ISO/TS 21397:2021
(Main)FTIR analysis of fire effluents in cone calorimeter tests
FTIR analysis of fire effluents in cone calorimeter tests
This document specifies a method for determining the kinetics and yields of gaseous emissions from a specimen exposed to radiant heat in a cone calorimeter. Gas yields are determined by exposing small representative specimens to an external heat flux with or without spark ignition. The concentrations of specific gases in the effluent (smoke) are measured. In combination with calculated masses of gases, their yields from the specimen mass, mass loss or mass loss rate can be determined. This document uses Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as described in ISO 19702, with additional information on the test apparatus and gas analyser suitable for this specific application.
Analyse par FTIR des effluents du feu dans les essais au calorimètre à cône
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TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 21397
First edition
2021-03
FTIR analysis of fire effluents in cone
calorimeter tests
Analyse par FTIR des effluents du feu dans les essais au calorimètre à
cône
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 1
5 Principle . 2
6 Apparatus . 2
7 Gas measurement system . 2
7.1 General arrangement . 2
7.2 Sampling probe . 4
7.3 Primary filter . 5
7.4 Sampling line . 6
7.5 Gas cell. 6
7.6 Pump and sampling flow rate . 6
7.7 FTIR spectrometer . 6
7.8 Detector . 7
8 Suitability of a product for testing . 7
9 Specimen preparation . 7
10 Test environment . 7
11 Calibrations . 7
11.1 Calibration of cone calorimeter . 7
11.2 Gas analyser calibration . 7
12 Test procedure . 7
12.1 General precautions . . 7
12.2 Operation before each test . 8
12.3 Operation during a test . 8
13 Calculations. 8
13.1 General . 8
13.2 Total mass loss . 9
13.3 Mass of gas evolved . 9
13.4 Yield of gas .10
13.5 Upper limits .10
14 Test report .10
Annex A (informative) Examples of the use of FTIR with the cone calorimeter .11
Bibliography .12
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire
initiation and growth.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The composition of the effluent from an enclosure fire is determined by the combustible items in the
enclosure, such as interior furnishings and wall linings, and the fire conditions within the enclosure. To
represent any product involved in any fire scenario, the ideal fire test specimen is the complete item,
and the ideal test is one conducted in an enclosure of appropriate size. Unfortunately, real-scale testing
of commercial products is not generally economically feasible. This document describes an indicative
approach for obtaining gas yields under specific fire conditions. It involves the use of a small-scale
combustor in which a small test specimen is exposed to a pre-defined radiative heat flux. The test
specimen should be representative of the finished product
This document provides a method for continuous quantification of gases (i.e. time-resolved gas
analysis) emitted from a test specimen exposed to irradiance in a cone calorimeter, after extraction of
effluent gas to a FTIR gas analyser. It produces data as the gas volume fraction (µL/L) or gas yield (mg/
kg) during the test period. Data generated allow a better understanding of gas emissions during cone
calorimeter tests, which can be useful for Fire Safety Engineering and for material development. Some
examples of FTIR analysers used with cone calorimeters are presented in Table A.1.
The cone calorimeter uses a well-ventilated physical fire model, so results are only relevant for
this scenario. Toxicity assessment for materials or products are not covered in this document and
interpretation of data is covered separately in ISO 13571 or ISO 13344.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 21397:2021(E)
FTIR analysis of fire effluents in cone calorimeter tests
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for determining the kinetics and yields of gaseous emissions from a
specimen exposed to radiant heat in a cone calorimeter. Gas yields are determined by exposing small
representative specimens to an external heat flux with or without spark ignition. The concentrations
of specific gases in the effluent (smoke) are measured. In combination with calculated masses of gases,
their yields from the specimen mass, mass loss or mass loss rate can be determined. This document
uses Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as described in ISO 19702, with additional
information on the test apparatus and gas analyser suitable for this specific application.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 13943, Fire safety — Vocabulary
ISO 5660-1:2015, Reaction-to-fire tests — Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate — Part 1:
Heat release rate (cone calorimeter method) and smoke production rate (dynamic measurement)
ISO 19702, Guidance for sampling and analysis of toxic gases and vapours in fire effluents using Fourier
Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
ISO 12828-1, Validation method for fire gas analysis — Part 1: Limits of detection and quantification
ISO 12828-2, Validation method for fire gas analysis — Part 2: Intralaboratory validation of
quantification methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943, ISO 5660-1, ISO 19702,
ISO 12828-1 and ISO 12828-2 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Symbols
Sym
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 21397
First edition
2021-03
FTIR analysis of fire effluents in cone
calorimeter tests
Analyse par FTIR des effluents du feu dans les essais au calorimètre à
cône
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 1
5 Principle . 2
6 Apparatus . 2
7 Gas measurement system . 2
7.1 General arrangement . 2
7.2 Sampling probe . 4
7.3 Primary filter . 5
7.4 Sampling line . 6
7.5 Gas cell. 6
7.6 Pump and sampling flow rate . 6
7.7 FTIR spectrometer . 6
7.8 Detector . 7
8 Suitability of a product for testing . 7
9 Specimen preparation . 7
10 Test environment . 7
11 Calibrations . 7
11.1 Calibration of cone calorimeter . 7
11.2 Gas analyser calibration . 7
12 Test procedure . 7
12.1 General precautions . . 7
12.2 Operation before each test . 8
12.3 Operation during a test . 8
13 Calculations. 8
13.1 General . 8
13.2 Total mass loss . 9
13.3 Mass of gas evolved . 9
13.4 Yield of gas .10
13.5 Upper limits .10
14 Test report .10
Annex A (informative) Examples of the use of FTIR with the cone calorimeter .11
Bibliography .12
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire
initiation and growth.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The composition of the effluent from an enclosure fire is determined by the combustible items in the
enclosure, such as interior furnishings and wall linings, and the fire conditions within the enclosure. To
represent any product involved in any fire scenario, the ideal fire test specimen is the complete item,
and the ideal test is one conducted in an enclosure of appropriate size. Unfortunately, real-scale testing
of commercial products is not generally economically feasible. This document describes an indicative
approach for obtaining gas yields under specific fire conditions. It involves the use of a small-scale
combustor in which a small test specimen is exposed to a pre-defined radiative heat flux. The test
specimen should be representative of the finished product
This document provides a method for continuous quantification of gases (i.e. time-resolved gas
analysis) emitted from a test specimen exposed to irradiance in a cone calorimeter, after extraction of
effluent gas to a FTIR gas analyser. It produces data as the gas volume fraction (µL/L) or gas yield (mg/
kg) during the test period. Data generated allow a better understanding of gas emissions during cone
calorimeter tests, which can be useful for Fire Safety Engineering and for material development. Some
examples of FTIR analysers used with cone calorimeters are presented in Table A.1.
The cone calorimeter uses a well-ventilated physical fire model, so results are only relevant for
this scenario. Toxicity assessment for materials or products are not covered in this document and
interpretation of data is covered separately in ISO 13571 or ISO 13344.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 21397:2021(E)
FTIR analysis of fire effluents in cone calorimeter tests
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for determining the kinetics and yields of gaseous emissions from a
specimen exposed to radiant heat in a cone calorimeter. Gas yields are determined by exposing small
representative specimens to an external heat flux with or without spark ignition. The concentrations
of specific gases in the effluent (smoke) are measured. In combination with calculated masses of gases,
their yields from the specimen mass, mass loss or mass loss rate can be determined. This document
uses Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as described in ISO 19702, with additional
information on the test apparatus and gas analyser suitable for this specific application.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 13943, Fire safety — Vocabulary
ISO 5660-1:2015, Reaction-to-fire tests — Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate — Part 1:
Heat release rate (cone calorimeter method) and smoke production rate (dynamic measurement)
ISO 19702, Guidance for sampling and analysis of toxic gases and vapours in fire effluents using Fourier
Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
ISO 12828-1, Validation method for fire gas analysis — Part 1: Limits of detection and quantification
ISO 12828-2, Validation method for fire gas analysis — Part 2: Intralaboratory validation of
quantification methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943, ISO 5660-1, ISO 19702,
ISO 12828-1 and ISO 12828-2 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Symbols
Sym
...
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