ISO 37156:2020
(Main)Smart community infrastructures — Guidelines on data exchange and sharing for smart community infrastructures
Smart community infrastructures — Guidelines on data exchange and sharing for smart community infrastructures
This document gives guidelines on principles and the framework to use for data exchange and sharing for entities with the authority to develop and operate community infrastructure. The guidelines in this document are applicable to communities of any size that are engaged in data exchange and sharing. The specific practices of data exchange and sharing of community infrastructures will depend on the characteristics of each community. NOTE 1 The concept of smartness is addressed in terms of data exchange and sharing, in accordance with sustainable development and resilience of communities as defined in ISO 37100. NOTE 2 Annex A outlines useful case studies of data exchange and sharing for community infrastructure.
Infrastructures urbaines intelligentes — Cadre directeur pour l'échange et le partage de données pour les infrastructures urbaines intelligentes
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 37156
First edition
2020-02
Smart community infrastructures —
Guidelines on data exchange and
sharing for smart community
infrastructures
Infrastructures urbaines intelligentes — Cadre directeur pour
l'échange et le partage de données pour les infrastructures urbaines
intelligentes
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
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ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Terms relating to smart community infrastructure . 1
3.2 Terms relating to smart community infrastructure data . 2
3.3 Terms relating to data exchange and sharing for smart community infrastructure . 3
4 Principles for data exchange and sharing . 4
4.1 General . 4
4.2 Principles . 4
5 Type and model for data exchange and sharing . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.2 Types of data . 5
5.2.1 Metadata . 5
5.2.2 Reference data . 5
5.2.3 Thematic data . 5
5.3 Concept model for infrastructure data . 6
5.4 Data dictionary and catalogue .10
5.5 Data spectrum .10
5.5.1 General.10
5.5.2 Closed data .10
5.5.3 Shared data .10
5.5.4 Open data .11
6 Opportunities for data exchange and sharing .11
6.1 General .11
6.2 Optimizing infrastructure services .11
6.3 Promoting business .11
6.4 Facilitating urban planning .11
6.5 Enabling proactive maintenance .12
6.6 Promoting environmental protection .12
6.7 Improving safety and security .12
7 Security of data exchange and sharing .12
7.1 General .12
7.2 Data security approach .13
7.3 Security strategy and policy .14
7.3.1 General.14
7.3.2 Security strategy .14
7.3.3 Security policy . .14
7.3.4 Accountability and responsibility .15
7.4 Assessment of security risk s .15
7.4.1 Threat landscape .15
7.4.2 Management of security risks .16
8 Data privacy .17
8.1 General .17
8.2 Privacy guidelines and activities .17
8.2.1 General.17
8.2.2 Privacy principles .17
8.2.3 Consideration of city stakeholders.17
8.2.4 Specific thematic data .18
8.2.5 Operational guidelines . .18
8.3 Privacy strategy and governance .19
8.3.1 Senior management team .19
8.3.2 Privacy policy .19
8.3.3 Accountability and responsibility .19
8.3.4 Privacy processes .20
8.3.5 Privacy rights of individuals .20
8.3.6 Complaints and appeals .20
9 Data roles and responsibilities.21
9.1 General .21
9.2 Data roles .21
9.3 Provenance of data .22
9.4 Accountability .22
9.5 New business models .23
9.6 Standards framework for cooperative models .23
Annex A (informative) Case studies .24
Bibliography .28
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 268, Sustainable cities and communities,
Subcommittee SC 1, Smart community infrastructures.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
Introduction
Community is the crystallization of human technological progress, economic development and
social civilization. It is also the basic unit of human economic activities and regional production.
Community function and people’s daily life are highly dependent on different types of community
infrastructure. As the foundation of survival and development, community infrastructure includes
energy, water, transportation, waste and information and communication technology (ICT). This
community infrastructure provides convenience for urban residents. Therefore, the scientific and
effective management of community infrastructure is crucial. It affects the living conditions of citizens,
the efficiency of the social economy and the ecological safety of the community. Poor management
of community infrastructure causes problems such as environmental pollution, traffic congestion,
inadequate urban resources and a weak urban lifeline system. It is incompatible with sustainable
development.
Data provide the fundamental basis of effective management. It is a common problem that different
organizations or departments govern the data relating to community infrastructure. The existence
of information silos across different community infrastructure negatively affects effective and
efficient management. Therefore, strengthening the sharing of data is an important activity for smart
communities. Standardized data exchange and/or sharing will benefit business collaboration across
departments, organisations and communities; it will also improve service capabilities as regards
community infrastructure. Furthermore, it will base the management of communities on data and
improve outcomes, making communities safer, more hospitable and more liveable.
This document is a reference for governments and other enterprises, organizations and individuals
who have a responsibility or need to share data from community infrastructure. This document helps
to promote a foundation of information, eliminate isolated information silos and move toward the use
of data to make communities smarter. An example of the benefits of implementing this document is
the promotion of efficient cooperation by establishing mechanisms for information exchange among
different departments within local governments.
This document provides a set of community infrastructure data governance methods and a unified
framework of community infrastructure data exchange and sharing, underpinned by privacy and
security principles. The purposes of this document are:
— to provide intensive, efficient, convenient, ecological and secure infrastructure for community
infrastructure users, consumers or beneficiaries;
— to provide appropriate approaches to the exchange, monitoring, sharing and maintenance of
community infrastructure services.
This document relates to smart community infrastructures, and should be used alongside ISO 37101,
ISO 37120, ISO 37122, ISO 37123, ISO/TR 37150 and ISO/TS 37151. ISO 37101 contains the requirements
for the different types of data which are supported. ISO 37120 provides macro-guidance to cities on
how to achieve the United Nations sustainable development goals. Under the macro-guidance from
ISO 37101, this document, ISO/TR 37150 and ISO/TS 37151 constitute implementation guidance for
smart city infrastructure. This document focuses specifically on data exchange and/or sharing for
smart community infrastructures.
In addition, this document should be used with ISO 8000-110, ISO 22745-1 and ISO/IEC 30182.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 37156:2020(E)
Smart community infrastructures — Guidelines on data
exchange and sharing for smart community infrastructures
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines on principles and the framework to use for data exchange and sharing
for entities with the authority to develop and operate community infrastructure.
The guidelines in this document are applicable to communities of any size that are engaged in data
exchange and sharing. The specific practices of data exchange and sharing of community infrastructures
will depend on the characteristics of each community.
NOTE 1 The concept of smartness is addressed in terms of data exchange and sharing, in accordance with
sustainable development and resilience of communities as defined in ISO 37100.
NOTE 2 Annex A outlines useful case studies of data exchange and sharing for community infrastructure.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
BSI PAS 183:2017, Smart cities — Guide to establishing a decision-making framework for sharing data and
information services
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Terms relating to smart community infrastructure
3.1.1
community
group of people with an arrangement of responsibilities, activities and relationships
Note 1 to entry: In many, but not all, contexts, a community has a defined geographical boundary.
Note 2 to entry: A city is a type of community.
[SOURCE: ISO 37100:2016, 3.2.2]
3.1.2
community infrastructure
systems of facilities, equipment and services that support the operations and activities of communities
Note 1 to entry: Such community infrastructures include, but are not limited to, energy, water, transportation,
waste and information and communication technologies (ICT).
[SOURCE: ISO 37100:2016, 3.6.1]
3.1.3
organization
person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships
to achieve its objectives
Note 1 to entry: The concept of organization includes, but is not limited to, sole-trader, company, corporation, firm,
enterprise, authority, partnership, charity or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated
or not, public or private.
Note 2 to entry: In this document, the concept of organization refers to an entity/institution inside the community
that is tasked with implementing the management system, for example the local government. The community
identifies an organization that it entrusts with the implementation of this document.
[SOURCE: ISO 37100:2016, 3.2.3]
3.1.4
smart community infrastructure
community infrastructure with enhanced technological performance that is designed, operated and
maintained to contribute to sustainable development and resilience of the community
[SOURCE: ISO 37100:2016, 3.6.2, modified — Notes to entry removed.]
3.1.5
smart community infrastructure data
data created, captured, collected or curated from the various sources of smart community infrastructure
3.2 Terms relating to smart community infrastructure data
3.2.1
availability
property of being accessible and usable upon demand by an authorized entity
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 27000:2018, 3.7]
3.2.2
authenticity
property of being genuine
3.2.3
data
reinterpretable representation of information in a formalized manner suitable for communication,
interpretation or processing
Note 1 to entry: Data can be processed by humans or by automatic means.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2121272]
3.2.4
integrity
property of accuracy and completeness
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 27000:2018, 3.36]
3.2.5
metadata
data defining and describing other data
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 27050-1:2016, 3.19]
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
3.2.6
reference data
domain and community standardized data objects that define the set of permissible values to be used
to populate other data objects
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2017, 3.1.10.19]
3.2.7
reliability
property of consistent intended behaviour and results
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 27000:2018, 3.55]
3.2.8
shared data
data that can be accessed within an existing software application as well as between different software
applications, that may be executed asynchronously or concurrently
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2122341, modified.]
3.2.9
thematic data
patterns of data within the data framework that are deemed important to support the provision of city
services and the four levels of insight in the city
[SOURCE: BSI PAS 183:2017]
3.2.10
data spectrum
differentiation of data assets on the basis of whether they are considered closed, shareable or open
[SOURCE: BSI PAS 183:2017]
3.3 Terms relating to data exchange and sharing for smart community infrastructure
3.3.1
data access
right, opportunity, means of finding, using or retrieving data
[SOURCE: ISO 15489-1:2016, 3.1, modified — original term was 'access'.]
3.3.2
data creator
organization that creates, captures, collects or transforms data for a city or services, for example
[SOURCE: BSI PAS 183:2017]
3.3.3
data owner
designated curator for the community infrastructure data related to a city service
[SOURCE: BSI PAS 183:2017]
3.3.4
data publisher
organization that performs the publication role for community infrastructure data
[SOURCE: BSI PAS 183:2017]
3.3.5
data exchange
accessing, transferring and archiving of data
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 13399-5:2014, 3.7, modified.]
3.3.6
data sharing
providing shared, exchangeable and extensible data to enable community infrastructure
3.3.7
risk
effect of uncertainty
Note 1 to entry: An effect is a deviation from the expected – positive or negative.
Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty is the state, even partial, of deficiency of information related to, understanding or
knowledge of, an event, its consequence or likelihood.
Note 3 to entry: Risk is often characterized by reference to potential events (ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.5.1.3) and
consequences (ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.3), or a combination of these.
Note 4 to entry: Risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of an event (including
changes in circumstances) and the associated likelihood (ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.1) of occurrence.
[SOURCE: ISO 37100:2016, 3.4.12, modified.]
4 Principles for data exchange and sharing
4.1 General
This document shows the various possibilities for the use of data exchange and sharing for smart
community infrastructures. The expectations of communities related to the outputs from and the
use of data are often very high. However, it should be noted that there are many different constraints
related on the range and validity of the outputs of data exchange and sharing. Examples are data
reliability, availability, quality, complex relationships and temporal interpretation of data. Reasonable
expectations should be set by smart communities related to the impact achieved as a result of the data
exchange and sharing of community infrastructure data.
4.2 Principles
The following principles should be considered:
a) The community infrastructure data should be available to be exchanged and shared.
b) To be effective, the data should be of sufficient quality in order to be useful across smart community
infrastructure services, or by more than one organization.
c) The data owner has the accountability and responsibility to ensure the exchange and sharing of the
community infrastructure data is enabled.
d) The data creator should maintain the integrity of the community infrastructure data to be
exchanged or shared.
e) The security and privacy of the community infrastructure data should be continuously preserved.
f) The data should use spatial methods to achieve the positioning and control of urban infrastructure
objects.
g) The data should have temporal information to maintain changes to the community infrastructure
for any reason, such as societal, environmental, cultural, strategic and policy changes. Temporal
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
data allows timely interventions when required and supports the tracking of community
infrastructure changes to enable smart management and efficiency improvements.
h) A systematic approach to the exchange and sharing of data should be taken, with every data
attribute identifiable by a set of mechanisms to facilitate the interoperability of community
infrastructures.
i) The city, in its role as the curator of the exchange and sharing of infrastructure data, should ensure
that this activity is carried out in an equitable and ethical manner in order to ensure that all parties
are treated equally.
5 Type and model for data exchange and sharing
5.1 General
Smart community infrastructure includes energy, water, transport, ICT and waste services. The data
addressed in this document are those related to the infrastructures and the built environment which
support the community infrastructure.
The development and complexity of the smart community infrastructure and the planning, construction,
operation, management and evaluation of the smart community infrastructure information services
should be based on the construction, development and utilization of data resources. The data resources
used should reflect the physical and operational conditions and interactions which are defined in
ISO 37155-1.
Data exchange and sharing takes place between different application services and systems for smart
community infrastructure. Different types of data exchange and sharing use different data types and
functions.
The data framework for a smart city and community infrastructure is used to classify data as either
metadata, reference data or thematic data. The data framework details how current city data assets are
transitioned from the existing siloed service provision to the interoperable use of data across the entire
data lifecycle.
The collective data assets relate to the data concepts specified in ISO/IEC 30182, and utilizes the
classifications of open, shared and closed data within the data spectrum used by the community.
5.2 Types of data
5.2.1 Metadata
Metadata are data which define basic information about data used to verify the provenance and validity
of the data to be exchanged and shared. An example of metadata in a smart community data framework
is the data relating to the voluntary services organizations who deliver city services on behalf of the
city to citizens.
5.2.2 Reference data
Reference data are any data which define the set of permissible values for the data which are to be
exchanged or shared. For example, an atmospheric temperature reading at a certain location or video
[41]
footage for a specific street which can be used for multiple purposes .
5.2.3 Thematic data
To deliver services to citizens, thematic data in a community should initially be the data sets and
legacy data that are created, processed and managed by community. Examples of thematic data include
bus traffic congestion along a specific street or electric power frequency fluctuations and pressure
distribution along a specific underground water pipe line. The characteristics of smart community
infrastructure, as an integration of sub-systems, should be considered in the thematic data, for example,
interaction between infrastructures services, if applicable according to ISO 37155-1.
Data exchange and sharing is primarily conducted between metadata, reference data and thematic data.
The data types for data exchange and sharing of smart community infrastructure are described in 5.3.
5.3 Concept model for infrastructure data
Data should be made available and be collectable from community infrastructure services for
exchanging and sharing. The collection of data are expected to be automated via technical interfaces,
such as smart meters supported by APIs.
Tables 1 to 3 identify the elements of the smart city concept model (SCCM) defined in ISO/IEC 30182
which relate specifically to community infrastructure. Collectable community infrastructure data can
be categorized into characteristics of something, consumption of something, movement of something,
presence of something, production of something, status of something, supply of something and use of
something. These are shown in Table 1. These descriptions are not exhaustive or mutually exclusive.
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Table 1 — Example of collectable data from community infrastructure using concepts from SCCM
a
Collectable data Infrastructures Data interfaces Example observation Prime concept (SCCM )
Characteristics of something Buildings Survey Building use State
Transportation network API for the transporta- Structure and design informa- Infrastructure
tion network data tion of the road, bridge or tunnel
Consumption of something Street lighting Smart meters Energy used per hour (kWh) Case
Movement of something Transport network Vehicle GPS Journey destinations Place
Presence of something Waste management Waste bin sensors Empty/full State
Production of something Renewable power plant Smart grid Energy load per hour (MWh) Case
Status of something Public realm Environmental sensor Outdoor temperature State
Metro/subway API for the subway data Operation status of the subway; State/event
normal operation, suspension or
plan/developing
Inspection data of the car and
railways
Supply of something Water mains Flow sensors Leaks Case
Use of something Communication networks System logs Megabytes of data used Event
NOTE Infrastructure is a concept of fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city or other area. Infrastructure is not defined in SCCM. However, it is a fundamental
concept in expressing data exchange and sharing for smart community infrastructure.
a
SCCM defined in ISO/IEC 30182.
The collected data results in information that provides insights, the types of which are also defined in
the SCCM as operational, critical, analytical and strategic. The insights can help identify opportunity
and rationale for sharing such data among infrastructures (see Table 2).
Table 2 — Examples of the level of insights (operational, critical, analytical and strategic) for
collectable community infrastructure data from SCCM
Collectable data Resulting data (examples) Insights (SCCM)
Characteristics Building data: dimensions; occupancy; equipment; Operational
of something indoor temperature; indoor air quality; gas supply
Strategic
pressure; water flow rates; heat delivery temperature
Demographic data: user registration details and
profile
Structure or design data: position, dimensions and
materials; load-bearing capacity; functions included
in the object; route to exit
Consumption Energy data: domestic use of electric, thermal, gas; Critical
of something district consumption; tariffs and costs
Movement Transport data: modal mix; vehicle type; vehicle Analytical
of something ID; vehicle occupancy; journey start/end times and
locations; traffic speed and density; pedestrian
movements; energy consumption per km; emis-
sions/pollutants per km
Presence Image data: congestion; integrity of the public Strategic
of something realm, such as road maintenance; incidents; unrest
and community safety
Production of something Energy data: local renewable production Critical
Status of something Environmental data: outdoor air quality; water Analytical
quality; flood levels; noise levels; temperature;
weather conditions; carbon emissions; luminescence
Operation status data: status of planning, construc-
tion, operation, suspension, stopped; period of time
for the status
Inspection data: method/person in charge of inspec-
tion; data inspected; judgement result
Supply of something Energy data: network power loads Critical
Use of something Network utilization: number of bus journeys taken Strategic
The observations are also related to concepts defined in the SCCM, including active agents or items,
metrics and places. The SCCM notes that by adding the concepts of time and role to the collectable data,
it would be possible to further understand relationships in the sharing of data (see Table 3).
8 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Table 3 — Examples of observations which can be used to further understand relationships to be shared or exchanged
a
Collectable data Agent/item (SCCM) Metric (SCCM) Place (SCCM) Time Stakeholder roles
Characteristics of something Person or household Cost Location points Date/time Infrastructure owners,
stamp suppliers and operators
Consumption of something Building, infrastructure or commu- Frequency Departure points
nity Investors
Movement of something Quantity Arrival points
Government or municipality Planners
Presence of something Scale Transit routes
Citizens
Production of something Specification Neighbourhoods
Status of something State Districts
Supply of something Velocity Cities
Use of something Life expectancy
a
Stakeholders are defined in ISO 37153.
5.4 Data dictionary and catalogue
Data dictionaries and the use of a catalogue for data exchange and sharing can be considered as an efficient
approach to assist the exchange and sharing of different attributes, for example by industry, structure,
format and classification. These tools are optional and not limited to the approaches listed below.
a) Data dictionary is the definition and description of the data items, data structures, data streams,
data storage, processing logic and external entities that constitute the data resources of a domain.
b) Data catalogue is the presentation of data resource organization and relevance, including catalogue,
dictionary identification scheme and development of guidelines related to recognition system. The
form is based on open technical dictionary (OTD) databases as the core.
The expected architecture if these tools are used is based on the OTD of ISO 8000 and the
ISO 22745 series, for creation and maintenance of the data.
5.5 Data spectrum
5.5.1 General
To better understand how a community can maximize the value of its data, it is important that the
data framework classifies data for use. Data should be differentiated to classify the type of data held
and whether they are considered closed, shareable or open. The extent to which restrictions have been
implemented can vary depending on the security, access and control requirements. The use of data
within the data spectrum is restricted to the use, reuse and the purpose for which data can be shared.
ISO 31000 outlines good practice on the management, assessment and analysis of risk and can be used
by the community when implementing the data framework.
An appropriate risk-management regime for the sharing, publishing and reuse of data should be
established and implemented.
5.5.2 Closed data
Closed data are data which are restricted for use. These data should be designated as information that
is not permitted to be shared. In a community, these data are mainly related to privacy and security
concerns, for example payment details for citizens for a specific infrastructure service, such as their
council tax.
5.5.3 Shared data
Shared data are data which exist and cannot be considered as either open or closed. This varies between
cities and is assumed to represent the majority of the data in a community.
This document specifies in detail on:
— the suitability of sharing data for new purposes (see Clause 8); and
— access rights to data (see Clause 9).
It is important as part of the data spectrum to understand that there are three top-level access
restrictions which apply to shared data:
a) specific access is when the data owner makes data accessible to either named individual(s) or
named organization(s);
b) group access is when data are made available to specific groups of people or organization(s) based
on predetermined criteria;
c) public access is when data are made available publicly but only under certain terms and conditions
that cannot be considered open.
10 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Publishers of community data have a duty of care when restricted data are considered for sharing to
ensure that potential harm to individuals or assets is considered prior to publication. An example of
shared data such as this is control of major accidents and hazards (COMAH) data.
5.5.4 Open data
This document uses the definition of 'open' that is maintained by the Open Project.
'Open data' means data which anyone can freely access, use, modify and share for any purpose (subject
at most to guidelines that preserve provenance and openness). This definition is also used to determine
whether data can be classified as open data.
6 Opportunities for data exchange and sharing
6.1 General
The availability of open data enables smart communities to explore the value of data to improve city
services. However, the majority of data within a smart community is not suitable for opening due
to privacy and security considerations. With the appropriate access restrictions, the three types
of shared data can be unlocked for the benefit of the city and its citizens. The value of shared data
includes, but is not limited to, optimizing infrastructure services, promoting business, facilitating
urban planning, enabling proactive maintenance, promoting environmental protection and improving
safety and security. A diverse range of options can be articulated for all smart cities when community
infrastructure data are shared.
6.2 Optimizing infrastructure services
Data exchange and sharing can provide citizens with better services, including water, gas, electricity,
housing, transportation, waste disposal and information services. For example, citizens can have access
to one-stop, comprehensive and efficient government information services through data exchange and
sharing.
Through data exchange and sharing, city managers and related providers of public services cannot
only optimize the construction of community infrastructure, but also improve efficiency in daily
management of community infrastructure, as well as operation and monitoring. For example, street
lampposts are shared by many users and can be used as charging points to provide energy for electric
vehicles. They can also be equipped with billboards. By installing various sensors or cameras on street
lampposts, traffic, noise levels and weather conditions can be monitored. Therefore, it is very important
that this information can be shared.
6.3 Promoting business
Data exchange and sharing improves the efficiency of resource allocation and promotes business
development. For example, a developer can utilize the shared data from community infrastructure such
as telecommunications capacity, water-supply capacity from infrastructure companies and the number
of passengers from one station to another to explore the best location for building a new hotel, in order
to minimize development costs.
Data exchange and sharing provides opportunities for innovation to create new business models in
a community. For example, the traffic data of existing transportation and the general movement of
citizens, when combined, could be used to create a driverless taxi operation.
6.4 Facilitating urban planning
Data exchange and sharing can help city planners draw up comprehensive infrastructure planning,
which can enhance the development and utilization of urban spaces, achieve a balance between urban
and rural infrastructure and make a city more harmonious and liveable.
...
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