ISO 24294:2013
(Main)Timber — Round and sawn timber — Vocabulary
Timber — Round and sawn timber — Vocabulary
ISO 24294:2013 contains the terms and definitions of concepts to establish a multilingual vocabulary of terminology to be applied in forest and wood working spheres, with the scope of identification of a tree and of its parts in round and sawn aspects; its measurements; grading; condition; features; sizes; and the natural, biological and infestational defects of wood.
Bois — Bois ronds et bois sciés — Vocabulaire
L'ISO 24294:2013 établit la terminologie à appliquer dans les domaines forestiers et de transformations du bois pour identifier un arbre et ses constituants, que ce soient des bois ronds ou des bois sciés; ses mesurages; classements; conditionnement; singularités; dimensions; ainsi que les défauts naturels, biologiques et dus à des infestations du bois.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24294
NORME
First edition
Première édition
INTERNATIONALE
Первое издание
2013-09-01
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ
СТАНДАРТ
Timber — Round and sawn timber —
Vocabulary
Bois — Bois ronds et bois sciés —
Vocabulaire
Лесоматериалы — Круглые и
пиленые лесоматериалы — словарь
Reference number
Numéro de référence
Ссылочный номер
ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
©
ISO 2013
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
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© ISO 2013
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 General - Round timber and sawn timber . 1
4 General - Round timber . 2
5 General - Sawn timber . 5
6 Moisture content .11
7 Measurements of round timber .15
8 Dimensions of sawn timber .17
9 Anatomical structure of timber .19
10 Features of round timber .22
11 Features of sawn timber .28
12 Discolouration and fungal attack .35
13 Degrade by insects or other wood borers .40
Annex A (informative) Alphabetical index .42
Bibliography .70
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 24294 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 218, Timber.
This edition cancels and replaces ISO 4473:1988, ISO 4474:1989, ISO 4476:1983 and ISO 8966:1987.
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
Introduction
Wood is a naturally occurring resource and is the only major construction material that is renewable.
Because it is renewable, the use of wood and the many different timber products made from wood,
contributes to overall sustainable development. Wood is used in the manufacture of various timber
products and many of these timber products are intended specifically for use both as structural and
non-structural elements in the construction of timber-framed or platform-frame buildings.
NOTE 1 In North America, timber-framed buildings in which timber is the main structural material are
commonly referred to as post and beam construction, while other timber-framed buildings constructed of wood
that rely wholly or mainly on load-bearing walls that have studs supported by the floor(s) are typically referred
to as wood frame construction or platform frame construction.
Similar to most other building materials, wood has unique properties. In wood, these various properties
are affected by species, natural growth characteristics and moisture content and with its unique cell
structure; wood has different strength properties in different grain directions.
There is a need to be able to conceptualize and communicate on the physical and mechanical
characteristics of the many different hardwood and softwood round, sawn and processed timbers in a
manner that is consistent and recognized globally.
This International Standard has been prepared by the various groups involved in the timber industry,
such as manufacturers, builders, wholesalers and importers, as well as research organizations, academia,
national regulatory bodies, standards developers and professional design organizations.
Understanding the nature of the various physical characteristics and features of round and sawn
timber will enable effective communication related to sawn and processed timber in a manner that
is consistently understood by and equitable to all active and potential traders/users. Its use in other
standards will also aid harmonization and provide a basis for specialist terminology.
NOTE 2 General and specific concepts regarding wood and timber that are used in communication and
discussions related to building and civil engineering works have been defined in ISO 6707-1:2004.
The terms are presented in the three official ISO languages (English, French and Russian) using a
systematic structure to allow ready comparison of related concepts and to reflect the underlying concept
system. Where a given term is used to represent different concepts, creating homonymy between them,
each concept is treated in separate terminological entries, with a notational cross-reference to the other
entry included in both.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
Timber — Round and sawn timber — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This International Standard contains the terms and definitions of concepts to establish a multilingual
vocabulary of terminology to be applied in forest and wood working spheres, with the scope of
identification of a tree and of its parts in round and sawn aspects; its measurements; grading; condition;
features; sizes; and the natural, biological and infestational defects of wood.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references for this standard.
3 General - Round timber and sawn timber
3.1
wood
lignocellulosic substance between the pith (9.14) and bark (9.5) of a tree or a shrub
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
Note 2 to entry: Internationally, the terms wood and timber (3.2), in English and French, are often used
interchangeably to represent the basic material (substance) used to form wood products.
3.2
timber
wood (3.1) in the form of standing or felled trees, or a wood product of these after conversion
Note 1 to entry: In the case of converted material, the term “timber” is not used to refer to certain wood products,
such as wood-based panels, wood pulp, chips (4.19) or sawdust (4.20).
Note 2 to entry: In North America, in English, there is a homograph for the term “timber”. See 5.6. Where the term
timber is used in North America to refer to a specific end-use product, it generally refers to sawn lumber (see 5.1)
that is 114 mm (nominal 5 in) or greater in thickness.
Note 3 to entry: In the Russian language, the term “timber” does not refer to standing trees or felled trees.
3.3
species
distinct sort or kind of tree having some characteristics or qualities in common that distinguishes
it from others
EXAMPLE Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziessi), Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), White spruce (Picea
glauca), Scots pine (Pinus silvestris), Silver fir (Abies alba).
Note 1 to entry: A species of wood(3.1) is usually referred to by a common name, but typically identified by a
botanical name that is often based on a Linnaean binomial of its genus and species.
3.3.1
species group
species combination, en CA US
species group, en CA US
group of several species (3.3) of wood (3.1) that are grown, harvested, manufactured and marketed
together, and have similar performance properties
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
3.4
hardwood
wood (3.1) of trees of the botanical group Dicotyledonae
3.5
softwood
wood (3.1) of trees of the botanical group Gymnosperms
3.6
feature
physical, morphological or growth characteristic of timber (3.2) that could affect its use
3.6.1
defect
feature (3.6) that results in lower quality of timber (3.2) which causes restrictions in use
3.7
grading
separation of timber (3.2) by end-use, species (3.3), quality, sizes or some combination thereof
Note 1 to entry: In English, there is a homograph for the term “grading”. See 4.28.
3.8
batch
lot
specified quantity or number of items of a specified product
Note 1 to entry: The content of each batch shall be specified.
4 General - Round timber
4.1
crown
upper portion of a tree, with branches and twigs, possibly including part of the stem (4.3)
4.2
spring of the crown
zone of the stem (4.3) from where the lowest branches of the crown (4.1) grow out
4.3
stem
portion of a tree above ground, excluding branches
Note 1 to entry: The term “stem” is sometimes used to refer to trees, i.e., stems per unit area.
Note 2 to entry: This note applies to the Russian language only.
4.4
trunk
portion of a stem (4.3) used for valuing of a standing tree
Note 1 to entry: Usually specified by stating the minimum top diameter (7.1.3).
Note 2 to entry: This note applies to the Russian language only.
4.5
butt swelling
thickened base part of the stem (4.3)
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
4.6
buttress
projecting rib at the lower end of the stem (4.3)
4.7
stump
portion of the tree that remains above and below ground after felling (4.27)
4.8
branch whorl
zone of the stem (4.3) where several branches or knots (10.1) occur at approximately the same height
4.9
desapped round timber
round timber (4.11) that has had all sapwood (9.1) thoroughly removed
Note 1 to entry: The sapwood is removed generally to prevent biodeterioration (12.2).
4.10
pruned timber
standing timber (3.2) that, as a young tree, had its lower branches removed by pruning
4.11
round timber
felled tree crosscut at the top, with all branches removed, that may or may not have been further crosscut
Note 1 to entry: Generally excluding firewood.
4.11.1
long pole
round timber (4.11) that has not been further crosscut
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the Russian language only.
4.11.2
log
crosscut portion of round timber (4.11) or long pole (4.11.1)
4.11.3
butt log
log (4.11.2) produced from the larger end of a longpole (4.11.1)
4.11.4
second log
log (4.11.2) produced from the portion of a long pole (4.11.1) between the butt log (4.11.3) and the top
end log (4.11.5)
4.11.5
top end log
log (4.11.2) produced from the smaller end of a long pole (4.11.1) or felled trunk (4.29)
4.12
stop
portion of a stem (4.3) where there is a marked reduction in diameter (7.1)
Note 1 to entry: For example, at a thick branch.
4.13
crosscut point
place on a long pole (4.11.1) or a log (4.11.2) where it will be crosscut
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
4.13.1
theoretical crosscut point
point at which a long pole (4.11.1) or a trunk (4.4) is visually assessed for cross-cutting for the purpose
of grading (3.7)(4.28)
4.14
debarking
removing bark (9.5) from trees or round timber (4.11)
4.14.1
ring barking
removing a narrow strip of bark (9.5) around the circumference of a stem (4.3)
4.14.2
rough debarking
partial removing of bark (9.5)
4.14.3
bundle debarking
simultaneous debarking (4.14) of a group of long poles (4.11.1) or logs (4.11.2)
4.14.4
piece-by-piece debarking
debarking (4.14) of individual round timbers (4.11)
4.14.5
patch debarking
rough debarking (4.14.2) with removing of bark (9.5) by spots
4.14.6
clean debarking
complete removal of bark (9.5), remnants of branches and branchwood
4.15
sawlog
log (4.11.2) for conversion into sawn timber (5.1)
4.16
veneer log
log (4.11.2) for conversion into veneer
4.17
pulpwood
log(s) (4.11.2) for breaking down mechanically or chemically for the production of pulp or solid wood panels
4.18
pit props
log(s) (4.11.2) used in mines for support structures
4.19
chips
small flakes of wood (3.1) produced during a fragmentation process
Note 1 to entry: Generally utilized for pulp, wood-based products or fuel.
4.20
sawdust
particles of wood (3.1) produced during the process of sawing
4.21
special assortment log
log (4.11.2) specified by length (7.3) or diameter (7.1), or both, for a specific end-use
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
4.22
regularized round timber
round timber (4.11) processed in order to obtain a cylindrical shape
4.23
pole
long log (4.11.2) for use in a free-standing application
4.24
stake
round timber (4.11) of small diameter (7.1) usually pointed at one end
4.25
bundle
group of evenly placed logs (4.11.2), bundled with packaging means
4.26
pile
stack
pile, en CA US
deck, en CA US
group of logs (4.11.2) laid in several even parallel rows
Note 1 to entry: A pile can occur either at a landing or at a mill yard.
4.27
felling
cutting of trees above ground level
4.28
grading
classifying round timber (4.11) by quality, species (3.3), sizes and, if it is necessary, by end-use
Note 1 to entry: In English, there is a homograph for the term “grading”. See 3.7.
4.29
felled trunk
felled tree stem (4.3) delimbed and separated from roots and top
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the Russian language only.
5 General - Sawn timber
5.1
sawn timber
lumber, en CA US
sawn lumber, en CA US
timber (3.2) section produced by the lengthwise sawing or chipping of logs (4.11.2) or solid wood (3.1) of
larger dimensions and possible crоss-cutting (7.5.1), further machining, or both, to obtain a certain accuracy
5.1.1
rough sawn timber
sawn timber (5.1) that has not undergone any further machining, which is sized to specified permitted
deviations (8.9)
5.1.2
regularized green timber
sawn timber (5.1), with or without further machining in a green state, having a thickness (8.1) or width
(8.2), or both, that is sized to permitted deviations (8.9) tighter than those for rough sawn timber (5.1.1)
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
5.1.3
prepared timber
blank
sawn timber (5.1) that, at the end-use moisture content (6.7), has been cut to length (8.3), and/or machined
on one or more faces (5.18), within agreed permitted deviations (8.9)
5.2
regularized dried timber
sawn timber (5.1) that, after drying (6.21) to the end-use moisture content (6.7), has been machined
further in thickness (8.1) or width (8.2), or both, within tight specified permitted deviations (8.9)
5.3
planed timber
planed lumber, en CA US
dressed lumber, en CA US
surfaced lumber, en CA US
sawn timber (5.1) that, at the end-use moisture content (6.7), has been machined for its full length (8.3)
and width (8.2) on at least one face (5.18) to obtain a smooth surface
5.4
profiled timber
profiled lumber, en CA US
sawn timber (5.1) that, after drying (6.21), has been machined to obtain a specified, but not rectangular,
cross-section (5.20)
5.5
boule
set of pieces of unedged timber (5.11), resulting from cutting a log (4.11.2) longitudinally by successive
parallel cuts, and reassembled into the original log form without the slabs (5.13)
Note 1 to entry: See also cant (5.7).
5.6
baulk
timber, en CA US
large scantling, en MY
sawn timber (5.1) of square or almost square and large cross-section (5.20)
Note 1 to entry: In North America, the minimum dimensions of the cross-section of a baulk (timber) are 114 mm
× 114 mm (nominal 5 in × 5 in).
Note 2 to entry: In Malaysia, the minimum dimensions of the cross-section of a baulk (large scantling) are 10 in
× 6 in (nominal).
Note 3 to entry: In Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, the minimum dimensions of the cross-section of a baulk are
100 mm × 100 mm.
Note 4 to entry: In North America, in English, there is a homograph to the term “timber”. See 3.2.
5.7
cant
flitch, en CA US
log (4.11.2) sawn or chipped on two or more sides before further sawing, usually into square edged
timber (5.8)
Note 1 to entry: See also boule (5.5).
Note 2 to entry: In North America, the term “cant” is used to refer to a log that has been sawn on one or more sides.
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
5.8
square edged timber
sawn timber (5.1) of rectangular cross-section (5.20)
Note 1 to entry: Wane (5.10), in specified amounts, is permitted in some cases.
Note 2 to entry: In North America, the term “square-edged” refers to sawn timber free of wane and without eased
edges (eased arrises) (5.23.3).
5.9
taper edged timber
sawn timber (5.1) sawn so that the edges (5.19) are not parallel
5.10
wane
portion of the original rounded surface of a log (4.11.2), with or without bark (9.5), on any face (5.18) or
edge (5.19) of sawn timber (5.1)
5.11
unedged timber
sawn timber (5.1) with parallel faces (5.18) and with one or both edges (5.19) left unsawn
5.12
narrowest width
width (8.2) of unedged timber (5.11) measured at the narrowest point of the narrower face (5.18)
5.13
slab
exterior portion of a log (4.11.2), detached in the process of sawing, that has one sawn surface, the other
being the outside rounded surface of the log
5.14
finger joint
joint in which the ends of the members have wedge-shaped projections and are intermeshed with one
another so that the cross-section (5.20) remains constant
5.15
scarf joint
joint in which the ends of the members are tapered and over-lap one another, so that the cross-section
(5.20) remains constant
5.16
glued laminated timber
product that is made by gluing sawn timbers (5.1) in layers with the grain (9.19) in the pieces
essentially parallel
5.17
squared end
end of a piece of sawn timber (5.1) that has a plane surface at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the piece
5.18
face
either of the two wider longitudinal opposite surfaces of sawn timber (5.1) or any of the longitudinal
surfaces of square edged timber (5.8) of square cross-section (5.20)
5.18.1
outside face
face (5.18) further from the pith (9.14)
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
5.18.2
inside face
face (5.18) nearer to the pith (9.14)
5.18.3
visible surface
surface of sawn timber (5.1) that, after installation in the final product, is not permanently concealed
Note 1 to entry: Decoration, even with an opaque finish, does not constitute concealment.
5.18.4
concealed surface
surface of sawn timber (5.1) that, after installation in the final product, is permanently concealed
by other parts
5.19
edge
either of the narrower longitudinal opposite surfaces of square edged timber (5.8)
Note 1 to entry: In North America, the term “edge” refers to any of the following:
Note 2 to entry: – the narrow longitudinal surface of a rectangular shaped piece;
Note 3 to entry: – the corner of a piece at the intersection of two longitudinal surfaces; see arris (5.23);
Note 4 to entry: – (usually in stress grades) the part of the face (5.18) nearest an arris of the piece.
Note 5 to entry: In North America, in English, there is a homograph to the term “edge”. See 5.23.
5.20
cross-section
section at right angle to the longitudinal axis of a piece of sawn timber (5.1)
5.21
better face
face (5.18) that, using a particular rule for grading (3.7), is judged to be better than the other face
5.22
worse face
face (5.18) that, using a particular rule for grading (3.7), is judged to be worse than the other face
5.23
arris
edge, en CA US
line of intersection of two faces (5.18) or a face and an edge (5.19)
Note 1 to entry: In North America, in English, there is a homograph for the term “edge”. See 5.19.
5.23.1
waney arris
waney edge, en CA US
arris (5.23) that contains wane (5.10) in one or more places
5.23.2
sharp arris
sharp edge, en CA US
arris (5.23) free of wane (5.10)
5.23.3
eased arris
eased edge, en CA US
arris (5.23) that has a slightly rounded surface
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
5.24
plain sawn timber
sawn timber (5.1) that has a face (5.18) normal or approximately normal to the rays (9.20)
sawn timber (5.1) that has a face (5.18) tangential or approximately tangential to the
growth rings (9.8)
Note 1 to entry: Limits on the angle between rays depend on the species (3.3) and on other factors; e.g. for oak, the
angle between the rays and the faces are between 60° and 90°. Corresponding numbers for species where the rays
are not visible are 0° and 30° for the angle between the growth rings and the face. Other limits can be specified
in rules for grading (3.7).
5.25
quarter sawn timber
sawn t imber (5.1) t hat has a face (5.18) tangential or approximately tangential to the rays (9.20)
sawn timber (5.1) that has a face (5.18) normal or approximately normal to the growth
rings (9.8)
Note 1 to entry: Limits on the angle between rays depend on the species (3.3) and on other factors; e.g. for oak, the
angle between the rays and the face are between 0° and 30°. Corresponding numbers for species where the rays
are not visible are 90° and 60° for the angle between the growth rings and the face. Other limits can be specified
in rules for grading (3.7).
Note 2 to entry: In North America, the term “quarter sawn” refers to timber (3.2) sawn so that the growth rings
form angles of 45° to 90° with the surface of the piece.
5.26
fully quarter sawn timber
sawn timber (5.1) where the angle between the rays (9.20) and a face (5.18) is 10° or less
sawn timber (5.1) where the angle between the growth rings (9.8) and a face (5.18)
is 80° or more
5.27
grain
fibres (9.18) in wood (3.1) and their direction, size, arrangement, appearance or quality
Note 1 to entry: In English, there is a homograph for the term “grain”. See 9.19.
5.27.1
diagonal grain
deviation of the grain (5.27) from a line parallel to the edges (5.19), through the thickness (8.1) of the piece
Note 1 to entry: See also slope of grain (11.7).
5.27.2
flat grain
FG
slash grain
SG
timber (3.2) sawn approximately parallel to the growth rings (9.8) so that all or some of the growth rings
form an angle of less than 45° with the surface of the piece
Note 1 to entry: A piece of sawn timber (5.1) containing both vertical grain (5.27.4) and flat grain is classified
as flat grain.
5.27.3
mixed grain
MG, en CA
sawn timber (5.1) with any mixture of vertical grain (5.27.4) and flat grain (5.27.2)
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés/Все права со хранены 9
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ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)
5.27.4
vertical grain
VG
edge grain
EG
rift grain
timber (3.2) sawn at approximate right angles to the growth rings (9.8) so that they form an angle of 45°
or more with t
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