SIST EN 60814:1999

Insulating liquids - Oil-impregnated paper and pressboard - Determination of water by automatic coulometric Karl Fischer titration

Describes methods for the determination of water in insulating liquids and in oil-impregnated cellulosic insulation with coulmetrically generated Karl Fischer reagent.

Isolierflüssigkeiten - Ölimprägniertes Papier und ölimprägnierter Presspan - Bestimmung von Wasser durch automatische coulometrische Karl-Fischer-Titration

Isolants liquides - Cartons et papiers imprégnés d'huile - Détermination de la teneur en eau par titrage coulométrique de Karl Fischer automatique

Décrit des méthodes de détermination de la teneur en eau des isolants liquides et des isolants cellulosiques imprégnés d'huile, par la méthode de titrage coulométrique de Karl Fischer.

Insulating liquids - Oil-impregnated paper and pressboard - Determination of water by automatic coulometric Karl Fischer titration (IEC 60814:1997)

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-1998
• ICS: 29.040.10 - Insulating oils
• Technical Committee: TPD - Fluids for electrotechnical applications
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Jan-1999
• Due Date: 01-Jan-1999
• Completion Date: 01-Jan-1999
• Ref Project: EN 60814:1997 - Insulating liquids - Oil-impregnated paper and pressboard - Determination of water by automatic coulometric Karl Fischer titration

Overview

EN 60814:1997 (CLC / IEC 60814:1997) specifies methods for the determination of water in insulating liquids and in oil‑impregnated paper and pressboard using automatic coulometric Karl Fischer titration. The standard covers direct coulometric titration for low‑viscosity liquids, an evaporative stripping method for high‑viscosity liquids, and procedures for testing oil‑impregnated cellulosic insulation (paper and pressboard).

Key topics and technical requirements

• Scope and applicability
  • Direct titration: for liquids with viscosity ≤ 100 mm2/s at 40 °C and water ≥ 2 mg/kg.
  • Evaporative stripping: preferred for liquids with viscosity > 100 mm2/s.
  • Oil‑impregnated paper/pressboard: methods cover water content from 0.1% to 20% by mass.
• Chemical principle
  • Coulometrically generated Karl Fischer reagent: iodine is produced electrolytically; water quantity is calculated using Faraday’s law (stated equivalence in the standard).
• Apparatus and components
  • Titration vessel/electrolysis cell with diaphragm or combined generator assembly, detector (dual platinum electrodes), current integrator, end‑point detection, electromagnetic stirrer, drying tubes and sample injection septa.
• Reagents and interferences
  • Methanol‑based reagents commonly used; note interference with some silicone fluids, aldehydes, ketones or degradation products - non‑methanol reagents may be required.
• Sampling and preparation
  • Sampling guidance referenced (e.g., IEC 60475 and IEC 60567). Sample handling and syringe specifications are included.
• Performance notes
  • Precision data are provided (precision for new liquids highlighted); accuracy may be affected by contaminants in service-aged oils.

Applications and users

• Who uses EN 60814
  • Test laboratories (electrotechnical and petroleum testing labs)
  • Transformer and switchgear manufacturers
  • Utilities and asset owners performing condition monitoring
  • Quality control for insulating oils and paper/pressboard materials
• Practical uses
  • Routine water content monitoring in transformer oils and insulating liquids
  • Failure analysis and diagnostics where moisture influence on dielectric performance is critical
  • Quality acceptance of oil‑impregnated cellulosic insulation during manufacture or refurbishment

Related standards

• IEC 60475 - Method of sampling liquid dielectrics
• IEC 60567 - Guide for sampling oil and gas from oil‑filled electrical equipment
• ISO 595‑1 / ISO 595‑2 - Glass syringes (sample introduction)
• IEC 60814 (original IEC reference) - harmonized text used in EN 60814:1997

Keywords: insulating liquids, oil‑impregnated paper, pressboard, Karl Fischer titration, coulometric titration, water determination, transformer oil testing, evaporative stripping, EN 60814:1997, IEC 60814.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-1999
Insulating liquids - Oil-impregnated paper and pressboard - Determination of water
by automatic coulometric Karl Fischer titration (IEC 60814:1997)
Insulating liquids - Oil-impregnated paper and pressboard - Determination of water by
automatic coulometric Karl Fischer titration
Isolierflüssigkeiten - Ölimprägniertes Papier und ölimprägnierter Presspan - Bestimmung
von Wasser durch automatische coulometrische Karl-Fischer-Titration
Isolants liquides - Cartons et papiers imprégnés d'huile - Détermination de la teneur en
eau par titrage coulométrique de Karl Fischer automatique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60814:1997
ICS:
29.040.10 Izolacijska olja Insulating oils
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

NORME
CEI
INTERNATIONALE
IEC
INTERNATIONAL
Deuxième édition
STANDARD
Second edition
1997-08
Isolants liquides – Cartons et papiers
imprégnés d'huile –
Détermination de la teneur en eau par titrage
coulométrique de Karl Fischer automatique
Insulating liquids – Oil-impregnated paper
and pressboard –
Determination of water by automatic
coulometric Karl Fischer titration
 IEC 1997 Droits de reproduction réservés  Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
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procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photo- including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in
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Telefax: [phone] e-mail: [e-mail] IEC web site http: //www.iec.ch
CODE PRIX
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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PRICE CODE
International Electrotechnical Commission
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue

60814 © IEC:1997 – 3 –
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD . 5
Clause
1 General. 7
1.1 Scope. 7
1.2 Normative references.7
2 Direct titration for low viscosity liquids . 7
2.1 Field of application . 7
2.2 Chemistry. 9
2.3 Apparatus. 9
2.4 Reagents and auxiliary materials . 13
2.5 Preparation of the apparatus. 13
2.6 Sampling methods.13
2.7 Procedure. 15
2.8 Calculation of the result. 15
2.9 Report. 15
2.10 Precision. 17
3 Evaporative stripping method for high viscosity liquids . 17
3.1 Field of application . 17
3.2 Outline of the method. 17
3.3 Apparatus and reagents. 17
3.4 Procedure. 19
3.5 Calculation of water content. 19
3.6 Report. 19
4 Determination of water in oil-impregnated paper and pressboard . 21
4.1 Field of application . 21
4.2 Determination of water after previous extraction with methanol . 21
4.3 Determination by direct titration. 23
4.4 Evaporative stripping method. 25
Figures
1 Block diagram of automatic titrator. 29
2 Suitable titration vessel assembly . 31
3 Block diagram of automatic titrator and evaporation stripping unit . 33
4 Evaporator glass vessel with heater. 35
5 Methanol container and extraction tube . 37
Annex A – Method for sampling of oil-impregnated paper and pressboard . 39

60814 © IEC:1997 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
_________
INSULATING LIQUIDS – OIL-IMPREGNATED PAPER AND PRESSBOARD –
DETERMINATION OF WATER BY AUTOMATIC COULOMETRIC
KARL FISCHER TITRATION
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60814 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 10: Fluids for
electrotechnical applications.
This second edition of IEC 60814 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1985 of
which it constitutes a technical revision.
It also cancels IEC 60733, published in 1982.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
10/406/FDIS 10/422/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
Annex A is for information only.

60814 © IEC:1997 – 7 –
INSULATING LIQUIDS – OIL-IMPREGNATED PAPER AND PRESSBOARD –
DETERMINATION OF WATER BY AUTOMATIC COULOMETRIC
KARL FISCHER TITRATION
1 General
1.1 Scope
This International Standard describes methods for the determination of water in insulating
liquids and in oil-impregnated cellulosic insulation with coulometrically generated Karl Fischer
reagent.
The method in clause 2 is applicable to water concentrations above 2 mg/kg in liquids having
viscosity of less than 100 mm /s at 40 °C.
The test method in clause 3, where water is extracted by means of a nitrogen stream, is the
preferred method for insulating liquids of viscosity higher than 100 mm /s.
Clause 4 describes methods for the determination of water content in oil-impregnated paper
and pressboard over the range 0,1 % to 20 % by mass.
1.2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions
indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to
agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility
of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members of
IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
IEC 60475: 1974, Method of sampling liquid dielectrics
IEC 60567: 1992, Guide for the sampling of gases and of oil from oil-filled electrical equipment
and for the analysis of free and dissolved gases
ISO 595-1: 1986, Reusable all-glass or metal-and-glass syringes for medical use – Part 1:
Dimensions
ISO 595-2: 1987, Reusable all-glass or metal-and-glass syringes for medical use – Part 2:
Design, performance requirements and tests
2 Direct titration for low viscosity liquids
2.1 Field of application
This method is applicable to water concentrations above 2 mg/kg in liquids having viscosity up
to 100 mm /s at 40 °C. The precision data given in 2.10 apply only to new liquids.
NOTES
1 For liquids in service, the accuracy of the method may be affected by the presence of contaminants and
degradation products.
2 The method has been designed to be particularly suitable to hydrocarbon and ester liquids. With other
liquids, particularly silicone fluids, methanol free reagents must be used.

60814 © IEC:1997 – 9 –
2.2 Chemistry
The reactions occurring in a Karl Fischer titration are known to be complex, but are essentially
of water with iodine, sulphur dioxide, an organic base and an alcohol in an organic solvent. The
original Karl Fischer reagent used pyridine and methanol, and the reactions may be expressed
as:
H O + I + SO + 3C H N → 2C H N.HI + C H N.SO (1)
2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 3
C H N.SO + CH OH → C H NH.SO .CH (2)
5 5 3 3 5 5 4 3
Other base-alcohol combinations are possible and may be necessary for titrations on some
insulating liquids.
In coulometric Karl Fischer titration, the sample is mixed with a base/alcohol solution of iodide
ion and sulphur dioxide. Iodine is generated electrolytically and reacts with water in a similar
way to that shown in reactions (1) and (2). Iodine is generated in proportion to the quantity of
electricity according to Faraday's law, as shown by the following reaction:
-
2 I – 2 e → I (3)
One mole of iodine reacts with one mole of water stoichiometrically as shown in reactions (1)
so that 1 mg of water is equivalent to 10,72 C (number of coulombs). Based on this principle it
is possible to determine the amount of water directly from the quantity of electricity (number of
coulombs) required for the electrolysis.
2.3 Apparatus
2.3.1 Principle of operation
The titration vessel has the configuration of an electrolysis cell with two compartments
connected by a porous diaphragm. The anodic compartment contains the mixture of reagent-
solvent and sample (anodic solution), the cathodic compartment (generator assembly) contains
anhydrous reagent (cathodic solution). On both sides of the diaphragm are located the
electrolysis electrodes.
NOTE – Titrators without the porous diaphragm may be used.
Iodine generated by the electrolysis, as shown in reaction (3), reacts with the water in a similar
way to the Karl Fischer reactions (1) and (2). The end-point of the reaction is detected by a pair
of platinum electrodes immersed in the anodic solution. At the end of the titration, excess
iodine depolarizes the dual platinum electrodes, giving a change in the current/voltage ratio
which is used to activate the end-point indicator and to stop the current integrator.
The current integrator integrates the current consumed during the electrolysis, calculates the
water equivalent according to Faraday's law, and finally displays it in micrograms of water.
2.3.2 Description of the apparatus
Commercial coulometric Karl Fischer titrators use proprietary circuitry. The following
description of one suitable form of apparatus is given for illustrative purposes only.
The block diagram shown in figure 1 illustrates the apparatus and includes the components
detailed below.
60814 © IEC:1997 – 11 –
2.3.2.1 Titration vessel assembly
An example of a suitable titration vessel assembly is shown in figure 2. However, the
changes in instrument technology are such that radically different designs may become
available which comply with the technical requirements of this standard. The exemplified
apparatus consists of:
– a flanged glass reaction vessel (a) with sample injection plug (b) and drain cock (c)
(optional);
– a polytetrafluoroethylene lid (d), flanged to match the titration vessel, with three holes to
receive the electrodes and drying tube;
– a generator assembly (combined electrolysis cell) (e) consisting of a glass tube closed at
its lower end by a diaphragm and equipped with platinum electrodes on each side of the
diaphragm;
NOTE – The diaphragm may consist of ion exchange membrane, fritted disc, ceramic filter or other system to
prevent diffusion of both solutions, while allowing enough current for electrolysis.
– detector electrodes: dual platinum electrodes for measurement of potential or current (f);
– a polytetrafluoroethylene coated stirrer bar (g);
– drying tubes (h) to protect the titration vessel and the generator assembly from
atmospheric moisture;
– silicone rubber septa to seal the injection port. It is recommended that crosscuts should
be made in the septa before use, to enable blunt, square-ended needles to be used for
sample injection (see 2.4.2 d)). Septa should be replaced as required to prevent air leakage
as indicated by excessive instrument drift.
2.3.2.2 Detection circuit
DC constant voltage or a.c. constant current is supplied to the detector electrodes (dual
platinum measuring electrodes) so that the end-point may be detected from the change of the
polarized current or voltage.
2.3.2.3 Current regulator circuit
This circuit controls the electrolysis according to the signal from the detector circuit.
2.3.2.4 DC power supply
DC power supply for electrolysis.
2.3.2.5 End-point indicator
Indicates when the end-point has been reached.
2.3.2.6 Current integrator
Measures the quantity of electricity consumed by the electrolysis cell during the titration, then
calculates and displays the quantity of water, in micrograms, corresponding to it.
NOTE – Some instruments have built-in calculation facilities, and display the water concentration for a specific
sample quantity.
2.3.2.7 Electromagnetic stirrer
Electromagnetic stirrer, capable of maintaining a constant speed sufficient to ensure adequate
dispersion. (The content of the titration vessel will not in general be a single phase, since most
insulating liquids are not completely miscible with the reagent liquids.)

60814 © IEC:1997 – 13 –
2.4 Reagents and auxiliary materials
WARNING – Certain reagents may be detrimental to health and must be handled with proper
care.
2.4.1 Reagents
Prepared reagents are commercially available, but care is needed that the reagent is suitable
for the particular type of instrument used and the insulating liquid under test.
Interfering reactions may take place between methanol based reagents and some silicone
compounds. In addition, similar reactions may take place with aldehydes, some ketones, and
conjugated unsaturated organic acids, which may be present in oils as degradation products or
contaminants. In these cases, reagents not based on methanol are recommended.
NOTE – Some insulating liquids may require the use of additional or alternative solvents.
2.4.2 Auxiliary materials
a) Neutralizing solution, methanol containing approximately 20 mg water/cm .
b) Desiccant, for example, anhydrous magnesium perchlorate or self-indicating silicagel.
c) Lubricant grease: Polytetrafluoroethylene based or fluorinated hydrocarbon types.
Commercially supplied greases to this description have been found satisfactory.
3 3
d) Glass syringes for sample measurement and introduction. 10 cm and 5 cm syringes in
accordance with ISO 595, with needles of suitable length and diameter. Needles of length
100 mm and bore 1 mm have been found satisfactory for general use. Blunt, square-ended
needles are preferred, in order to minimize damage to the septa.
2.5 Preparation of the apparatus
Prepare and assemble the apparatus, install the reagents and carry out the stabilization
procedure in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
2.6 Sampling methods
If samples taken are intended for additional tests to water content the water analysis shall be
carried out first.
2.6.1 Routine sampling
For routine tests, the sampling methods described in clause 2 and 3.1 of IEC 60475 shall be
used. Sample bottles shall be dried by heating in an oven for 16 h to 24 h at 115 °C ± 5 °C.
2.6.2 Recommended sampling
For better accuracy, and particularly where the moisture content is very low, the procedures
described in clause 4 of IEC 60567 shall be used. Sample bottles shall be prepared as
specified in 2.7.1. The syringes and needles shall be dismantled, dried for at least 8 h at
115 °C ± 5 °C, cooled in a desiccator with anhydrous silica gel, and kept in the desiccator until
required.
NOTE – The accuracy of the determination can be adversely affected by the taking of composite or average
samples, which is not recommended.

60814 © IEC:1997 – 15 –
2.6.3 Storage
Samples for water analysis shall at no time be exposed to direct sunlight. Between the time of
collection and analysis, the samples should be kept in the dark, and the time between
collection and analysis should be not greater than seven days.
2.7 Procedure
a) With samples which have been collected in bottles
Clean and dry in a well-ventilated oven at 115 °C ± 5 °C a glass syringe and needle of a
suitable size. Allow to cool in a desiccator. Fill the syringe with the insulating liquid, keeping
the tip of the needle well below the surface of the liquid. Re-close the glass bottle
immediately. Holding the syringe vertically with the needle uppermost, discharge all air
bubbles. Discharge the contents of the syringe to waste. Refill the syringe and weigh to the
nearest 0,1 g.
With samples which have been collected in a syringe
Discharge approximately 2 cm to flush out the needle and weigh the syringe to the
nearest 0,1 g.
The sample size is governed by the expected range of moisture content. However, the
optimum sample size has been found to be 5 cm for most types of insulating liquids, new
and used, with water contents of between 2 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg.
b) Operate the instrument controls to start the electrolysis according to the manufacturer’s
instructions and quickly inject a suitable quantity of sample into the titration vessel through
the septum. The tip of the needle shall not be allowed to touch the surface of the reagent.
Re-weigh the syringe and record the mass M, in grams, of sample injected.
Ensure that the oil is thoroughly mixed with the solvent. The speed of the stirrer shall not be
changed after the instrument has self-equilibrated or during the titration.
c) Read out the quantity of water titrated, m, (expressed in micrograms (μg)) from the
display when the titration is completed.
d) Carry out a duplicate determination by rinsing the syringe twice in the oil sample and
refilling and weighing as in step a). Carry out steps b) and c).
e) After several determinations, a considerable quantity of insulating liquid may have
accumulated. Remove the excess of liquid in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions, which should also be followed with respect to the relative levels of the anode
and cathode reagents and re-stabilization of the instrument.
After several withdrawals, the titration vessel and generator electrode should be recharged with
fresh solutions and the stabilization procedure repeated.
2.8 Calculation of the result
m
water content (mg/kg) =
M
where
m is the quantity of water titrated in micrograms (μg);
M is the mass of insulating liquid in grams (g).
2.9 Report
The water content of the insulating liquid sample is the mean of the duplicate determinations,
expressed to the nearest integer in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg).

60814 © IEC:1997 – 17 –
2.10 Precision
NOTE – Precision data have been established for hydrocarbon based insulating liquids.
2.10.1 Repeatability
Duplicate determinations carried out by one operator should be considered suspect at the 95 %
confidence level if they differ by more than 0,60 x mg/kg, where x is the average of the
duplicate determinations.
2.10.2 Reproducibility
When two laboratories carry out tests on identical test material, each shall produce duplicate
results and report their mean.
The two means should be considered suspect at the 95 % confidence level if they differ by
more than 1,50 x mg/kg, where x is the averag
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