SIST ISO/TR 14061:2000
(Main)Information to assist forestry organizations in the use of Environmental Management System standards ISO 14001 and ISO 14004
Information to assist forestry organizations in the use of Environmental Management System standards ISO 14001 and ISO 14004
Information pour assister les organismes forestiers dans l'utilisation des normes ISO 14001 et ISO 14004 relatives aux systèmes de management environnemental
Informacije v pomoč gozdarskim organizacijam pri uporabi standardov za sisteme ravnanja z okoljem ISO 14001 in ISO 14004
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TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 14061
First edition
1998-12-15
Information to assist forestry organizations
in the use of Environmental Management
System standards ISO 14001 and ISO 14004
Information pour assister les organismes forestiers dans l'utilisation des
normes ISO 14001 et ISO 14004 relatives aux systèmes de management
environmental
A
Reference number
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
Contents
1 Scope .1
2 Terms and definitions .1
3 The ISO 14000 series of standards .3
4 Reference material for forestry organizations.4
5 Relationship between SFM principles, intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators and a forestry
organization’s environmental management system .6
6 Small-scale forest ownerships and operations .12
7 Self-declaration, second-party auditing, and third-party certification of a forestry organization's
environmental management system.13
8 Communication.13
Annex A (informative) Outline of referenced ISO 14000 series of standards and related documents .14
Annex B (informative) Examples of technical references to SFM .16
Annex C (informative) Introduction to case studies .35
Annex D (informative) Brazilian case study — Implementation of an ISO 14001 EMS in a eucalyptus
plantation.36
Annex E (informative) South African case study — Implementation of an ISO 14001 EMS into a
plantation forestry company .42
Annex F (informative) Organization of small-scale forest ownerships and operations.51
Annex G (informative) Finnish case study — An environmental management system based on
ISO 14001 for small-scale family forestry in Finland.52
(informative)
Annex H French case study — Environmental management system certification for private
forest ownerships using an ISO 14001 EMS developed and implemented at the regional level under the
direction of public authorities .59
(informative)
Annex I Austrian case study — Forest owners planned approach — Cooperative action
among forest owners to develop a model EMS which can be implemented by individual forest owners .63
© ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet iso@iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
ii
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© ISO
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
Figure 1 — Environmental management system model from ISO 14001:1996 . 4
Figure 2 — Pan-European Criteria & Indicators for SFM. 6
Figure 3 — Application of SFM principles and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators in the framework
of ISO 14001 . 8
Figure 4 — Criteria used to set objectives and targets . 10
Figure G.1 — Forest management and wood procurement in Kuusamo FMA. 53
Figure G.2 — An environmental management system based on ISO 14001 for small-scale forestry in
Finland . 56
Figure H.1 — Case study: France . 62
Figure I.1 — Application of SFM principles and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators in the
framework of ISO 14001 — Austrian example . 65
Table B.1 — Summary of intergovernmental processes for Criteria & Indicators of SFM Initiatives and
countries involved. 17
Table B.2 — Summary of intergovernmental criteria for Sustainable Forest Management. 19
Table D.1 — Magnitude of the impact. 38
Table D.2 — Importance of the impact . 38
Table D.3 — Examples of calculation of Significance Index. 39
Table D.4 — Criteria used to set objectives and targets . 40
Table E.1 — Case study example of an environmental policy. 44
Table E.2 — Example of a statement in the environmental policy (Table E.1)
(see Table E.3 for Objectives and Targets). 45
Table E.3 — Objectives and targets for the example set out in Table E.2 . 46
Table E.4 — Example of Procedure . 48
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© ISO
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The main task of Technical Committees is to prepare International Standards, but in exceptional circumstances a
technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report of one of the following types:
type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an international standard, despite
repeated efforts;
type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the future
but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an international standard;
type 3, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published
as an international standard (“state of the art”, for example).
Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication, to decide whether they
can be transformed into International Standards. Technical Reports of type 3 do not necessarily have to be
reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be no longer valid or useful.
ISO/TR 14061, which is a Technical Report of type 3, was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207,
Environmental management, Working Group 2, Forestry.
The following excerpt from Resolution 11/96 of TC 207 identifies the relationship between this Technical Report and
other important normative aspects of the subject:
“The report must be consistent with the following:
It must not specify performance levels for forestry, and therefore the Report in itself cannot form the basis for
performance claims.
It must not create a product label.”
The Working Group was directed to conduct its work through an open and inclusive consensus process and in
liaison with ISO/TC 207/SC 1.
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© ISO
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
Introduction
Sustainable forest management (SFM) has emerged as a major global issue. Forest management issues came into
sharp focus during the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). A non-legally-
binding authoritative statement of principles for a global consensus on the management, conservation, and
sustainable development of all types of forests was adopted. Since UNCED, there have been numerous govern-
mental and non-governmental initiatives involving interested parties addressing forest management, including the
development of SFM principles, and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators. Forestry is unique in the degree to
which it has been subject to the development of international and domestic principles, criteria, and indicators for
sustainable management. All international initiatives define SFM in broad terms that include ecological, social, and
economic aspects.
Concurrent with the UNCED process, the ISO Strategic Advisory Group on the Environment (SAGE) recommended
the establishment of ISO Technical Committee 207 (TC 207) to develop the ISO 14000 series of International
standards addressing environmental management systems and tools, applicable to all kinds of organizations. ISO
14001 provides the requirements, and ISO 14004 the guidance, for implementation of environmental management
systems that contribute to better management of an organization’s significant environmental aspects and impacts of
its activities, products, and services.
In response to the developments outlined above, forestry organizations can implement ISO 14001 while seeking
consistency with the various intergovernmental and non-governmental sets of SFM principles and criteria and
indicators. This Technical Report seeks to preserve the integrity and applicability of the generic ISO 14001, while
providing forestry organizations with informative reference material outlining international and national develop-
ments in the forestry sector that can assist forestry organizations in implementing the generic International Standard
for an environmental management system.
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TECHNICAL REPORT © ISO ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
Information to assist forestry organizations in the use of
Environmental Management System standards ISO 14001 and
ISO 14004
1 Scope
This Technical Report is designed to be used in conjunction with ISO 14001 and ISO 14004. It provides a link
between the management system approach of ISO 14001 and the range of forest policy and forest management
performance objectives, including SFM principles and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators, that a forestry
organization can consider. It also provides references to the ISO 14000 series of International Standards,
application of forestry laws and regulations, and the other matters that a forestry organization can take into
consideration as it implements an environmental management system.
This Technical Report, like ISO 14001, does not propose any forestry-specific requirements. Its content is not
normative in any sense, but is intended to be informative. Moreover, it does not establish performance levels for
forest management. This Technical Report therefore cannot form the basis for environmental performance claims
and does not create a product label.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Technical Report, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14050 and the following apply.
2.1
environmental aspect
element of an organization’s activities, products or services that can interact with the environment
NOTE A significant environmental aspect is an environmental aspect that has or can have a significant environmental
impact.
2.2
environmental impact
any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s
activities, products or services
2.3
environmental management system
EMS
the part of the overall management system that includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibil-
ities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and
maintaining the environmental policy
NOTE For the purposes of this Technical Report, the abbreviation EMS is used specifically in reference to ISO
14001:1996.
2.4
forest
generally considered to be a plant community of predominantly trees and other woody vegetation growing together,
its land, flora and fauna, their interrelationships, and the resources and values attributed to it
NOTE Forests vary greatly around the world depending on the climate, soil, history and culture of the country involved.
Many countries have a definition of forest included in legislation.
1
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© ISO
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
2.5
organization
company, corporation, firm, enterprise, authority or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated
or not, public or private, that has its own functions and administration
NOTE For organizations with more than one operating unit, a single operating unit may be defined as an organization.
2.6
principles, criteria and indicators
international, national and private sector initiatives, whether governmental or non-governmental, provide a common
hierarchical framework including “Principles, criteria and indicators” for evaluating progress towards achieving SFM
NOTE 1 In some initiatives, the principles are considered to be included in the criteria.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this report, the term Criteria & Indicators is used specifically in reference to the sets of Criteria &
Indicators of Sustainable Forest Management developed through the intergovernmental processes (4.2).
2.6.1
principles
fundamental rules which serve as a basis for reasoning and action
NOTE Principles are explicit elements of a goal such as SFM.
2.6.2
criteria
characteristics that are considered important and by which success or failure can be judged
NOTE The role of criteria is to characterize or define the essential elements or set of conditions or processes by which
sustainable forest management may be assessed.
[Source: Intergovernmental Seminar on Criteria and Indicators for SFM (ISCI)]
2.6.3
indicators
quantitative, qualitative or descriptive measures that when periodically evaluated and monitored show the direction
of change
[Source: Intergovernmental Seminar on Criteria and Indicators for SFM (ISCI)]
2.7
sustainable development
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
[Source: The Brundtland Report]
2.8
Sustainable forest management
NOTE While there is broad agreement on the concept of SFM, there are variations in the definitions developed through the
various national and international initiatives. Two definitions of SFM have been included here so that the user of this Technical
Report can understand the scope of the concept and the ways it has been defined by people from two different regions of the
world.
2.8.1
sustainable forest management
SFM
process of managing permanent forest land to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives of management with
regard to the production of a continuous flow of desired forest products and services without undue reduction of its
inherent values and future productivity and without undue undesirable effects on the physical and social
environment
[Source: International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)]
2
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© ISO
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
2.8.2
sustainable forest management
SFM
stewardship and use of forests and forest land in a way and at a rate that maintains their biodiversity, productivity,
regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic, and
social functions, at local, national, and global levels and does not cause damage to other ecosystems
[Source: Pan-European (Helsinki) Process]
3 The ISO 14000 series of standards
3.1 General
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), comprising more than 110 national standards bodies and
many international liaison organizations, is a world-wide non-governmental organization founded in 1946. Its
purpose is the development of International Standards to improve international communication and collaboration
and to promote the smooth and equitable growth of international trade. All International Standards are developed
through an open, consensus-based process and their application is voluntary.
At present, the ISO 14000 series of International Standards addresses environmental management systems,
environmental auditing, life cycle assessment, environmental labelling, and environmental performance evaluation.
These International Standards have potential application to forestry organizations. Additional background
information on four of these standards (other than ISO 14001 and ISO 14004) can be found in annex A.
3.2 ISO 14001 and ISO 14004 environmental management system standards
An environmental management system is a means by which an organization addresses the significant environ-
mental aspects and related impacts of its activities, products and services. It enables consistent management
based on the organization’s knowledge of its environmental aspects, related impacts, and its legal and other
requirements. This is accomplished through the integration of views of interested parties, allocation of resources,
training and assignment of responsibilities, and ongoing evaluation and modification of practices, procedures and
processes.
There are two EMS International Standards: ISO 14001, Environmental management systems — Specification with
guidance for use; and ISO 14004, Environmental management systems — General guidelines on principles,
systems and supporting techniques.
ISO 14001 shares common management system principles with the international quality assurance standards
ISO 9001, ISO 9002, and ISO 9003. The ISO 14001 specification provides and describes the required core
elements of an EMS, based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act principle (see Figure 1), and thus incorporates the concept
of continual improvement. Organizations can use ISO 14001 for internal purposes and self-declaration of
conformance with the standard. ISO 14001 is the only standard in the ISO 14000 series against which an
organization’s environmental management system can be certified following an independent third-party audit.
The ISO 14004 Guideline provides additional background on what an environmental management system
comprises, and may also prove useful for organizations that do not have an environmental management system in
place, or that wish to improve an existing system. The ISO 14004 Guideline is not a specification document, and is
not intended to be used for auditing and certification purposes. However, it may prove to be useful for organizations
which choose to go beyond the requirements of ISO 14001.
3
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© ISO
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
Figure 1 — Environmental management system model from ISO 14001:1996
4 Reference material for forestry organizations
4.1 General
This clause highlights reference material that can assist a forestry organization which has chosen to incorporate
SFM principles into its ISO 14001 policy, objectives and targets. Sustainable forest management issues including
ecological, social, and economic aspects have developed progressively over the past two decades and have
addressed concerns at the global, regional, national and sub-national levels. The reference material in annex B is
intended to provide information on a range of policy options for forest managers that are most appropriate for their
organization. Annex B presents this information in a manner ranging from general global and intergovernmental
forestry initiatives to information appropriate for a specific forest area.
4.2 Intergovernmental initiatives
There has been significant development of multi-lateral agreements among nations addressing environmental
issues and the sustainable management of natural resources. The movement gained momentum with the 1980
publication of the World Conservation Strategy and the 1987 report of the Commission on Environment and
Development, "Our Common Future," often referred to as the Brundtland Report. The forestry debate came into
sharper focus during the UNCED process with "Agenda 21" and a set of "Forest Principles" being adopted at the
Earth Summit in June 1992. These documents embrace the concept of sustainable management of the world’s
forests.
4
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© ISO
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) has the task of promoting the implemen-
tation of Agenda 21. An ad hoc Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) was established in 1995. One of its
functions was to facilitate international cooperation in developing Criteria & Indicators for the ecological, social and
economic aspects of SFM. The work of the IPF was reported to the UN in February 1997 and will be continued
through a new Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF). The IFF will report in 2000.
As part of these initiatives, a number of intergovernmental processes have developed Criteria & Indicators for SFM,
most of which are for use in assessing trends in the condition of forests at the national level. The intergovernmental
Criteria & Indicators processes are listed below and further details and comparisons are listed in annex B:
International Tropical Timber Organization
Pan-European (Helsinki) Process
Montreal Process
Tarapoto Proposal
Dry Zone Africa Initiative
North Africa and Near East Initiative
Central American Initiative of Lepaterique
African Timber Organization Initiative
Criteria define the essential elements of sustainable forest management, while indicators provide a basis for
assessing actual forest conditions. When combined with specific national goals, intergovernmental Criteria &
Indicators also provide a basis for assessing progress towards SFM. Criteria and indicators can therefore play an
important role in establishing the goals of national forestry programs and policies, and evaluating the effectiveness
of implementation.
All major intergovernmental initiatives mentioned above include Criteria & Indicators that address the following
forestry issues:
extent of forest resources
health and vitality
productive functions
biological diversity
protective and environmental functions
developmental and social needs
legal, policy and institutional framework
[Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Forests]
The interrelationship of the ecological, social, and economic aspects of sustainable forest management as defined
by Criteria & Indicators developed under the Pan-European (Helsinki) Process is presented in Figure 2 as an
example. This approach has been applied at the national level within Europe.
National and sub-national efforts are underway in some countries to adopt the criteria and to modify, refine, and
adapt the indicators for use at the specific forest area level. Modified intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators are
generally more useful at the local level in identifying significant environmental aspects an organization can consider
in establishing its policy, objectives, and targets aimed at the goal of SFM.
4.3 Non-governmental initiatives
Non-governmental organizations are active in developing sets of principles, criteria, and indicators for good forest
management. These organizations include forest owners, forest product trade associations, environmental groups,
certification bodies, and many others. Internationally, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has developed 10
Principles and associated Criteria for “Well Managed Forests”, upon which more detailed forest assessment
5
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© ISO
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
standards, for use at the specific forest area level, are based. At the international and national levels, forest industry
trade associations have developed “Codes of Practice” to guide the management of forests.
Also, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) evaluates and tests various intergovernmental Criteria
& Indicators of SFM and those developed by a variety of organizations. Local citizens and community groups have
also developed forest policies and principles addressing the management of forests.
All of the above non-governmental initiatives provide valuable information about the views of interested parties that
forestry organizations can use in the development of their environmental policy, objectives, and targets. These
initiatives are referenced in more detail in annex B.
Figure 2 — Pan-European Criteria & Indicators for SFM
5 Relationship between SFM principles, intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators and a
forestry organization’s environmental management system
5.1 General
This clause provides information on the relationship between forestry performance measures, including the SFM
principles and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators, and the elements of an ISO 14001-based EMS.
Organizations that wish to make a commitment to the goal of SFM can incorporate principles and intergovernmental
Criteria & Indicators (see annex B), appropriate to the scope of the environmental management system, into their
policy, objectives and targets.
6
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© ISO
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
The SFM principles and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators do not establish what the performance requirements
are for a specific forest, nor how these should be achieved. They are intended to provide a common framework for
evaluating a country’s progress toward achieving sustainability at the national level. Consequently, they will need to
be adapted to local conditions in order to be incorporated into the objectives and targets of an organization’s
environmental management system. Integration of specific forest management performance criteria into an
environmental management system provides a framework within which a forestry organization can improve its
forest management towards the goal of SFM.
The basic relationship between forestry principles, intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators and the ISO 14001 EMS
requirements is provided in Figure 3. More specific examples of this relationship can be found in annexes D, E, G,
H, and I.
The various international sets of SFM principles and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators focus on the broad
differences between climatic regions and forest types as shown in annex B. For example, the Montreal Process
Criteria and Indicators deal with temperate and boreal forests, while the Tarapoto Proposal covers the tropical
forests of the Amazon basin.
There are other major differences between types of forests which will influence the relevance and appropriate
application of intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators of SFM. For example, the intensity of forest management and
forest use is a continuum from intensively managed forests, including plantations, at one end of the spectrum to
reserved areas at the other. Along this continuum there are many categories of forests which are quite different in
their species composition, management objectives, ownership structure, and the goods and services they provide to
an expanding world population. As a consequence, the nature and application of criteria and indicators may vary.
The management of these various categories of forests, with the application and achievement of appropriate SFM-
related objectives and targets, collectively contributes to the overall goal of sustainable development.
5.2 Scope of an environmental management system applied by a forestry organization
ISO 14001 requires that the scope of any environmental management system be clearly identified (see
ISO 14001:1996, clause 1). The forestry sector can be highly complex with many different kinds of o
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO/TR 14061:2000
01-april-2000
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UDYQDQMD]RNROMHP,62LQ,62
Information to assist forestry organizations in the use of Environmental Management
System standards ISO 14001 and ISO 14004
Information pour assister les organismes forestiers dans l'utilisation des normes ISO
14001 et ISO 14004 relatives aux systèmes de management environnemental
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/TR 14061:1998
ICS:
13.020.10 Ravnanje z okoljem Environmental management
65.020.01 Kmetijstvo in gozdarstvo na Farming and forestry in
splošno general
SIST ISO/TR 14061:2000 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO/TR 14061:2000
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SIST ISO/TR 14061:2000
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 14061
First edition
1998-12-15
Information to assist forestry organizations
in the use of Environmental Management
System standards ISO 14001 and ISO 14004
Information pour assister les organismes forestiers dans l'utilisation des
normes ISO 14001 et ISO 14004 relatives aux systèmes de management
environmental
A
Reference number
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO/TR 14061:2000
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
Contents
1 Scope .1
2 Terms and definitions .1
3 The ISO 14000 series of standards .3
4 Reference material for forestry organizations.4
5 Relationship between SFM principles, intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators and a forestry
organization’s environmental management system .6
6 Small-scale forest ownerships and operations .12
7 Self-declaration, second-party auditing, and third-party certification of a forestry organization's
environmental management system.13
8 Communication.13
Annex A (informative) Outline of referenced ISO 14000 series of standards and related documents .14
Annex B (informative) Examples of technical references to SFM .16
Annex C (informative) Introduction to case studies .35
Annex D (informative) Brazilian case study — Implementation of an ISO 14001 EMS in a eucalyptus
plantation.36
Annex E (informative) South African case study — Implementation of an ISO 14001 EMS into a
plantation forestry company .42
Annex F (informative) Organization of small-scale forest ownerships and operations.51
Annex G (informative) Finnish case study — An environmental management system based on
ISO 14001 for small-scale family forestry in Finland.52
(informative)
Annex H French case study — Environmental management system certification for private
forest ownerships using an ISO 14001 EMS developed and implemented at the regional level under the
direction of public authorities .59
(informative)
Annex I Austrian case study — Forest owners planned approach — Cooperative action
among forest owners to develop a model EMS which can be implemented by individual forest owners .63
© ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet iso@iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
ii
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SIST ISO/TR 14061:2000
© ISO
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
Figure 1 — Environmental management system model from ISO 14001:1996 . 4
Figure 2 — Pan-European Criteria & Indicators for SFM. 6
Figure 3 — Application of SFM principles and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators in the framework
of ISO 14001 . 8
Figure 4 — Criteria used to set objectives and targets . 10
Figure G.1 — Forest management and wood procurement in Kuusamo FMA. 53
Figure G.2 — An environmental management system based on ISO 14001 for small-scale forestry in
Finland . 56
Figure H.1 — Case study: France . 62
Figure I.1 — Application of SFM principles and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators in the
framework of ISO 14001 — Austrian example . 65
Table B.1 — Summary of intergovernmental processes for Criteria & Indicators of SFM Initiatives and
countries involved. 17
Table B.2 — Summary of intergovernmental criteria for Sustainable Forest Management. 19
Table D.1 — Magnitude of the impact. 38
Table D.2 — Importance of the impact . 38
Table D.3 — Examples of calculation of Significance Index. 39
Table D.4 — Criteria used to set objectives and targets . 40
Table E.1 — Case study example of an environmental policy. 44
Table E.2 — Example of a statement in the environmental policy (Table E.1)
(see Table E.3 for Objectives and Targets). 45
Table E.3 — Objectives and targets for the example set out in Table E.2 . 46
Table E.4 — Example of Procedure . 48
iii
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SIST ISO/TR 14061:2000
© ISO
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The main task of Technical Committees is to prepare International Standards, but in exceptional circumstances a
technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report of one of the following types:
type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an international standard, despite
repeated efforts;
type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the future
but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an international standard;
type 3, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published
as an international standard (“state of the art”, for example).
Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication, to decide whether they
can be transformed into International Standards. Technical Reports of type 3 do not necessarily have to be
reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be no longer valid or useful.
ISO/TR 14061, which is a Technical Report of type 3, was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207,
Environmental management, Working Group 2, Forestry.
The following excerpt from Resolution 11/96 of TC 207 identifies the relationship between this Technical Report and
other important normative aspects of the subject:
“The report must be consistent with the following:
It must not specify performance levels for forestry, and therefore the Report in itself cannot form the basis for
performance claims.
It must not create a product label.”
The Working Group was directed to conduct its work through an open and inclusive consensus process and in
liaison with ISO/TC 207/SC 1.
iv
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SIST ISO/TR 14061:2000
© ISO
ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
Introduction
Sustainable forest management (SFM) has emerged as a major global issue. Forest management issues came into
sharp focus during the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). A non-legally-
binding authoritative statement of principles for a global consensus on the management, conservation, and
sustainable development of all types of forests was adopted. Since UNCED, there have been numerous govern-
mental and non-governmental initiatives involving interested parties addressing forest management, including the
development of SFM principles, and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators. Forestry is unique in the degree to
which it has been subject to the development of international and domestic principles, criteria, and indicators for
sustainable management. All international initiatives define SFM in broad terms that include ecological, social, and
economic aspects.
Concurrent with the UNCED process, the ISO Strategic Advisory Group on the Environment (SAGE) recommended
the establishment of ISO Technical Committee 207 (TC 207) to develop the ISO 14000 series of International
standards addressing environmental management systems and tools, applicable to all kinds of organizations. ISO
14001 provides the requirements, and ISO 14004 the guidance, for implementation of environmental management
systems that contribute to better management of an organization’s significant environmental aspects and impacts of
its activities, products, and services.
In response to the developments outlined above, forestry organizations can implement ISO 14001 while seeking
consistency with the various intergovernmental and non-governmental sets of SFM principles and criteria and
indicators. This Technical Report seeks to preserve the integrity and applicability of the generic ISO 14001, while
providing forestry organizations with informative reference material outlining international and national develop-
ments in the forestry sector that can assist forestry organizations in implementing the generic International Standard
for an environmental management system.
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SIST ISO/TR 14061:2000
TECHNICAL REPORT © ISO ISO/TR 14061:1998(E)
Information to assist forestry organizations in the use of
Environmental Management System standards ISO 14001 and
ISO 14004
1 Scope
This Technical Report is designed to be used in conjunction with ISO 14001 and ISO 14004. It provides a link
between the management system approach of ISO 14001 and the range of forest policy and forest management
performance objectives, including SFM principles and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators, that a forestry
organization can consider. It also provides references to the ISO 14000 series of International Standards,
application of forestry laws and regulations, and the other matters that a forestry organization can take into
consideration as it implements an environmental management system.
This Technical Report, like ISO 14001, does not propose any forestry-specific requirements. Its content is not
normative in any sense, but is intended to be informative. Moreover, it does not establish performance levels for
forest management. This Technical Report therefore cannot form the basis for environmental performance claims
and does not create a product label.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Technical Report, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14050 and the following apply.
2.1
environmental aspect
element of an organization’s activities, products or services that can interact with the environment
NOTE A significant environmental aspect is an environmental aspect that has or can have a significant environmental
impact.
2.2
environmental impact
any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s
activities, products or services
2.3
environmental management system
EMS
the part of the overall management system that includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibil-
ities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and
maintaining the environmental policy
NOTE For the purposes of this Technical Report, the abbreviation EMS is used specifically in reference to ISO
14001:1996.
2.4
forest
generally considered to be a plant community of predominantly trees and other woody vegetation growing together,
its land, flora and fauna, their interrelationships, and the resources and values attributed to it
NOTE Forests vary greatly around the world depending on the climate, soil, history and culture of the country involved.
Many countries have a definition of forest included in legislation.
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2.5
organization
company, corporation, firm, enterprise, authority or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated
or not, public or private, that has its own functions and administration
NOTE For organizations with more than one operating unit, a single operating unit may be defined as an organization.
2.6
principles, criteria and indicators
international, national and private sector initiatives, whether governmental or non-governmental, provide a common
hierarchical framework including “Principles, criteria and indicators” for evaluating progress towards achieving SFM
NOTE 1 In some initiatives, the principles are considered to be included in the criteria.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this report, the term Criteria & Indicators is used specifically in reference to the sets of Criteria &
Indicators of Sustainable Forest Management developed through the intergovernmental processes (4.2).
2.6.1
principles
fundamental rules which serve as a basis for reasoning and action
NOTE Principles are explicit elements of a goal such as SFM.
2.6.2
criteria
characteristics that are considered important and by which success or failure can be judged
NOTE The role of criteria is to characterize or define the essential elements or set of conditions or processes by which
sustainable forest management may be assessed.
[Source: Intergovernmental Seminar on Criteria and Indicators for SFM (ISCI)]
2.6.3
indicators
quantitative, qualitative or descriptive measures that when periodically evaluated and monitored show the direction
of change
[Source: Intergovernmental Seminar on Criteria and Indicators for SFM (ISCI)]
2.7
sustainable development
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
[Source: The Brundtland Report]
2.8
Sustainable forest management
NOTE While there is broad agreement on the concept of SFM, there are variations in the definitions developed through the
various national and international initiatives. Two definitions of SFM have been included here so that the user of this Technical
Report can understand the scope of the concept and the ways it has been defined by people from two different regions of the
world.
2.8.1
sustainable forest management
SFM
process of managing permanent forest land to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives of management with
regard to the production of a continuous flow of desired forest products and services without undue reduction of its
inherent values and future productivity and without undue undesirable effects on the physical and social
environment
[Source: International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)]
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2.8.2
sustainable forest management
SFM
stewardship and use of forests and forest land in a way and at a rate that maintains their biodiversity, productivity,
regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic, and
social functions, at local, national, and global levels and does not cause damage to other ecosystems
[Source: Pan-European (Helsinki) Process]
3 The ISO 14000 series of standards
3.1 General
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), comprising more than 110 national standards bodies and
many international liaison organizations, is a world-wide non-governmental organization founded in 1946. Its
purpose is the development of International Standards to improve international communication and collaboration
and to promote the smooth and equitable growth of international trade. All International Standards are developed
through an open, consensus-based process and their application is voluntary.
At present, the ISO 14000 series of International Standards addresses environmental management systems,
environmental auditing, life cycle assessment, environmental labelling, and environmental performance evaluation.
These International Standards have potential application to forestry organizations. Additional background
information on four of these standards (other than ISO 14001 and ISO 14004) can be found in annex A.
3.2 ISO 14001 and ISO 14004 environmental management system standards
An environmental management system is a means by which an organization addresses the significant environ-
mental aspects and related impacts of its activities, products and services. It enables consistent management
based on the organization’s knowledge of its environmental aspects, related impacts, and its legal and other
requirements. This is accomplished through the integration of views of interested parties, allocation of resources,
training and assignment of responsibilities, and ongoing evaluation and modification of practices, procedures and
processes.
There are two EMS International Standards: ISO 14001, Environmental management systems — Specification with
guidance for use; and ISO 14004, Environmental management systems — General guidelines on principles,
systems and supporting techniques.
ISO 14001 shares common management system principles with the international quality assurance standards
ISO 9001, ISO 9002, and ISO 9003. The ISO 14001 specification provides and describes the required core
elements of an EMS, based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act principle (see Figure 1), and thus incorporates the concept
of continual improvement. Organizations can use ISO 14001 for internal purposes and self-declaration of
conformance with the standard. ISO 14001 is the only standard in the ISO 14000 series against which an
organization’s environmental management system can be certified following an independent third-party audit.
The ISO 14004 Guideline provides additional background on what an environmental management system
comprises, and may also prove useful for organizations that do not have an environmental management system in
place, or that wish to improve an existing system. The ISO 14004 Guideline is not a specification document, and is
not intended to be used for auditing and certification purposes. However, it may prove to be useful for organizations
which choose to go beyond the requirements of ISO 14001.
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Figure 1 — Environmental management system model from ISO 14001:1996
4 Reference material for forestry organizations
4.1 General
This clause highlights reference material that can assist a forestry organization which has chosen to incorporate
SFM principles into its ISO 14001 policy, objectives and targets. Sustainable forest management issues including
ecological, social, and economic aspects have developed progressively over the past two decades and have
addressed concerns at the global, regional, national and sub-national levels. The reference material in annex B is
intended to provide information on a range of policy options for forest managers that are most appropriate for their
organization. Annex B presents this information in a manner ranging from general global and intergovernmental
forestry initiatives to information appropriate for a specific forest area.
4.2 Intergovernmental initiatives
There has been significant development of multi-lateral agreements among nations addressing environmental
issues and the sustainable management of natural resources. The movement gained momentum with the 1980
publication of the World Conservation Strategy and the 1987 report of the Commission on Environment and
Development, "Our Common Future," often referred to as the Brundtland Report. The forestry debate came into
sharper focus during the UNCED process with "Agenda 21" and a set of "Forest Principles" being adopted at the
Earth Summit in June 1992. These documents embrace the concept of sustainable management of the world’s
forests.
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The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) has the task of promoting the implemen-
tation of Agenda 21. An ad hoc Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) was established in 1995. One of its
functions was to facilitate international cooperation in developing Criteria & Indicators for the ecological, social and
economic aspects of SFM. The work of the IPF was reported to the UN in February 1997 and will be continued
through a new Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF). The IFF will report in 2000.
As part of these initiatives, a number of intergovernmental processes have developed Criteria & Indicators for SFM,
most of which are for use in assessing trends in the condition of forests at the national level. The intergovernmental
Criteria & Indicators processes are listed below and further details and comparisons are listed in annex B:
International Tropical Timber Organization
Pan-European (Helsinki) Process
Montreal Process
Tarapoto Proposal
Dry Zone Africa Initiative
North Africa and Near East Initiative
Central American Initiative of Lepaterique
African Timber Organization Initiative
Criteria define the essential elements of sustainable forest management, while indicators provide a basis for
assessing actual forest conditions. When combined with specific national goals, intergovernmental Criteria &
Indicators also provide a basis for assessing progress towards SFM. Criteria and indicators can therefore play an
important role in establishing the goals of national forestry programs and policies, and evaluating the effectiveness
of implementation.
All major intergovernmental initiatives mentioned above include Criteria & Indicators that address the following
forestry issues:
extent of forest resources
health and vitality
productive functions
biological diversity
protective and environmental functions
developmental and social needs
legal, policy and institutional framework
[Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Forests]
The interrelationship of the ecological, social, and economic aspects of sustainable forest management as defined
by Criteria & Indicators developed under the Pan-European (Helsinki) Process is presented in Figure 2 as an
example. This approach has been applied at the national level within Europe.
National and sub-national efforts are underway in some countries to adopt the criteria and to modify, refine, and
adapt the indicators for use at the specific forest area level. Modified intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators are
generally more useful at the local level in identifying significant environmental aspects an organization can consider
in establishing its policy, objectives, and targets aimed at the goal of SFM.
4.3 Non-governmental initiatives
Non-governmental organizations are active in developing sets of principles, criteria, and indicators for good forest
management. These organizations include forest owners, forest product trade associations, environmental groups,
certification bodies, and many others. Internationally, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has developed 10
Principles and associated Criteria for “Well Managed Forests”, upon which more detailed forest assessment
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standards, for use at the specific forest area level, are based. At the international and national levels, forest industry
trade associations have developed “Codes of Practice” to guide the management of forests.
Also, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) evaluates and tests various intergovernmental Criteria
& Indicators of SFM and those developed by a variety of organizations. Local citizens and community groups have
also developed forest policies and principles addressing the management of forests.
All of the above non-governmental initiatives provide valuable information about the views of interested parties that
forestry organizations can use in the development of their environmental policy, objectives, and targets. These
initiatives are referenced in more detail in annex B.
Figure 2 — Pan-European Criteria & Indicators for SFM
5 Relationship between SFM principles, intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators and a
forestry organization’s environmental management system
5.1 General
This clause provides information on the relationship between forestry performance measures, including the SFM
principles and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators, and the elements of an ISO 14001-based EMS.
Organizations that wish to make a commitment to the goal of SFM can incorporate principles and intergovernmental
Criteria & Indicators (see annex B), appropriate to the scope of the environmental management system, into their
policy, objectives and targets.
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The SFM principles and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators do not establish what the performance requirements
are for a specific forest, nor how these should be achieved. They are intended to provide a common framework for
evaluating a country’s progress toward achieving sustainability at the national level. Consequently, they will need to
be adapted to local conditions in order to be incorporated into the objectives and targets of an organization’s
environmental management system. Integration of specific forest management performance criteria into an
environmental management system provides a framework within which a forestry organization can improve its
forest management towards the goal of SFM.
The basic relationship between forestry principles, intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators and the ISO 14001 EMS
requirements is provided in Figure 3. More specific examples of this relationship can be found in annexes D, E, G,
H, and I.
The various international sets of SFM principles and intergovernmental Criteria & Indicators focus on the broad
differences between climatic regions and forest types as shown in annex B. For example, the Montreal Process
Crit
...
RAPPORT ISO/TR
TECHNIQUE 14061
Première édition
1998-12-15
Information pour assister les organismes
forestiers dans l'utilisation des normes
ISO 14001 et ISO 14004 relatives aux
systèmes de management environnemental
Information to assist forestry organizations in the use of Environmental
Management System standards ISO 14001 and ISO 14004
A
Numéro de référence
ISO/TR 14061:1998(F)
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ISO/TR 14061:1998(F)
Sommaire
1 Domaine d'application.1
2 Termes et définitions.1
3 La série de normes ISO 14000.3
4 Références pour les organismes forestiers.4
5 Relations entre les principes, critères et indicateurs intergouvernementaux d'AFD et le système de
management environnemental d'un organisme forestier.7
6 Petites propriétés et petites opérations forestières.14
7 Autodéclaration, audit par une seconde partie et certification par une tierce partie du système de
management environnemental d'un organisme forestier.14
8 Communication.15
Annexe A (informative) Aperçu des séries de normes ISO 14000 référencées et des documents s'y
rapportant.16
Annexe B (informative) Exemples de références techniques relatives à l'AFD .18
Annexe C (informative) Introduction aux études de cas .39
Annexe D (informative) Étude de cas Brésil — Mise en œuvre d'un système de management
environnemental selon l'ISO 14001 dans une plantation d'eucalyptus .40
Annexe E (informative) Étude de cas Afrique du Sud — Mise en œuvre d'un système de management
environnemental selon l'ISO 14001 dans une plantation de compagnie forestière.46
Annexe F (informative) Organisation des petites propriétés et des petites opérations forestières.56
Annexe G (informative) Étude de cas Finlande — Système de management environnemental d'une petite
foresterie familiale en Finlande, basé sur l'ISO 14001 .57
Annexe H (informative) Étude de cas France — Certification des propriétés forestières privées selon un
système de management environnemental conforme à l'ISO 14001, élaboré et mis en œuvre au niveau
régional sous la direction des autorités publiques.64
(informative)
Annexe I Étude de cas Autriche — Approche planifiée des propriétaires forestiers — Action
coopérative des propriétaires forestiers en vue de l'élaboration d'un modèle de système de management
environnemental pouvant être mis en œuvre par des petits propriétaires forestiers .68
© ISO 1998
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque
forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur.
Organisation internationale de normalisation
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Suisse
Internet iso@iso.ch
Imprimé en Suisse
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Figure 1 — Modèle de système de management environnemental de l'ISO 14001:1996 . 4
Figure 2 — Critères et indicateurs paneuropéens pour l'AFD . 6
Figure 3 — Application de principes, critères et indicateurs intergouvernementaux d'AFD dans le cadre de
l'ISO 14001. 8
Figure 4 — Critères utilisés pour la définition des objectifs et des cibles . 11
Figure G.1 — Gestion forestière et approvisionnement en bois à l'AAF de Kuusamo . 58
Figure G.2 — Système de management environnemental d'une petite foresterie familiale en Finlande, basé
sur l'ISO 14001 . 61
Figure H.1 — Étude de cas France. 67
Figure I.1 — Application de principes, critères et indicateurs intergouvernementaux d'AFD dans le cadre de
l'ISO 14001 — Exemple autrichien . 70
Tableau B.1 — Résumé des processus intergouvernementaux relatifs aux critères et indicateurs d'AFD —
Initiatives et pays impliqués. 19
Tableau B.2 — Résumé des critères intergouvernementaux pour l'aménagement forestier durable . 21
Tableau D.1 — Ampleur de l'impact. 42
Tableau D.2 — Importance de l'impact. 42
Tableau D.3 — Exemples de calcul de l'index d'importance. 43
Tableau D.4 — Critères utilisés pour la définition des objectifs et des cibles. 44
Tableau E.1 — Exemple d'étude de cas d'une politique environnementale. 48
Tableau E.2 — Exemple de déclaration de la politique environnementale (Tableau E.1) ayant été clarifiée
(voir Tableau E.3 pour les objectifs et cibles) . 49
Tableau E.3 — Objectifs et cibles pour l’exemple présenté dans le Tableau E.2 . 50
Tableau E.4 — Exemple de procédure. 52
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Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité
technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en
liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission
électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Exceptionnellement, un
comité technique peut proposer la publication d'un rapport technique de l'un des types suivants:
— type 1, lorsque, en dépit de maints efforts, l'accord requis ne peut être réalisé en faveur de la publication d'une
Norme internationale;
— type 2, lorsque le sujet en question est encore en cours de développement technique ou lorsque, pour toute
autre raison, la possibilité d'un accord pour la publication d'une Norme internationale peut être envisagée pour
l'avenir mais pas dans l'immédiat;
— type 3, lorsqu'un comité technique a réuni des données de nature différentes de celles qui sont normalement
publiées comme Normes internationales (ceci pouvant comprendre des informations sur l'état de la technique,
par exemple).
Les rapports techniques des types 1 et 2 font l'objet d'un nouvel examen trois ans au plus tard après leur
publication afin de décider éventuellement de leur transformation en Normes internationales. Les rapports
techniques de type 3 ne doivent pas nécessairement être révisés avant que les données fournies ne soient plus
jugées valables ou utiles.
L'ISO/TR 14061, rapport technique du type 3, a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 207, Management
environnemental, groupe de travail WG 2, Gestion de la forêt.
L'extrait suivant de la résolution 11/96 de l'ISO/TC 207 identifie la relation du présent rapport technique avec
d'autres aspects normatifs importants du sujet:
«Le rapport doit être cohérent par rapport aux éléments suivants:
Il ne doit pas spécifier les niveaux de performance pour la foresterie et, par conséquent, le rapport lui-même ne
peut pas constituer la base de revendications de performance.
Il ne doit pas créer de label de produit.»
Le groupe de travail a été chargé de mener ses travaux dans le cadre d'un processus de consensus ouvert et
complet, et en liaison avec l'ISO/TC 207/SC 1.
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Introduction
L'aménagement forestier durable (AFD) s'est révélé être une question d'importance mondiale. Les questions sur
l'aménagement forestier ont pris le devant de la scène lors de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'environnement
et le développement (CNUED) qui s'est tenue en 1992. Une déclaration de principe non juridiquement
contraignante, relative à un consensus général sur la gestion, la préservation et le développement durable de tous
les types de forêts a été adoptée. Depuis la CNUED, de nombreuses initiatives gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales impliquant les parties intéressées ont été prises en matière d'aménagement forestier, y compris
le développement de principes, de critères et d'indicateurs intergouvernementaux d'AFD. La foresterie est unique
de par le nombre de principes, critères et indicateurs internationaux et nationaux de gestion durable dont elle a fait
l'objet. Toutes les initiatives internationales définissent l'AFD en termes généraux qui comprennent les aspects
écologiques, sociaux et économiques.
Parallèlement au processus CNUED, le Groupe consultatif stratégique de l’ISO traitant des questions
d'environnement (SAGE) a recommandé la création du comité technique ISO 207 (ISO/TC 207) destiné à
développer la série de Normes internationales ISO 14000 sur les systèmes et outils de management
environnemental, applicable à tous les types d'organismes. L'ISO 14001 spécifie les exigences et l'ISO 14004 les
lignes directrices relatives à la mise en œuvre de systèmes de management environnemental afin de permettre
d'améliorer la gestion des aspects environnementaux significatifs des organismes et des impacts de ses activités,
produits et services.
En raison de l'évolution décrite ci-dessus, les organismes forestiers peuvent mettre en œuvre l'ISO 14001 tout en
recherchant la cohérence avec les divers ensembles intergouvernementaux et non gouvernementaux de principes
et de critères d'AFD. L'objectif du présent rapport technique est de conserver l'intégrité et l'applicabilité de la norme
générique ISO 14001, tout en fournissant aux organismes forestiers des informations soulignant les progrès
effectués dans le secteur forestier au niveau international et national, et destinés à aider les organismes forestiers à
mettre en œuvre une Norme internationale générique relative aux systèmes de management environnemental.
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RAPPORT TECHNIQUE © ISO ISO/TR 14061:1998(F)
Information pour assister les organismes forestiers dans
l'utilisation des normes ISO 14001 et ISO 14004 relatives aux
systèmes de management environnemental
1 Domaine d'application
Le présent rapport technique est destiné à être utilisé conjointement avec l'ISO 14001 et l'ISO 14004. Il constitue un
lien entre l'approche du système de management de l'ISO 14001 et le champ d'objectifs de performance en matière
de politique forestière et d'aménagement forestier, y compris les principes, critères et indicateurs
intergouvernementaux d'AFD qu'un organisme forestier peut prendre en considération. Il fournit également des
références sur la série de Normes internationales ISO 14000, l'application des législations et réglementations
forestières et les autres questions qu’un organisme forestier peut prendre en compte lorsqu'il met en œuvre un
système de management environnemental.
Le présent rapport technique ne propose pas d'ajouter d'exigences forestières spécifiques à la norme ISO 14001.
Son contenu n'a aucun caractère normatif; il est purement informatif. En outre, il n'établit pas de niveaux de
performance pour l'aménagement forestier. Le présent rapport technique ne peut donc pas servir de base aux
déclarations de performance environnementale et il ne constitue pas non plus un label de produit.
2 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent rapport technique, les termes et définitions donnés dans l'ISO 14050 ainsi que les
suivants s'appliquent.
2.1
aspect environnemental
élément des activités, produits ou services d'un organisme susceptible d'interactions avec l'environnement
NOTE Un aspect environnemental significatif est un aspect environnemental qui a ou peut avoir un impact
environnemental significatif.
2.2
impact environnemental
toute modification de l'environnement, négative ou bénéfique, résultant totalement ou partiellement des activités,
produits ou services d'un organisme
2.3
système de management environnemental
SME
composante du système de gestion global qui inclut la structure organisationnelle, les activités de planification, les
responsabilités, les pratiques, les procédures, les procédés et les ressources pour élaborer, mettre en œuvre,
réaliser, passer en revue et maintenir la politique environnementale
NOTE Lorsque le terme «SME capitalisé» est utilisé dans le présent rapport technique, il fait référence à un système de
management environnemental se rapportant spécifiquement à l'ISO 14001:1996.
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2.4
forêt
généralement définie comme un groupement végétal à prédominance d'arbres et autre végétation boisée croissant
ensemble, la terre, la flore et la faune qui s'y rapportent, leurs relations d'interdépendance et les ressources et
valeurs qui lui sont attribuées
NOTE À l'échelle mondiale, les forêts varient considérablement en fonction du climat, de la nature des sols, de l'histoire et
de la culture du pays concerné. De nombreux pays ont inclus leur propre définition du terme «forêt» dans leur législation
nationale.
2.5
organisme
compagnie, société, firme, entreprise, autorité ou institution, ou partie ou combinaison de celles-ci, à responsabilité
limitée ou d’un autre statut, de droit public ou privé, qui a sa propre structure fonctionnelle et administrative
NOTE Dans les organismes constitués de plusieurs unités opérationnelles, une unité isolée peut être définie comme un
organisme.
2.6
principes, critères et indicateurs
les initiatives internationales, nationales ou du secteur privé, gouvernementales ou non gouvernementales,
fournissent un cadre hiérarchique commun comprenant des «principes, critères et indicateurs» pour évaluer les
progrès accomplis en vue de réaliser l'AFD
NOTE 1 Dans certaines initiatives, les principes sont considérés comme étant inclus dans les critères.
NOTE 2 Pour les besoins du présent rapport technique, le terme «critères et indicateurs» est employé spécifiquement en
référence aux ensembles de critères et d'indicateurs d'aménagement forestier durable issus de processus
intergouvernementaux (4.2).
2.6.1
principes
règles fondamentales qui servent de base au raisonnement et à l'action
NOTE Les principes sont les éléments explicites d'un but tel que l'AFD.
2.6.2
critères
caractéristiques considérées comme importantes et permettant de juger de la réussite ou de l'échec
NOTE Le rôle des critères est de caractériser ou de définir les éléments essentiels ou ensembles de conditions ou de
processus à l'aide desquels l'aménagement forestier durable peut être évalué.
[Source: Séminaire intergouvernemental sur les critères et indicateurs d'AFD (ISCI)]
2.6.3
indicateurs
mesures quantitatives, qualitatives ou descriptives qui, lorsqu'elles sont évaluées et surveillées périodiquement,
indiquent le sens des changements
[Source: Séminaire intergouvernemental sur les critères et indicateurs d'AFD (ISCI)]
2.7
développement durable
permet de répondre aux besoins présents sans entraver la capacité des générations futures à répondre à leurs
propres besoins
[Source: Rapport Brundtland]
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2.8
Aménagement forestier durable
NOTE Bien que le concept d'AFD soit largement accepté, il existe des différences dans les définitions élaborées par les
différentes initiatives nationales et internationales. Deux définitions de l'AFD sont présentées ci-après afin de faciliter la
compréhension du domaine d'application du concept et la manière dont il a été défini par des personnes originaires de
différents pays du monde.
2.8.1
aménagement forestier durable
AFD
processus d'aménagement de terres forestières permanentes permettant d'atteindre un ou plusieurs objectifs
clairement spécifiés de gestion, pour ce qui est de la production d'un flux continu de produits et services forestiers
souhaités, sans réduction abusive de ses valeurs inhérentes et de la productivité future, et sans effets indésirables
sur l'environnement physique et social
[Source: Organisation internationale des bois tropicaux (OIBT)]
2.8.2
aménagement forestier durable
AFD
intendance et utilisation de forêts et de terres forestières d'une façon, et à un rythme, qui maintiennent leur diversité
biologique, leur productivité, leur capacité de régénération, leur vitalité et leur potentiel à remplir, actuellement et à
l'avenir, les fonctions écologiques, économiques et sociales correspondantes, au niveau local, national et mondial,
et qui n'entraînent pas de dommages sur les autres écosystèmes
[Source: Processus paneuropéen (d'Helsinki)]
3 La série de normes ISO 14000
3.1 Généralités
L'Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO), qui comprend plus de 110 organismes de normalisation
nationaux et de nombreux organismes internationaux de liaison, est une organisation mondiale non
gouvernementale fondée en 1946. Elle se propose d'élaborer des normes internationales afin d'améliorer la
communication et la collaboration internationales et de promouvoir une croissance régulière et équitable du
commerce international. L'élaboration des normes ISO suit un processus ouvert et fondé sur un consensus, et leur
application est volontaire.
Actuellement, la série de Normes internationales ISO 14000 comporte des normes relatives aux systèmes de
management environnemental, à l'audit environnemental, à l'analyse du cycle de vie, à l’étiquetage
environnemental et à l'évaluation des performances environnementales. Ces Normes internationales peuvent être
appliquées par les organismes forestiers. D'autres informations relatives à quatre normes de la série ISO 14000
(autres que l'ISO 14001 et l'ISO 14004) se trouvent à l'annexe A.
3.2 ISO 14001 et ISO 14004 — Normes de Systèmes de management environnemental
Un système de management environnemental est un moyen pour un organisme de traiter les aspects
environnementaux significatifs de ses activités, produits et services, et les impacts qui y sont associés. Il permet
une gestion cohérente basée sur les connaissances par l'organisme de ses propres aspects environnementaux,
des impacts associés et des exigences de nature juridique ou autre. Il est réalisé par la mise en commun des points
de vue des parties intéressées, l'allocation de ressources, la formation et l'attribution de responsabilités et par
l'évaluation et la modification continues des pratiques, procédures et processus.
Il existe deux Normes internationales de systèmes de management environnemental: l'ISO 14001, Systèmes de
management environnemental — Spécification et lignes directrices pour son utilisation; et l'ISO 14004, Systèmes
de management environnemental — Lignes directrices générales concernant les principes, les systèmes et les
techniques de mise en œuvre.
L'ISO 14001 partage des principes communs de systèmes de gestion avec les Normes internationales d'assurance
de la qualité ISO 9001, ISO 9002 et ISO 9003. La spécification ISO 14001 fournit et décrit les moyens prescrits par
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un système de management environnemental, fondés sur le principe Planifier-Faire-Vérifier-Agir (voir Figure 1), et
intègre ainsi le concept de l'amélioration continue. Les organismes peuvent utiliser l'ISO 14001 à des fins internes
et pour s'autodéclarer conformes à la norme. L'ISO 14001 est la seule norme de la série ISO 14000 selon laquelle
un système de management environnemental peut être certifié conforme suite à un audit indépendant effectué par
une tierce partie.
La ligne directrice ISO 14004 fournit des informations de base sur le contenu d'un système de management
environnemental et peut également s'avérer utile pour des organismes ne disposant pas d'un système de
management environnemental établi ou souhaitant améliorer un système existant. La ligne directrice ISO 14004
n'est pas un document de spécification et n'est pas prévue pour servir à des fins d'audit et de certification.
Toutefois, elle peut s'avérer utile pour les organismes qui choisissent d'aller au-delà des exigences de l'ISO 14001.
Figure 1 — Modèle de système de management environnemental de l'ISO 14001:1996
4 Références pour les organismes forestiers
4.1 Généralités
Le présent article présente les références pouvant aider l'organisme forestier qui a choisi d'intégrer les principes
d'AFD dans sa politique, ses objectifs et ses cibles ISO 14001. Les questions d'aménagement forestier durable, y
compris les aspects écologiques, sociaux et économiques, ont évolué progressivement au cours des deux
dernières décennies et ont pris en compte des préoccupations de niveau mondial, régional, national et infranational.
Les références données à l'annexe B ont pour but de fournir des informations aux propriétaires forestiers
concernant un éventail d'options politiques les mieux adaptées à leur organisme. L'annexe B présente ces
informations allant des initiatives générales — mondiales et intergouvernementales — en matière forestière,
jusqu'aux informations concernant une zone forestière définie.
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4.2 Initiatives intergouvernementales
Des accords multilatéraux significatifs portant sur des questions environnementales et sur l'aménagement durable
des ressources naturelles ont été élaborés entre plusieurs pays. Le mouvement a pris de l'importance avec la
publication, en 1980, de la Stratégie mondiale de la conservation et avec le rapport de 1987 de la Commission sur
l'environnement et le développement, «Our Common Future» («Notre avenir commun»), plus connu sous le nom de
«Brundtland Report» (Rapport Brundtland). Le débat sur la foresterie a pris encore plus d'importance pendant le
processus CNUED avec l'adoption, lors du sommet mondial de la terre en juin 1992, de l'«Action 21» et l'ensemble
des «principes forestiers». Ces documents englobent le concept d'aménagement durable des forêts du monde.
La Commission des Nations Unies pour un développement durable (UNCSD) a la responsabilité de promouvoir la
mise en œuvre de l'Action 21. Un Groupe intergouvernemental sur les forêts (GIF) ad hoc a été créé en 1995,
notamment pour faciliter la coopération internationale en matière d'élaboration de critères et d'indicateurs pour les
aspects écologiques, sociaux et économiques de la GFD. Les travaux du GIF ont été présentés aux Nations Unies
au mois de février 1997 et ils seront poursuivis dans le cadre d'un nouveau Forum intergouvernemental sur les
forêts (FIF) (Intergovernmental Forum on Forests). Les activités du FIF feront l'objet d'un rapport en l'an 2000.
Parmi ces initiatives, différents processus intergouvernementaux ont élaboré des critères et indicateurs pour l'AFD,
principalement pour dégager des tendances en termes d'état des forêts au niveau national. Les processus
intergouvernementaux en matière de critères et indicateurs sont présentés ci-dessous et des précisions et éléments
de comparaison supplémentaires sont fournis en annexe B:
l'Organisation internationale des bois tropicaux
le Processus paneuropéen (d'Helsinki)
le Processus de Montréal
la Proposition de Tarapoto
l'Initiative de l'Afrique des Régions Sèches
l'Initiative de l'Afrique du Nord et du Proche-Orient
l'Initiative Centraméricaine de Lepaterique
l'Initiative de l'Organisation africaine du bois.
Les critères définissent les éléments essentiels d'un aménagement forestier durable, alors que les indicateurs
fournissent les bases d'une évaluation des conditions actuelles des forêts. Combinés avec des buts nationaux
spécifiques, les critères et indicateurs intergouvernementaux fournissent également une base d'évaluation du
progrès accompli dans le sens de l'AFD. Les critères et indicateurs peuvent donc jouer un rôle important dans la
définition des objectifs des politiques et programmes nationaux en termes de foresterie, et dans l'évaluation de
l'efficacité de leur mise en œuvre.
Toutes les grandes initiatives intergouvernementales mentionnées plus haut prennent en compte des critères et
indicateurs relatifs aux questions forestières suivantes:
l'importance des ressources forestières
la santé et la vitalité des forêts
les fonctions productives
la diversité biologique
les fonctions protectrices et environnementales
les besoins sociaux et de développement
le cadre légal, politique et institutionnel
[Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (Groupe intergouvernemental sur les forêts)]
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Les relations d'interdépendance entre les aspects écologiques, sociaux et économiques de l'AFD, telles que
définies par les critères et indicateurs élaborés dans le cadre du Processus paneuropéen (d'Helsinki), sont
présentées à la Figure 2 à titre d'exemple. Cette méthode a été appliquée dans les pays européens au niveau
national.
Dans certains pays, des initiatives sont en cours au niveau national et infranational afin d'adopter ces critères et de
modifier, affiner et adapter les indicateurs devant être utilisés au niveau des zones forestières définies. Les critères
et indicateurs intergouvernementaux modifiés sont généralement plus utiles au niveau local qu'au niveau national
ou international, dans la mesure où ils identifient les aspects environnementaux significatifs qu'un organisme peut
prendre en considération lorsqu'il établit sa politique, ses objectifs et ses cibles dans le but de l'AFD.
Figure 2 — Critères et indicateurs paneuropéens pour l'AFD
4.3 Initiatives non gouvernementales
Les organismes non gouvernementaux participent activement à l'élaboration d'ensembles de principes, de critères
et d'indicateurs en vue d'un bon aménagement forestier. Ces organismes comprennent notamment les propriétaires
forestiers, les groupements professionnels des produits forestiers, les associations de protection de la nature, les
organismes de certification et beaucoup d'autres. À l'échelle internationale, le Conseil de bonne gestion forestière
(FSC) a élaboré 10 principes et critères associés pour un «bon aménagement forestier» servant de base à des
normes d'évaluation des forêts plus détaillées devant être utilisées au niveau des zones forestières définies. Aux
niveaux international et national, des groupements professionnels des industries forestières ont mis au point des
règles pour orienter l'aménagement des forêts.
En outre, le CIFOR, Centre de recherche forestière internationale, évalue et teste certains critères et indicateurs
intergouvernementaux d'AFD élaborés par différents organismes. Les populations locales et des groupes d'intérêt
locaux ont également élaboré des politiques et des principes relatifs à l'aménagement forestier.
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Toutes les initiatives non gouvernementales mentionnées plus haut fournissent des informations pertinentes sur les
points de vue des différentes parties intéressées. Ces informations peuvent être exploitées par les organismes
forestiers dans le cadre de l'élaboration de leur politique environnementale et des objectifs et cibles associé
...
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