ISO 16049-2:2020
(Main)Air cargo equipment — Restraint straps — Part 2: Utilization requirements and recommendations and lashing calculations
Air cargo equipment — Restraint straps — Part 2: Utilization requirements and recommendations and lashing calculations
This document aims at providing general utilization requirements and recommendations and calculation methods adequate to guarantee the effectiveness and ultimate load strength of tie-down/lashing arrangements performed to restrain cargo on board civil transport aircraft during flight: a) cargo loaded and tied down onto airworthiness approved air cargo pallets, themselves restrained into aircraft lower deck or main deck or upper deck cargo systems meeting the restraint requirements of air cargo pallets approved in accordance with ISO 8097 (NAS3610) or ISO 21100, or b) additional tie-down on aircraft structure when necessitated by pallet maximum gross mass or centre of gravity limits, or c) non-unitized individual pieces of cargo, or pieces of cargo placed onto an unrestrained ("floating") pallet into either lower deck, main deck or upper deck containerized cargo compartments of an aircraft, or d) individual pieces of load loaded in non-containerized (bulk loaded) baggage or cargo compartments. This document applies to cargo tie-down/lashing arrangements using exclusively air cargo restraint straps conforming to ISO 16049-1. Its general recommendations may also be used for tie-down arrangements using other means (e.g. steel cables, rope, other types of straps), but under the user's responsibility as to their adequacy and the strength calculations required. NOTE 1 Where tie-down is performed onto aircraft structure as per b) or c) above, additional restrictions can be stated in the aircraft's Authority approved Weight and Balance Manual. NOTE 2 The use of chains, rods, or other rigid devices for tie-down onto civil transport aircraft floor tracks, which can generate excessive stress in the aircraft structure, is not part of the scope of this document. . This document aims at providing industry recognized means of complying with Airworthiness Authorities general requirements applicable to load securing on board civil transport aircraft (see CCAR-25, JAS Part 3, 14 CFR Part 25 and EASA CS-25), and aircraft manufacturers Authority approved Weight and Balance Manuals for each aircraft type as specified therein. It is not the intent of this document to specify when restraint straps should be used, but how they should be used. Meeting the methods requirements of this document is not alone sufficient to ensure flight safety: this document is based on the assumption that cargo tie-down will be designed, performed, and checked prior to aircraft departure in accordance with appropriate operating instructions conforming to the Weight and Balance Manual of the aircraft concerned, by competent, suitably trained, personnel as defined for example in ISO 9001:2015, 6.2.2 (see Clause 8).
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16049-2
Third edition
2020-01
Air cargo equipment — Restraint
straps —
Part 2:
Utilization requirements and
recommendations and lashing
calculations
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 General requirements . 4
5 Tie-down method . 8
5.1 Basic method . 8
5.2 Directions of restraint . 8
6 Calculation methods . 9
6.1 Load factors . 9
6.2 Calculation principles .10
6.3 Practical calculation.11
6.4 Calculation sheet .11
7 Specific requirements .12
7.1 General .12
7.2 Risk of cargo slippage .13
7.3 Risk of cargo tilting .13
7.4 Long and narrow items .13
8 Operator's responsibilities .14
Bibliography .16
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles,
Subcommittee SC 9, Air cargo and ground equipment.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 16049-2:2013), which has been
technically revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows::
— new 4.14, Figure 3 and Table 1 regarding maximum number of tie-down locations on a pallet;
— deletion in 5.1, Basic methods, of Figure 4 former first drawing without lateral restraint
dedicated straps;
— specification in 6.2, Calculation principles, of centreline angle and floor angle;
— deletion in 6.3, Practical calculation, and Bibliography of references to IATA AHM 311 and AHM 450;
— new 6.4, Calculation sheet.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16049 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Introduction
This document specifies utilization guidelines and the principles to be used in tie-down/lashing
strength calculations for the use of air cargo restraint straps on board civil transport aircraft.
The civil aviation requirements referred to in the present document are those relating to operation
of transport aircraft. They constitute the set of operation requirements internationally agreed in
application of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 6, Operation of aircraft, to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation.
Throughout this document, the minimum essential criteria are identified by use of the key word
“shall”. Recommended criteria are identified by use of the key word “should” and, while not mandatory,
are considered to be of primary importance in providing safe lashing arrangements. Deviation from
recommended criteria should only occur after careful consideration and thorough service evaluation
have shown the alternate methods ensure the same level of safety.
The requirements of this document are expressed in the applicable SI units, with approximate inch-
pound units conversion between brackets for convenience in those countries using that system.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16049-2:2020(E)
Air cargo equipment — Restraint straps —
Part 2:
Utilization requirements and recommendations and
lashing calculations
1 Scope
This document aims at providing general utilization requirements and recommendations and
calculation methods adequate to guarantee the effectiveness and ultimate load strength of tie-down/
lashing arrangements performed to restrain cargo on board civil transport aircraft during flight:
a) cargo loaded and tied down onto airworthiness approved air cargo pallets, themselves restrained
into aircraft lower deck or main deck or upper deck cargo systems meeting the restraint
requirements of air cargo pallets approved in accordance with ISO 8097 (NAS3610) or ISO 21100, or
b) additional tie-down on aircraft structure when necessitated by pallet maximum gross mass or
centre of gravity limits, or
c) non-unitized individual pieces of cargo, or pieces of cargo placed onto an unrestrained (“floating”)
pallet into either lower deck, main deck or upper deck containerized cargo compartments of an
aircraft, or
d) individual pieces of load loaded in non-containerized (bulk loaded) baggage or cargo compartments.
This document applies to cargo tie-down/lashing arrangements using exclusively air cargo restraint
straps conforming to ISO 16049-1. Its general recommendations may also be used for tie-down
arrangements using other means (e.g. steel cables, rope, other types of straps), but under the user’s
responsibility as to their adequacy and the strength calculations required.
NOTE 1 Where tie-down is performed onto aircraft structure as per b) or c) above, additional restrictions can
be stated in the aircraft's Authority approved Weight and Balance Manual.
NOTE 2 The use of chains, rods, or other rigid devices for tie-down onto civil transport aircraft floor tracks,
which can generate excessive stress in the aircraft structure, is not part of the scope of this document. .
This document aims at providing industry recognized means of complying with Airworthiness
Authorities general requirements applicable to load securing on board civil transport aircraft (see
CCAR-25, JAS Part 3, 14 CFR Part 25 and EASA CS-25), and aircraft manufacturers Authority approved
Weight and Balance Manuals for each aircraft type as specified therein. It is not the intent of this
document to specify when restraint straps should be used, but how they should be used.
Meeting the methods requirements of this document is not alone sufficient to ensure flight safety: this
document is based on the assumption that cargo tie-down will be designed, performed, and checked
prior to aircraft departure in accordance with appropriate operating instructions conforming to the
Weight and Balance Manual of the aircraft concerned, by competent, suitably trained, personnel as
defined for example in ISO 9001:2015, 6.2.2 (see Clause 8).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7166, Aircraft — Rail and stud configuration for passenger equipment and cargo restraint
1)
ISO 8097:2001 , Aircraft — Minimum airworthiness requirements and test conditions for certified air
cargo unit load devices
ISO 9788, Air cargo — Double stud tie-down fittings — Design and testing requirements
ISO 10254, Air cargo and ground equipment — Vocabulary
ISO 16049-1, Air cargo equipment — Restraint straps — Part 1: Design criteria and testing methods
ISO 21100, Air cargo unit load devices — Performance requirements and test parameters
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 10254 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
tie-down
lashing
fact of restraining cargo movements in relation to an aircraft’s structure, throughout the range of
relative accelerations resulting from the allowable flight envelope (3.3), by means of an appropriate use
of a number of elementary tie-down devices against each direction of restraint
3.2
tie-down arrangement
geometric layout of an assembly of elementary tie-down (3.1) devices affixed and tensioned around a
piece of cargo in order to ensure its tie-down against each direction of restraint
3.3
flight envelope
set of allowable values for accelerations which may be
encountered during flight in the various directions relative to the aircraft’s structure, as determined
during the aircraft certificat
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16049-2
Third edition
2020-01
Air cargo equipment — Restraint
straps —
Part 2:
Utilization requirements and
recommendations and lashing
calculations
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 General requirements . 4
5 Tie-down method . 8
5.1 Basic method . 8
5.2 Directions of restraint . 8
6 Calculation methods . 9
6.1 Load factors . 9
6.2 Calculation principles .10
6.3 Practical calculation.11
6.4 Calculation sheet .11
7 Specific requirements .12
7.1 General .12
7.2 Risk of cargo slippage .13
7.3 Risk of cargo tilting .13
7.4 Long and narrow items .13
8 Operator's responsibilities .14
Bibliography .16
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles,
Subcommittee SC 9, Air cargo and ground equipment.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 16049-2:2013), which has been
technically revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows::
— new 4.14, Figure 3 and Table 1 regarding maximum number of tie-down locations on a pallet;
— deletion in 5.1, Basic methods, of Figure 4 former first drawing without lateral restraint
dedicated straps;
— specification in 6.2, Calculation principles, of centreline angle and floor angle;
— deletion in 6.3, Practical calculation, and Bibliography of references to IATA AHM 311 and AHM 450;
— new 6.4, Calculation sheet.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16049 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Introduction
This document specifies utilization guidelines and the principles to be used in tie-down/lashing
strength calculations for the use of air cargo restraint straps on board civil transport aircraft.
The civil aviation requirements referred to in the present document are those relating to operation
of transport aircraft. They constitute the set of operation requirements internationally agreed in
application of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 6, Operation of aircraft, to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation.
Throughout this document, the minimum essential criteria are identified by use of the key word
“shall”. Recommended criteria are identified by use of the key word “should” and, while not mandatory,
are considered to be of primary importance in providing safe lashing arrangements. Deviation from
recommended criteria should only occur after careful consideration and thorough service evaluation
have shown the alternate methods ensure the same level of safety.
The requirements of this document are expressed in the applicable SI units, with approximate inch-
pound units conversion between brackets for convenience in those countries using that system.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16049-2:2020(E)
Air cargo equipment — Restraint straps —
Part 2:
Utilization requirements and recommendations and
lashing calculations
1 Scope
This document aims at providing general utilization requirements and recommendations and
calculation methods adequate to guarantee the effectiveness and ultimate load strength of tie-down/
lashing arrangements performed to restrain cargo on board civil transport aircraft during flight:
a) cargo loaded and tied down onto airworthiness approved air cargo pallets, themselves restrained
into aircraft lower deck or main deck or upper deck cargo systems meeting the restraint
requirements of air cargo pallets approved in accordance with ISO 8097 (NAS3610) or ISO 21100, or
b) additional tie-down on aircraft structure when necessitated by pallet maximum gross mass or
centre of gravity limits, or
c) non-unitized individual pieces of cargo, or pieces of cargo placed onto an unrestrained (“floating”)
pallet into either lower deck, main deck or upper deck containerized cargo compartments of an
aircraft, or
d) individual pieces of load loaded in non-containerized (bulk loaded) baggage or cargo compartments.
This document applies to cargo tie-down/lashing arrangements using exclusively air cargo restraint
straps conforming to ISO 16049-1. Its general recommendations may also be used for tie-down
arrangements using other means (e.g. steel cables, rope, other types of straps), but under the user’s
responsibility as to their adequacy and the strength calculations required.
NOTE 1 Where tie-down is performed onto aircraft structure as per b) or c) above, additional restrictions can
be stated in the aircraft's Authority approved Weight and Balance Manual.
NOTE 2 The use of chains, rods, or other rigid devices for tie-down onto civil transport aircraft floor tracks,
which can generate excessive stress in the aircraft structure, is not part of the scope of this document. .
This document aims at providing industry recognized means of complying with Airworthiness
Authorities general requirements applicable to load securing on board civil transport aircraft (see
CCAR-25, JAS Part 3, 14 CFR Part 25 and EASA CS-25), and aircraft manufacturers Authority approved
Weight and Balance Manuals for each aircraft type as specified therein. It is not the intent of this
document to specify when restraint straps should be used, but how they should be used.
Meeting the methods requirements of this document is not alone sufficient to ensure flight safety: this
document is based on the assumption that cargo tie-down will be designed, performed, and checked
prior to aircraft departure in accordance with appropriate operating instructions conforming to the
Weight and Balance Manual of the aircraft concerned, by competent, suitably trained, personnel as
defined for example in ISO 9001:2015, 6.2.2 (see Clause 8).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7166, Aircraft — Rail and stud configuration for passenger equipment and cargo restraint
1)
ISO 8097:2001 , Aircraft — Minimum airworthiness requirements and test conditions for certified air
cargo unit load devices
ISO 9788, Air cargo — Double stud tie-down fittings — Design and testing requirements
ISO 10254, Air cargo and ground equipment — Vocabulary
ISO 16049-1, Air cargo equipment — Restraint straps — Part 1: Design criteria and testing methods
ISO 21100, Air cargo unit load devices — Performance requirements and test parameters
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 10254 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
tie-down
lashing
fact of restraining cargo movements in relation to an aircraft’s structure, throughout the range of
relative accelerations resulting from the allowable flight envelope (3.3), by means of an appropriate use
of a number of elementary tie-down devices against each direction of restraint
3.2
tie-down arrangement
geometric layout of an assembly of elementary tie-down (3.1) devices affixed and tensioned around a
piece of cargo in order to ensure its tie-down against each direction of restraint
3.3
flight envelope
set of allowable values for accelerations which may be
encountered during flight in the various directions relative to the aircraft’s structure, as determined
during the aircraft certificat
...
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