oSIST prEN 1991-2:2021
(Main)Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil engineering works
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil engineering works
(1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations.
(2) Imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including piers, abutments, upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls, noise barriers, canopies etc., and their foundations. Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary.
(3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models.
(4) This document is intended to be used with prEN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.
Eurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2: Verkehrslasten auf Brücken
(1) Dieses Dokument definiert Nutzlasten (Modelle und repräsentative Werte) in Verbindung mit Straßenverkehr, Einwirkungen durch Fußgänger und Schienenverkehr, gegebenenfalls einschließlich dynamischer Auswirkungen und Fliehkräften, Einwirkungen infolge Bremsen und Anfahren sowie Einwirkungen für außergewöhnliche Bemessungssituationen.
(2) Die in diesem Dokument definierten Nutzlasten sind anwendbar für die Bemessung neuer Brücken, einschließlich der Pfeiler, Widerlager, Kammerwände, Flügelwände, Lärmschutzwände, Dächer usw. und ihrer Gründungen. Gegebenenfalls können die Lasten auch als Grundlage für die Bewertung oder Änderung bestehender Tragwerke, falls erforderlich, in Kombination mit ergänzenden Bedingungen betrachtet werden.
(3) Die in diesem Dokument angegebenen Lastmodelle und Werte sind auch für die Bemessung von an Straßen- und Eisenbahnstrecken angrenzenden Stützwänden sowie die Bemessung von Erdarbeiten unter Einwirkungen infolge Straßen- oder Schienenverkehr anwendbar. Dieses Dokument enthält darüber hinaus Anwendbarkeitsbedingungen für spezifische Lastmodelle.
(4) Dieses Dokument ist für die Anwendung in Zusammenhang mit prEN 1990 vorgesehen, den anderen Teilen der Normenreihe EN 1991 und der Normenreihen EN 1992 bis EN 1999 für die Bemessung von Tragwerken.
Eurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 2: Actions sur les ponts et autres ouvrages du génie civil, dues au trafic
(1) Le présent document spécifie les charges d’exploitation (modèles et valeurs représentatives) associées au trafic routier, à la circulation des piétons et au trafic ferroviaire, y compris, le cas échéant, les effets dynamiques, les forces centrifuges, les forces de freinage et les forces d’accélération ainsi que les actions pour les situations de projet accidentelles.
(2) Les charges d’exploitation définies dans le présent document sont applicables au calcul des ponts neufs, piles, culées, murs garde grève, murs en aile et en retour, écrans antibruit, abris, etc., ainsi que de leurs fondations. Le cas échéant, les charges peuvent également être considérées comme une base pour l’évaluation ou la modification des structures existantes en combinaison avec des conditions complémentaires si nécessaire.
(3) Les modèles de charge et les valeurs donnés dans le présent document sont également applicables au calcul des murs de soutènement bordant les routes et les voies ferrées et au calcul des remblais soumis aux actions du trafic routier ou ferroviaire. Le présent document fournit également les conditions d’application pour des modèles de charge spécifiques.
(4) Le présent document est destiné à être utilisé avec le prEN 1990, les autres parties de la série EN 1991 ainsi que les séries EN 1992 à EN 1999 relatives au calcul des structures.
Evrokod 1 - Vplivi na konstrukcije - 2. del: Prometna obtežba mostov in drugih gradbenih inženirskih objektov
General Information
RELATIONS
Standards Content (sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 1991-2:2021
01-december-2021
Evrokod 1 - Vplivi na konstrukcije - 2. del: Prometna obtežba mostov in drugih
gradbenih inženirskih objektov
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil
engineering worksEurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2: Verkehrslasten auf Brücken
Eurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 2: Actions sur les ponts et autres
ouvrages du génie civil, dues au traficTa slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 1991-2
ICS:
91.010.30 Tehnični vidiki Technical aspects
93.040 Gradnja mostov Bridge construction
oSIST prEN 1991-2:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 1991-2:2021
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 1991-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2021
ICS 91.010.30; 93.040 Will supersede EN 1991-2:2003
English Version
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads
on bridges and other civil engineering works
Eurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 2: Eurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2:
Actions sur les ponts et autres ouvrages du génie civil, Verkehrslasten auf Brücken
dues au traficThis draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 250.If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 1991-2:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
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Contents Page
European foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 10
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................ 10
3 Terms and definitions ....................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Terms and definitions ....................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 14
4 Classification of actions .................................................................................................................... 20
4.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 20
4.2 Variable actions ................................................................................................................................... 20
4.3 Accidental actions ............................................................................................................................... 22
5 Design situations ................................................................................................................................. 22
5.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Simultaneity of traffic loads ............................................................................................................ 22
6 Road traffic actions and other actions specifically for road bridges ................................ 23
6.1 Field of application ............................................................................................................................. 23
6.2 Representation of actions ................................................................................................................ 23
6.2.1 Models of road traffic loads ............................................................................................................. 23
6.2.2 Loading classes .................................................................................................................................... 24
6.2.3 Divisions of the carriageway into notional lanes .................................................................... 24
6.2.4 Location and numbering of the lanes for design ..................................................................... 25
6.2.5 Application of the load models on the individual lanes ........................................................ 26
6.3 Vertical loads — Characteristic values ....................................................................................... 26
6.3.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 26
6.3.2 Load Model 1......................................................................................................................................... 27
6.3.3 Load Model 2......................................................................................................................................... 29
6.3.4 Load Model 3 (special vehicles) ..................................................................................................... 30
6.3.5 Load Model 4 (crowd loading) ....................................................................................................... 30
6.3.6 Dispersal of concentrated loads .................................................................................................... 31
6.4 Horizontal forces — characteristic values ................................................................................. 32
6.4.1 Braking and acceleration forces .................................................................................................... 32
6.4.2 Centrifugal and other transverse forces ..................................................................................... 32
6.5 Groups of traffic loads on road bridges (multi component actions) ................................ 33
6.5.1 Characteristic values in persistent design situations ............................................................ 33
6.5.2 Other representative values ........................................................................................................... 35
6.5.3 Groups of loads in transient design situations ......................................................................... 35
6.6 Fatigue load models ........................................................................................................................... 35
6.6.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 35
6.6.2 Dynamic amplification factor ......................................................................................................... 36
6.6.3 Fatigue Load Models location for global and local effects .................................................... 37
6.6.4 Traffic category on the bridge ........................................................................................................ 38
6.6.5 Fatigue Load Model 1 (similar to LM 1) ...................................................................................... 38
6.6.6 Fatigue Load Model 2 (set of “frequent” lorries) ..................................................................... 39
6.6.7 Fatigue Load Model 3 (single vehicle model) ........................................................................... 40
6.6.8 Fatigue Load Model 4 (set of “standard” lorries) .................................................................... 40
6.6.9 Fatigue Load Model 5 (based on recorded road traffic data) ............................................. 43
6.7 Collision and other actions for accidental design situations .............................................. 43
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6.7.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 43
6.7.2 Collision forces from vehicles under the bridge...................................................................... 43
6.7.3 Actions from vehicles on the bridge ............................................................................................ 43
6.8 Actions on pedestrian parapets..................................................................................................... 47
6.9 Load model for geotechnical structures — characteristic values ..................................... 47
6.9.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 47
6.9.2 Vertical loads ........................................................................................................................................ 48
6.9.3 Horizontal force for abutments ..................................................................................................... 48
7 Actions on footways, cycle ways and footbridges ................................................................... 49
7.1 Field of application ............................................................................................................................ 49
7.2 Representation of actions ................................................................................................................ 49
7.2.1 Models of the loads ............................................................................................................................. 49
7.2.2 Application of the load models ...................................................................................................... 50
7.3 Static models for vertical loads — characteristic values...................................................... 50
7.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 50
7.3.2 Uniformly distributed load ............................................................................................................. 50
7.3.3 Concentrated load .............................................................................................................................. 51
7.3.4 Service vehicle ..................................................................................................................................... 51
7.4 Static model for horizontal forces — characteristic values (footbridges only) ........... 51
7.5 Groups of traffic loads (footbridges only) ................................................................................. 52
7.6 Collision and other actions for accidental design situations (footbridges only) ......... 52
7.6.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 52
7.6.2 Collision forces from traffic under the footbridge .................................................................. 52
7.6.3 Accidental presence of vehicles on the footbridge ................................................................. 53
7.7 Dynamic models of pedestrian loads (footbridges only) ..................................................... 53
7.8 Actions on parapets ........................................................................................................................... 54
7.9 Load model for abutments and walls adjacent to bridges ................................................... 54
8 Rail traffic actions and other actions specifically for railway bridges ............................ 54
8.1 Field of application ............................................................................................................................ 54
8.2 Representation of actions — nature of rail traffic loads ...................................................... 55
8.3 Vertical loads — characteristic values (static effects) and eccentricity anddistribution of loading ...................................................................................................................... 55
8.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 55
8.3.2 Load Model 71 ...................................................................................................................................... 56
8.3.3 Load Models SW/0 and SW/2 ......................................................................................................... 57
8.3.4 Load Model “unloaded train” .......................................................................................................... 58
8.3.5 Eccentricity of vertical loads (Load Models 71 and SW/0) .................................................. 58
8.3.6 Distribution of point loads or axle loads by the rails, sleepers and ballast .................. 59
8.3.7 Actions for non-public footways ................................................................................................... 63
8.4 Dynamic effects (including resonance) ...................................................................................... 63
8.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 63
8.4.2 Factors influencing dynamic behaviour ..................................................................................... 63
8.4.3 General design rules .......................................................................................................................... 64
8.4.4 Conditions for requiring additional dynamic analysis ......................................................... 64
8.4.5 Dynamic factor Φ (Φ , Φ ) ............................................................................................................. 67
2 38.4.6 Dynamic analysis ................................................................................................................................ 72
8.5 Horizontal forces — characteristic values ................................................................................ 82
8.5.1 Centrifugal forces ............................................................................................................................... 82
8.5.2 Nosing force .......................................................................................................................................... 87
8.5.3 Actions due to traction and braking ............................................................................................ 87
8.5.4 Combined response of structure and track to variable actions ......................................... 88
8.6 Aerodynamic actions from passing trains .............................................................................. 100
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8.6.1 General................................................................................................................................................. 100
8.6.2 Simple vertical surfaces parallel to the track (e.g. noise barriers) ............................... 100
8.6.3 Simple horizontal surfaces above the track (e.g. overhead protective structures) 106
8.6.4 Simple horizontal surfaces adjacent to the track (e.g. platform canopies with no
vertical wall) ...................................................................................................................................... 108
8.6.5 Multiple-surface structures alongside the track with vertical and horizontal or
inclined surfaces (e.g. bent noise barriers, platform canopies with vertical walls
etc.) ........................................................................................................................................................ 109
8.6.6 Surfaces enclosing the structure gauge of the tracks over a limited length (up to 20 m)
(horizontal surface above the tracks and at least one vertical wall, e.g. scaffolding,
temporary constructions)............................................................................................................. 110
8.7 Derailment and other actions for railway bridges .............................................................. 110
8.7.1 General................................................................................................................................................. 110
8.7.2 Derailment actions from rail traffic on a railway bridge .................................................. 111
8.7.3 Derailment under or adjacent to a structure and other actions for Accidental Design
Situations ............................................................................................................................................ 112
8.7.4 Other actions ..................................................................................................................................... 113
8.8 Further application rules for traffic loads on railway bridges ........................................ 113
8.8.1 General................................................................................................................................................. 113
8.8.2 Groups of Loads — Characteristic values of the multicomponent action .................... 114
8.8.3 Groups of Loads — Other representative values of the multicomponent actions ... 116
8.8.4 Traffic loads in Transient Design Situations .......................................................................... 117
8.9 Traffic loads for fatigue ................................................................................................................. 117
8.10 Static load models for geotechnical structures — characteristic values ..................... 118
Annex A (informative) Models of special vehicles for road bridges ........................................... 120
Annex B (informative) Fatigue life assessment for road bridges Assessment method based
on recorded traffic ........................................................................................................................... 125
Annex C (normative) Dynamic factors 1 + φ for Real Trains ........................................................ 130
Annex D (normative) Basis for the fatigue assessment of railway structures ........................ 132
Annex E (informative) Limits of validity of Load Model HSLM ..................................................... 139
Annex F (informative) Load models for rail traffic loads in Transient Design Situations .. 143
Annex G (informative) Dynamic load models for footbridges ...................................................... 144
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................... 152
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European foreword
This document (prEN 1991-2:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 “Structural
Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all Structural
Eurocodes and has been assigned responsibility for structural and geotechnical design matters by CEN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.This document will supersede EN 1991-2:2003.
The first generation of EN Eurocodes was published between 2002 and 2007. This document forms part
of the second generation of the Eurocodes, which have been prepared under Mandate M/515 issued to
CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association.The Eurocodes have been drafted to be used in conjunction with relevant execution, material, product
and test standards, and to identify requirements for execution, materials, products and testing that are
relied upon by the Eurocodes.The Eurocodes recognize the responsibility of each Member State and have safeguarded their right to
determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level through the use of National
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Introduction
0.1 Introduction to the Eurocodes
The structural Eurocodes comprise the following standards generally consisting of a number of Parts:
— EN 1990, Eurocode: Basis of structural and geotechnical design— EN 1991, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
— EN 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
— EN 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
— EN 1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
— EN 1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
— EN 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
— EN 1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
— EN 1998, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
— EN 1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
— < New parts >
The Eurocodes are intended for use by designers, clients, manufacturers, constructors, relevant
authorities (in exercising their duties in accordance with national or international regulations),
educators, software developers, and committees drafting standards for related product, testing and
execution standards.NOTE Some aspects of design are most appropriately specified by relevant authorities or, where not specified,
can be agreed on a project-specific basis between relevant parties such as designers and clients. The Eurocodes
identify such aspects making explicit reference to relevant authorities and relevant parties.
0.2 Introduction to the EN 1991 seriesThe EN 1991 series provides the actions to be considered for the structural design of buildings, bridges
and other civil engineering works, or parts thereof, including temporary structures, in conjunction with
prEN 1990 and the other Eurocodes.The actions on structures, including in some cases geotechnical structures in conjunction with the
EN 1997 series as appropriate, provided in the EN 1991 series are intended to be applied in conjunction
with the other Eurocodes for the verification of safety, serviceability and durability, as well as robustness
of structures, including the execution phase.EN 1991 does not cover actions for structures in seismic regions, unless explicitly prescribed by the
EN 1998 series.The EN 1991 series is applicable to existing structures for their:
— structural assessment,
— retrofitting (strengthening, repair) design,
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— assessment for changes of use.
NOTE 1 In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
The EN 1991 series is applicable to the design of structures where materials or actions outside the scope
of the other Eurocodes are involved.NOTE 2 In this case additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
0.3 Introduction to prEN 1991-2
prEN 1991-2 gives design guidance and actions due to road and railway traffic on bridges and civil
engineering worksprEN 1991-2 is addressed to all parties involved in construction activities (e.g. public authorities, clients,
designers, contractors, producers, consultants, committees drafting standards for structural design and
related product, testing and execution standards, etc.).prEN 1991-2 is intended to be used with prEN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the
EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.Additional information specific to prEN 1991-2
prEN 1991-2 defines models of traffic loads for the design of road bridges, footbridges and railway
bridges. For the design of new bridges, prEN 1991-2 is intended to be used, for direct application,
together with the Eurocodes.The bases for combinations of traffic loads with non-traffic loads are given in prEN 1990:2021, A.2.
For road bridges, Load Models 1 and 2, defined in 6.3.2 and 6.3.3, and taken into account with adjustment
factors α and β equal to 1, are deemed to represent the most severe traffic met or expected in practice,
other than that of special vehicles requiring permits to travel, on the main routes of European countries.
The traffic on other routes in these countries and in some other countries could be substantially lighter,
or better controlled. However it should be noted that a great number of existing bridges do not meet the
requirements of this prEN 1991-2 and the associated Structural Eurocode series EN 1992 to EN 1999.
For railway bridges, Load Model 71 (together with Load Model SW/0 for continuous bridges), defined in
8.3.2, represent the static effect of standard rail traffic operating over the standard track gauge or wider
than the standard track gauge European railway network. Load Model SW/2, defined in 8.3.3, represents
the static effect of heavy rail traffic.Provision is made for varying the specified loading to cater for variations in the type, volume and
maximum weight of rail traffic on different railways, as well as for different qualities of track.
In addition two other load models are given for railway bridges:— load model “unloaded train” for checking the lateral stability of bridges and
— load model HSLM to represent the loading from passenger trains at speeds exceeding 200 km/h.
Guidance is also given on aerodynamic actions on structures adjacent to railway tracks as a result of
passing trains and on other actions from railway infrastructure.Public authorities could also have responsibilities for the issue of regulations on authorized traffic
(especially on vehicle loads) and for delivery and control dispensations when relevant, e.g. for special
vehicles.0.4 Verbal forms used in the Eurocodes
The verb “shall” expresses a requirement strictly to be followed and from which no deviation is permitted
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The verb “should” expresses a highly recommended choice or course of action. Subject to national
regulation and/or any relevant contractual provisions, alternative approaches could be used/adopted
where technically justified.The verb “may” expresses a course of action permissible within the limits of the Eurocodes.
The verb “can” expresses possibility and capability; it is used for statements of fact and clarification of
concepts.0.5 National Annex for prEN 1991-2
National choice is allowed in this document where explicitly stated within notes. National choice includes
the selection of values for Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs).The national standard implementing prEN 1991-2 can have a National Annex containing all national
choices to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the relevant
country.When no national choice is given, the default choice given in this document is to be used.
When no national choice is made and no default is given in this document, the choice can be specified by
a relevant authority or, where not specified, agreed for a specific project by relevant parties.
National choice is allowed in EN 1991-2 through notes to the following:4.3(1) 6.7.3.3(2) – 2 choices 8.4.6.1.2(3) 8.5.4.6
5.2(4) 6.7.3.3(5) – 2 choices 8.4.6.2(1) 8.5.4.6.3(1)
6.1(1) 6.7.3.3(6) 8.4.6
...
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