PI . 8
8.2.3 Linking to a PI . 8
8.2.4 Instance examples using gml:id . 8
8.3 Linking mechanism: UUID . 9
8.4 Linking mechanism: URL . 9
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .10
Annex B (normative) Encoding using gml:id to link with GML .11
Annex C (normative) Encoding using gml:id to link with GML application schemas .16
Annex D (normative) Encoding using UUID for linking .19
Annex E (normative) Encoding using URL for linking .21
Annex F (informative) Use case examples .22
Annex G (informative) RDF examples of linking PIs .27
Bibliography .34
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ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19155 series can be found on the ISO website.
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ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
Introduction
The Place Identifier (PI) architecture (ISO 19155) defined the conceptual model of a place and
specified normative encodings, for Place Identifiers, not specific to any type of geographic feature. In
this document, three mechanisms are presented that define how Place Identifiers can be linked with
features or objects in other encodings. Even though the identifiers of those features or objects may not
specifically be a place, they may be referred to conceptually as “other identifiers.”
Figure 1 depicts the abstractions of linking mechanisms among feature/object encoding rules.
a) Without the use of a Place Identifier b) With the use of a Place Identifier
Key
encoding rules
linkages
Figure 1 — Linkages with other encoding rules
The linking mechanisms presented in this document are based on accepted information technology
for object identification and reference using gml:id, UUID, or URL. By using these linking mechanisms
with the rules defined here, and according to the type of encoding rule being linked to, Place Identifiers
can more uniformly be related to features and objects — other identifiers — in other encodings.
This extends the functionality of those other identifiers, in different encodings, by linking with Place
Identifiers encoded in GML.
Existing PI data can complement a range of other encodings through the use of the linking mechanisms
defined in this document.
For example, a group of Place Identifiers representing stores in a shopping mall can be associated with
the specific locations inside the shopping mall represented by a GML data set.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
Geographic information — Place Identifier (PI)
architecture —
Part 2:
Place Identifier (PI) linking
1 Scope
This document defines the following three mechanisms for linking Place Identifiers (PIs) (see ISO 19155)
to features or objects existing in other encodings:
— Id attribute of a GML object (gml:id) as defined in ISO 19136;
— Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) as defined in IETF RFC 4122;
— Uniform Resource Locator (URL) as defined in IETF RFC 1738.
These PI linking mechanisms are enabled using xlink: href as defined in W3C XML Linking Language
(XLink).
While the identifiers of these features or objects can sometimes identify a place, within the scope of
this document, the identifiers of features or objects existing in other encoding domains are referred to
conceptually as other identifiers.
This document further defines that when PIs are encoded, as specified in ISO 19155, using the
Geography Markup Language (GML) (ISO 19136), they are linked using gml:id to other GML encoded
features. The details of encoding GML instances using gml:id are specified in a normative annex.
Additional normative annexes define encodings for linking Place Identifiers to other identifiers using
UUID and URL and present examples for their use.
This document is applicable to location-based services, linked open data, robotic assisted services
and other application domains that require a relationship between PIs and objects in either the real or
virtual world.
This document is not about creating a registry of Place Identifiers linked to specific features or
objects, and support of linking mechanisms other than gml:id, UUID, and URL is out of the scope of this
document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19103, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO 19136:2007, Geographic information — Geography Markup Language
ISO 19155:2012, Geographic information — Place Identifier (PI) architecture
IETF, Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace, RFC 4122, July 2005
IETF, Uniform Resource Locators (URL), RFC 1738, December 1994
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ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
W3C XML Linking Language (XLink) Version 1.1 — Recommendation, 06 May 2010
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19155 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
Place Identifier (PI) link
relationship established between PIs and other identifiers in different encoding domains
Note 1 to entry: While the identifiers of these features or objects can sometimes identify a place, within the
scope of this document, the identifiers of features or objects existing in other encoding domains are referred to
conceptually as “other identifiers”.
Note 2 to entry: These “other identifiers” can exist outside of the PI architecture.
3.2
Place Identifier (PI) linking mechanism
means used to define a place identifier (PI) link (3.1)
4 Abbreviated terms
4.1 Abbreviated terms
BIM Building Information Model
CSV comma-separated values
IFC Industry Foundation Class
GUID Globally Unique IDentifier
OGC Open Geospatial Consortium
PI Place Identifier
RDF Resource Description Framework
SVG Scalable Vector Graphics
UML Unified Modeling Language
URI Uniform Resource Identifier
URL Uniform Resource Locator
URN Uniform Resource Name
UUID Universally Unique IDentifier
XML eXtensible Markup Language
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ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
4.2 UML Notation
In this document, conceptual schemas are presented in the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The user
shall refer to ISO 19103 for the specific profile of UML used in this document.
4.3 Backward compatibility
This document uses the concepts defined in the Place Identifier (PI) Architecture (ISO 19155) without
modification. Therefore, no backward compatibility issues exist in this document.
5 Conformance
5.1 General
This document defines three conformance classes, specified in 5.2 to 5.4, matching the requirements
classes of the three linking mechanisms defined in Clause 8. Any PI linking mechanism for which
conformance with this document is claimed shall pass all of the requirements of the abstract test suite
specified in Annex A.
5.2 Linking mechanism: gml:id
PI linking for which gml:id conformance is claimed shall pass all of the requirements specified in the
abstract test suite in A.2.
Table 1 — Conformance class: Linking mechanism: gml:id
Conformance class /conf/19155-2/5/5.2
Dependency A.1
Requirements /req/linking_mechanism/GML_ID
Tests A.2
5.3 Linking mechanism: UUID
PI linking for which UUID conformance is claimed shall pass all of the requirements specified in the
abstract test suite in A.3.
Table 2 — Conformance class: Linking mechanism: UUID
Conformance class /conf/19155-2/5/5.3
Dependency A.1
Requirements /req/linking_mechanism/UUID
Tests A.3
5.4 Linking mechanism: URL
PI linking for which URL conformance is claimed shall pass all of the requirements specified in the
abstract test suite in A.4.
Table 3 — Conformance class: Linking mechanism: URL
Conformance class /conf/19155-2/5/5.4
Dependency A.1
Requirements /req/linking_mechanism/URL
Tests A.4
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ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
6 Place Identifier (PI) concept
6.1 General
A “place” is defined as an identifiable part of any space (ISO 19155), either in the real world or
virtual world.
ISO 19155:2012, 6.1 states that the same place can be identified with multiple Place Identifiers (PIs).
If the place is identified with coordinates, it is called “position” and if the place is identified with
geographic identifiers, it is called “location.” Additionally, the place may be identified with online
resource identifiers such as URI.
In ISO 19109:2015, 7.4, “position” is a spatial attribute of a feature, “location” is a location attribute of a
feature, and a virtual identifier, such as a URI, is a thematic attribute of a feature. Therefore, a PI can be
considered as an attribute of a feature.
6.2 PI structure
Figure 2 shows the structure of the PI, as defined in ISO 19155:2012, 7.2.2. The PI_PlaceIdentifier type
is the basic data type for the PI.
Figure 2 — PI_PlaceIdentifier
The PI_PlaceIdentifier class defines the following attributes.
a) The attribute rs specifies the reference system of the PI.
b) The attribute value is the identifier for a place and is unique within the context of the defined
reference system.
c) The optional attribute validPeriod specifies the period in which the identifier is valid for the place.
The validPeriod can be used to set the expiration of the identifier which can be validated through
implementation. The property of uniqueness of the identifier is determined by the reference system (rs).
7 PI linking
7.1 Overview
There are two main concepts that are standardized in this document.
The first concept is a mechanism for connecting PIs which identify the same place, where the connection
is directly embedded into the PI.
PI matching (ISO 19155:2012, 4.11) is the matching of multiple PIs that represent the same place. This
matching is accomplished through the use of the PI matching service (ISO 19155:2012, 7.3.2) and when
implemented, is performed within the PI architecture. The logical structure of “PI matching” is shown
in ISO 19155:2012, Figure 8, where a “PI_MatchedPISet” connects more than two “PI_PlaceIdentifier”s
which identify the same place. The one way association from “PI_MatchedPISet” to “PI_PlaceIdentifier”
enables users to make links independently with the instances of PI_PlaceIdentifier, and the data
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ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
independence of the connection ensures the use of existing place identifiers because existing data need
not change their schemas.
However, in many situations, relationships exist between PIs encoded using ISO 19155 and other
identifiers in different encodings, existing independently or outside of the PI architecture. As these
other identifiers are usually features or objects in different encodings, it is not possible for them to be
included in or managed by the PI architecture. In these situations, users may want to simply embed the
connection into their PI. Depending on the encodings of these other identifiers, a set of clearly defined
mechanisms is required to expose and use those other identifiers for PI linking.
This is referred to as a Place Identifier (PI) link (3.1), similarly, a Place Identifier (PI) linking mechanism
(3.2) is a means of defining a Place Identifier (PI) link.
While one specific linking mechanism is not suitable for all other identifiers in other encodings,
similarities in linking mechanisms exist, such as the use of XLink for XML-based encodings.
The second concept standardized by this document is the structure of data instances for PI Linking.
This document defines how to use existing constructs to enable linking to PIs without modification to
those encoding rules for object identification and reference.
7.2 PI linking directionality
In this document, all links are directional. In cases where a bi-directional link is required, two distinct
directional links shall be made, one in each direction.
/req/linking_directionality/direction- where a bi-directional link is required, two distinct
al_links directional links shall be made, one in each direction
A combination of directionality and encoding format limits the applicability of this document, as shown
in the following cases:
a) if both identifiers are encoded in GML (ISO 19136:2007), the linking is normative;
b) if one identifier is in another encoding, the linking from a PI to that identifier is normative;
c) if one identifier is in another encoding, the linking from that identifier to a PI is informative.
In Figure 3, the direction of the link between a PI encoded using ISO 19155 and an identifier in another
encoding is shown using an arrow representing the directionality of the link. In addition, normative
linking is shown using a solid line and informative linking is shown using a dashed line.
The normative linking mechanisms are:
a) gml:id: for linking between a PI and another identifier encoded in GML, see 8.2.2 and 8.2.3;
b) UUID or URL: for linking from a PI to an identifier in another encoding, see 8.3 and 8.4, respectively.
Figure 3 depicts linking to PIs from IFC(BIM) and SVG using IfcDocumentReference and rdf: resource
as linking mechanisms. These mechanisms are shown as informative because those encodings are not
being modified by this document.
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ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
Key
encoding rules (examples in this document)
other encoding rules
linking methods (normative)
linking methods (informative)
ISO 19155-2 scope (normative content)
ISO 19155 (normative PI encoding)
Figure 3 — Overview of content in ISO 19155-2
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ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
7.3 PI linking model
The conceptual model in Figure 4 defines the structure of PI linking.
The PI_PlaceIdentifier class defined in this document is an extended data type for the Place Identifier
which enables users to connect a PI directly to other PIs.
The PI_PlaceIdentifier class also has a mandatory association “Linking” in addition to the derived three
attributes. The association “Linking” is a mechanism for connecting PIs which identify the same place,
where the connection is directly embedded into the PI.
NOTE While “PI_MatchedPISet” defined in ISO 19155 has an association to connect more than two “PI_
PlaceIdentifier”s which identify the same place, “PI_PlaceIdentifier” defined in ISO 19155 itself does not have a
property to connect other “PI_PlaceIdentifier”s.
Figure 4 — PI linking model
8 PI linking mechanisms
8.1 Overview
This document defines three mechanisms for linking Place Identifiers to features or objects existing in
other encodings. These PI linking mechanisms are enabled using the following information technologies
for object identification and reference:
— using a gml:id linking both from and to a PI, see 8.2;
— using a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) linking from a PI, see 8.3;
— using a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) linking from a PI, see 8.4.
When using the linking mechanisms defined in this document, the PIs shall be encoded using ISO 19136,
which is the recommended normative encoding option, as specified in ISO 19155:2012, Annex B.
/req/linking_mechanisms/encoding existing Place Identifiers shall be encoded using ISO 19136
as specified in ISO 19155:2012, Annex B
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ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
Implementation requirements are specified in 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4.
The encodings presented in this document are suitable for linking with a PI but do not represent a
conclusive list and other encodings may also be suitable for linking with a PI using one of the defined
mechanisms. Linkages may also exist directly between multiple encodings and can make use of a PI.
For the purpose of this document, linkages not using a PI are out of scope.
Use case examples of PI linking are presented in Annex F.
The PI architecture and PI linking concepts have implications for use in the semantic web and linked
data. To provide additional descriptions, Annex G includes RDF examples for PIs and PI linking.
8.2 Linking mechanism: gml:id
8.2.1 Overview
If gml:id is used, linking is defined as bi-directional, both from and to a PI, and linking Place Identifiers
with other features encoded in GML and related application schema is specified based on the following
content from ISO 19136:2007, 8.1:
Xlink components are used in GML to implement associations between objects by reference. GML
property elements (ISO 19136:2007, 7.2.3) may carry XLink attributes, which support the encoding of
an association relationship by reference, the name of the property element denoting the target role in
the association.
/req/linking_mechanisms/GML_ID gml:id shall be used when linking to Place Identifiers
encoded in GML
8.2.2 Linking from a PI
An xlink: href property in a PI instance defines a link that shall be used to point to a discrete GML
instance and the value in that discrete GML instance is referenced by traversing the link.
/req/linking_mechanisms/GML_ID/from- the xlink: href property in a PI instance shall use a
a-PI gml:id to define a link that points to a discrete GML
instance
8.2.3 Linking to a PI
The converse is also defined by this document, where an xlink: href property in a GML instance defines
a link that shall be used to point to a discrete PI instance and the value in that discrete PI instance is
referenced by traversing the link.
/req/linking_mechanisms/ GML_ID/to-a-PI the xlink: href property in a GML instance shall use
a gml:id to define a link that points to a discrete PI
instance
8.2.4 Instance examples using gml:id
Examples showing the use of gml:id for linking between PIs and other GML encoded instances are
presented in Annex B.
GML feature instances conforming to application schemas, such as OGC CityGML (OGC 12-019) and OGC
IndoorGML 1.0 (OGC 14-005r3), may also be linked with a PI, as shown in Annex C.
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ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
8.3 Linking mechanism: UUID
If UUID is used, linking is defined in a single direction, from a PI, where a Namespace URN shall conform
to IETF RFC 4122, and a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) is stored in the attribute of the linkedPI,
as shown in the following example fragment.
…
TokyoInternationalAirport_POI_list.net
Terminal1_Gate15
…
/req/linking_mechanisms/UUID when a UUID is used, the xlink: href property in a PI
instance shall use a UUID to define a link from a PI
that points to a discrete instance of another identifier
Examples showing the use of UUID for linking PIs are presented in Annex D.
8.4 Linking mechanism: URL
If a URL is used, linking is defined in a single direction, from a PI, where a URL conforming to IETF
RFC 1738, is stored in the attribute of the linkedPI, as shown in the following example fragment.
…
gazett
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 19155-2:2020
01-januar-2020
Geografske informacije - Arhitektura lokacijskih identifikatorjev - 2. del:
Povezovalni lokacijski identifikator
Geographic information -- Place Identifier (PI) architecture -- Part 2: Place Identifier (PI)
linking
Information géographique -- Architecture d'identifiants de lieu (IL) -- Partie 2: Liaison
didentifiants de lieu (IL)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 19155-2:2017
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
SIST ISO 19155-2:2020 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 19155-2:2020
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SIST ISO 19155-2:2020
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19155-2
First edition
2017-08
Geographic information — Place
Identifier (PI) architecture —
Part 2:
Place Identifier (PI) linking
Information géographique — Architecture d’identifiants de lieu (IL) —
Partie 2: Liaison d’identifiants de lieu (IL)
Reference number
ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
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SIST ISO 19155-2:2020
ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 19155-2:2020
ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Abbreviated terms . 2
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 2
4.2 UML Notation . 3
4.3 Backward compatibility . 3
5 Conformance . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Linking mechanism: gml:id . 3
5.3 Linking mechanism: UUID . 3
5.4 Linking mechanism: URL . 3
6 Place Identifier (PI) concept . 4
6.1 General . 4
6.2 PI structure. 4
7 PI linking . 4
7.1 Overview . 4
7.2 PI linking directionality . 5
7.3 PI linking model . 7
8 PI linking mechanisms . 7
8.1 Overview . 7
8.2 Linking mechanism: gml:id . 8
8.2.1 Overview . 8
8.2.2 Linking from a PI . 8
8.2.3 Linking to a PI . 8
8.2.4 Instance examples using gml:id . 8
8.3 Linking mechanism: UUID . 9
8.4 Linking mechanism: URL . 9
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .10
Annex B (normative) Encoding using gml:id to link with GML .11
Annex C (normative) Encoding using gml:id to link with GML application schemas .16
Annex D (normative) Encoding using UUID for linking .19
Annex E (normative) Encoding using URL for linking .21
Annex F (informative) Use case examples .22
Annex G (informative) RDF examples of linking PIs .27
Bibliography .34
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19155 series can be found on the ISO website.
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Introduction
The Place Identifier (PI) architecture (ISO 19155) defined the conceptual model of a place and
specified normative encodings, for Place Identifiers, not specific to any type of geographic feature. In
this document, three mechanisms are presented that define how Place Identifiers can be linked with
features or objects in other encodings. Even though the identifiers of those features or objects may not
specifically be a place, they may be referred to conceptually as “other identifiers.”
Figure 1 depicts the abstractions of linking mechanisms among feature/object encoding rules.
a) Without the use of a Place Identifier b) With the use of a Place Identifier
Key
encoding rules
linkages
Figure 1 — Linkages with other encoding rules
The linking mechanisms presented in this document are based on accepted information technology
for object identification and reference using gml:id, UUID, or URL. By using these linking mechanisms
with the rules defined here, and according to the type of encoding rule being linked to, Place Identifiers
can more uniformly be related to features and objects — other identifiers — in other encodings.
This extends the functionality of those other identifiers, in different encodings, by linking with Place
Identifiers encoded in GML.
Existing PI data can complement a range of other encodings through the use of the linking mechanisms
defined in this document.
For example, a group of Place Identifiers representing stores in a shopping mall can be associated with
the specific locations inside the shopping mall represented by a GML data set.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19155-2:2017(E)
Geographic information — Place Identifier (PI)
architecture —
Part 2:
Place Identifier (PI) linking
1 Scope
This document defines the following three mechanisms for linking Place Identifiers (PIs) (see ISO 19155)
to features or objects existing in other encodings:
— Id attribute of a GML object (gml:id) as defined in ISO 19136;
— Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) as defined in IETF RFC 4122;
— Uniform Resource Locator (URL) as defined in IETF RFC 1738.
These PI linking mechanisms are enabled using xlink: href as defined in W3C XML Linking Language
(XLink).
While the identifiers of these features or objects can sometimes identify a place, within the scope of
this document, the identifiers of features or objects existing in other encoding domains are referred to
conceptually as other identifiers.
This document further defines that when PIs are encoded, as specified in ISO 19155, using the
Geography Markup Language (GML) (ISO 19136), they are linked using gml:id to other GML encoded
features. The details of encoding GML instances using gml:id are specified in a normative annex.
Additional normative annexes define encodings for linking Place Identifiers to other identifiers using
UUID and URL and present examples for their use.
This document is applicable to location-based services, linked open data, robotic assisted services
and other application domains that require a relationship between PIs and objects in either the real or
virtual world.
This document is not about creating a registry of Place Identifiers linked to specific features or
objects, and support of linking mechanisms other than gml:id, UUID, and URL is out of the scope of this
document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19103, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO 19136:2007, Geographic information — Geography Markup Language
ISO 19155:2012, Geographic information — Place Identifier (PI) architecture
IETF, Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace, RFC 4122, July 2005
IETF, Uniform Resource Locators (URL), RFC 1738, December 1994
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W3C XML Linking Language (XLink) Version 1.1 — Recommendation, 06 May 2010
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19155 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
Place Identifier (PI) link
relationship established between PIs and other identifiers in different encoding domains
Note 1 to entry: While the identifiers of these features or objects can sometimes identify a place, within the
scope of this document, the identifiers of features or objects existing in other encoding domains are referred to
conceptually as “other identifiers”.
Note 2 to entry: These “other identifiers” can exist outside of the PI architecture.
3.2
Place Identifier (PI) linking mechanism
means used to define a place identifier (PI) link (3.1)
4 Abbreviated terms
4.1 Abbreviated terms
BIM Building Information Model
CSV comma-separated values
IFC Industry Foundation Class
GUID Globally Unique IDentifier
OGC Open Geospatial Consortium
PI Place Identifier
RDF Resource Description Framework
SVG Scalable Vector Graphics
UML Unified Modeling Language
URI Uniform Resource Identifier
URL Uniform Resource Locator
URN Uniform Resource Name
UUID Universally Unique IDentifier
XML eXtensible Markup Language
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4.2 UML Notation
In this document, conceptual schemas are presented in the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The user
shall refer to ISO 19103 for the specific profile of UML used in this document.
4.3 Backward compatibility
This document uses the concepts defined in the Place Identifier (PI) Architecture (ISO 19155) without
modification. Therefore, no backward compatibility issues exist in this document.
5 Conformance
5.1 General
This document defines three conformance classes, specified in 5.2 to 5.4, matching the requirements
classes of the three linking mechanisms defined in Clause 8. Any PI linking mechanism for which
conformance with this document is claimed shall pass all of the requirements of the abstract test suite
specified in Annex A.
5.2 Linking mechanism: gml:id
PI linking for which gml:id conformance is claimed shall pass all of the requirements specified in the
abstract test suite in A.2.
Table 1 — Conformance class: Linking mechanism: gml:id
Conformance class /conf/19155-2/5/5.2
Dependency A.1
Requirements /req/linking_mechanism/GML_ID
Tests A.2
5.3 Linking mechanism: UUID
PI linking for which UUID conformance is claimed shall pass all of the requirements specified in the
abstract test suite in A.3.
Table 2 — Conformance class: Linking mechanism: UUID
Conformance class /conf/19155-2/5/5.3
Dependency A.1
Requirements /req/linking_mechanism/UUID
Tests A.3
5.4 Linking mechanism: URL
PI linking for which URL conformance is claimed shall pass all of the requirements specified in the
abstract test suite in A.4.
Table 3 — Conformance class: Linking mechanism: URL
Conformance class /conf/19155-2/5/5.4
Dependency A.1
Requirements /req/linking_mechanism/URL
Tests A.4
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6 Place Identifier (PI) concept
6.1 General
A “place” is defined as an identifiable part of any space (ISO 19155), either in the real world or
virtual world.
ISO 19155:2012, 6.1 states that the same place can be identified with multiple Place Identifiers (PIs).
If the place is identified with coordinates, it is called “position” and if the place is identified with
geographic identifiers, it is called “location.” Additionally, the place may be identified with online
resource identifiers such as URI.
In ISO 19109:2015, 7.4, “position” is a spatial attribute of a feature, “location” is a location attribute of a
feature, and a virtual identifier, such as a URI, is a thematic attribute of a feature. Therefore, a PI can be
considered as an attribute of a feature.
6.2 PI structure
Figure 2 shows the structure of the PI, as defined in ISO 19155:2012, 7.2.2. The PI_PlaceIdentifier type
is the basic data type for the PI.
Figure 2 — PI_PlaceIdentifier
The PI_PlaceIdentifier class defines the following attributes.
a) The attribute rs specifies the reference system of the PI.
b) The attribute value is the identifier for a place and is unique within the context of the defined
reference system.
c) The optional attribute validPeriod specifies the period in which the identifier is valid for the place.
The validPeriod can be used to set the expiration of the identifier which can be validated through
implementation. The property of uniqueness of the identifier is determined by the reference system (rs).
7 PI linking
7.1 Overview
There are two main concepts that are standardized in this document.
The first concept is a mechanism for connecting PIs which identify the same place, where the connection
is directly embedded into the PI.
PI matching (ISO 19155:2012, 4.11) is the matching of multiple PIs that represent the same place. This
matching is accomplished through the use of the PI matching service (ISO 19155:2012, 7.3.2) and when
implemented, is performed within the PI architecture. The logical structure of “PI matching” is shown
in ISO 19155:2012, Figure 8, where a “PI_MatchedPISet” connects more than two “PI_PlaceIdentifier”s
which identify the same place. The one way association from “PI_MatchedPISet” to “PI_PlaceIdentifier”
enables users to make links independently with the instances of PI_PlaceIdentifier, and the data
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independence of the connection ensures the use of existing place identifiers because existing data need
not change their schemas.
However, in many situations, relationships exist between PIs encoded using ISO 19155 and other
identifiers in different encodings, existing independently or outside of the PI architecture. As these
other identifiers are usually features or objects in different encodings, it is not possible for them to be
included in or managed by the PI architecture. In these situations, users may want to simply embed the
connection into their PI. Depending on the encodings of these other identifiers, a set of clearly defined
mechanisms is required to expose and use those other identifiers for PI linking.
This is referred to as a Place Identifier (PI) link (3.1), similarly, a Place Identifier (PI) linking mechanism
(3.2) is a means of defining a Place Identifier (PI) link.
While one specific linking mechanism is not suitable for all other identifiers in other encodings,
similarities in linking mechanisms exist, such as the use of XLink for XML-based encodings.
The second concept standardized by this document is the structure of data instances for PI Linking.
This document defines how to use existing constructs to enable linking to PIs without modification to
those encoding rules for object identification and reference.
7.2 PI linking directionality
In this document, all links are directional. In cases where a bi-directional link is required, two distinct
directional links shall be made, one in each direction.
/req/linking_directionality/direction- where a bi-directional link is required, two distinct
al_links directional links shall be made, one in each direction
A combination of directionality and encoding format limits the applicability of this document, as shown
in the following cases:
a) if both identifiers are encoded in GML (ISO 19136:2007), the linking is normative;
b) if one identifier is in another encoding, the linking from a PI to that identifier is normative;
c) if one identifier is in another encoding, the linking from that identifier to a PI is informative.
In Figure 3, the direction of the link between a PI encoded using ISO 19155 and an identifier in another
encoding is shown using an arrow representing the directionality of the link. In addition, normative
linking is shown using a solid line and informative linking is shown using a dashed line.
The normative linking mechanisms are:
a) gml:id: for linking between a PI and another identifier encoded in GML, see 8.2.2 and 8.2.3;
b) UUID or URL: for linking from a PI to an identifier in another encoding, see 8.3 and 8.4, respectively.
Figure 3 depicts linking to PIs from IFC(BIM) and SVG using IfcDocumentReference and rdf: resource
as linking mechanisms. These mechanisms are shown as informative because those encodings are not
being modified by this document.
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Key
encoding rules (examples in this document)
other encoding rules
linking methods (normative)
linking methods (informative)
ISO 19155-2 scope (normative content)
ISO 19155 (normative PI encoding)
Figure 3 — Overview of content in ISO 19155-2
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7.3 PI linking model
The conceptual model in Figure 4 defines the structure of PI linking.
The PI_PlaceIdentifier class defined in this document is an extended data type for the Place Identifier
which enables users to connect a PI directly to other PIs.
The PI_PlaceIdentifier class also has a mandatory association “Linking” in addition to the derived three
attributes. The association “Linking” is a mechanism for connecting PIs which identify the same place,
where the connection is directly embedded into the PI.
NOTE While “PI_MatchedPISet” defined in ISO 19155 has an association to connect more than two “PI_
PlaceIdentifier”s which identify the same place, “PI_PlaceIdentifier” defined in ISO 19155 itself does not have a
property to connect other “PI_PlaceIdentifier”s.
Figure 4 — PI linking model
8 PI linking mechanisms
8.1 Overview
This document defines three mechanisms for linking Place Identifiers to features or objects existing in
other encodings. These PI linking mechanisms are enabled using the following information technologies
for object identification and reference:
— using a gml:id linking both from and to a PI, see 8.2;
— using a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) linking from a PI, see 8.3;
— using a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) linking from a PI, see 8.4.
When using the linking mechanisms defined in this document, the PIs shall be encoded using ISO 19136,
which is the recommended normative encoding option, as specified in ISO 19155:2012, Annex B.
/req/linking_mechanisms/encoding existing Place Identifiers shall be encoded using ISO 19136
as specified in ISO 19155:2012, Annex B
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Implementation requirements are specified in 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4.
The encodings presented in this document are suitable for linking with a PI but do not represent a
conclusive list and other encodings may also be suitable for linking with a PI using one of the defined
mechanisms. Linkages may also exist directly between multiple encodings and can make use of a PI.
For the purpose of this document, linkages not using a PI are out of scope.
Use case examples of PI linking are presented in Annex F.
The PI architecture and PI linking concepts have implications for use in the semantic web and linked
data. To provide additional descriptions, Annex G includes RDF examples for PIs and PI linking.
8.2 Linking mechanism: gml:id
8.2.1 Overview
If gml:id is used, linking is defined as bi-directional, both from and to a PI, and linking Place Identifiers
with other features encoded in GML and related application schema is specified based on the following
content from ISO 19136:2007, 8.1:
Xlink components are used in GML to implement associations between objects by reference. GML
property elements (ISO 19136:2007, 7.2.3) may carry XLink attributes, which support the encoding of
an association relationship by reference, the name of the property element denoting the target role in
the association.
/req/linking_mechanisms/GML_ID gml:id shall be used when linking to Place Identifiers
encoded in GML
8.2.2 Linking from a PI
An xlink: href property in a PI instance defines a link that shall be used to point to a discrete GML
instance and the value in that discrete GML instance is referenced by traversing the link.
/req/linking_mechanisms/GML_ID/from- the xlink: href property in a PI instance shall use a
a-PI gml:id to define a link that points to a discrete GML
instance
8.2.3 Linking to a PI
The converse is also defined by this document, where an xlink: href property in a GML instance defines
a link that shall be used to point to a discrete PI instance and the value in that discrete PI instance is
referenced by traversing the link.
/req/linking_mechanisms/ GML_ID/to-a-PI the xlink: href property in a GML instance shall use
a gml:id to define a link that points to a discrete PI
instance
8.2.4 Instance examples using gml:id
Examples showing the use of gml:id for linking between PIs and other GML encoded instances are
presented in Annex B.
GML feature instances conforming to application schemas, such as OGC CityGML (OGC 12-019) and OGC
IndoorGML 1.0 (OGC 14-005r3),
...
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