SIST EN IEC 60477-1:2022

Laboratory resistors - Part 1: Laboratory DC resistors (IEC 60477-1:2022)

IEC 60477-1:2022 applies to resistors intended for use as laboratory DC resistors (hereinafter referred to as "resistors") comprising standard resistors, single or multiple resistors of accuracy Classes 0,000 05 to 10 and single or multi-dial resistors of accuracy Classes 0,000 5 to 10.
This document does not apply to:
1) resistors which are intended for use solely as permanently mounted circuit components,
2) resistors used on alternating current or on pulsed current,
3) active resistors,
4) series resistors and shunts which are considered as accessories of electrical measuring instruments in the relevant IEC document (examples of these are as follows).
IEC 60477-1:2022 cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC 60477 published in 1974, and its Amendment 1:1997. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) extended the resistor accuracy classes;
b) deleted the resistor accuracy class expression in parts per million (ppm);
c) excluded the active resistor from the scope of this document;
d) updated the terms and definitions according to new IEC 60050 series;
e) changed the term "resistance decade" to "resistance dial" to cover the multi-dial resistors with other resistance step values;
f) updated the intrinsic error to intrinsic uncertainty according to IEC 60359;
g) added the limits of relative stability for resistors of classes 0,000 05 to 0,01;
h) added the requirements of high voltage resistors;
i) updated the safety symbols and requirements according to the new IEC 61010 series;
j) updated the insulation resistance requirements of resistors;
k) added the requirements of temperature coefficient;
l) updated the temperature requirements for transport and storage of resistors.

Labor-Widerstände - Teil 1: Labor-Gleichstromwiderstände (IEC 60477-1:2022)

Résistances de laboratoire - Partie 1: Résistances de laboratoire à courant continu (IEC 60477-1:2022)

L'IEC 60477-1:2022 s’applique aux résistances destinées à être utilisées comme résistances de laboratoire à courant continu (ci-après désignées "résistances"), comprenant des résistances étalons, des résistances simples ou multiples des classes de précision 0,000 05 à 10 et des résistances à commutateurs simples ou multiples des classes de précision 0,000 5 à 10.
Le présent document ne s’applique pas:
1) aux résistances qui sont destinées à être utilisées seulement comme composants, branchées de façon permanente dans des circuits;
2) aux résistances utilisées en courant alternatif ou en courant impulsionnel;
3) aux résistances actives;
4) aux résistances additionnelles et aux shunts qui sont considérés comme accessoires des appareils de mesure électriques dans le document correspondant de l’IEC (en voici des exemples).
L'IEC 60477-1:2022 annule et remplace la première édition de l’IEC 60477 parue en 1974 et son Amendement 1:1997. Cette édition constitue une révision technique.
Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l’édition précédente:
a) extension des classes de précision des résistances;
b) suppression de l’expression classe de précision d’une résistance en parties par million (ppm);
c) exclusion de la résistance active du domaine d’application du présent document;
d) mise à jour des termes et définitions conformément à la nouvelle série IEC 60050;
e) remplacement du terme "résistance à décade" par "commutateur de résistance" pour couvrir les résistances à commutateurs multiples avec d’autres valeurs d’échelon de résistance;
f) mise à jour de l’erreur intrinsèque à l’incertitude intrinsèque conformément à l’IEC 60359;
g) ajout des limites de stabilité relative pour les résistances de classes 0,000 05 à 0,01;
h) ajout des exigences relatives aux résistances haute tension;
i) mise à jour des symboles de sécurité et des exigences conformément à la nouvelle série IEC 61010;
j) mise à jour des exigences de résistance d’isolement d’une résistance;
k) ajout des exigences relatives au coefficient de température;
l) mise à jour des exigences de température pour le transport et le stockage des résistances.

Laboratorijski upori - 1. del: Laboratorijski upori za enosmerni tok (IEC 60477-1:2022)

Ta dokument se uporablja za upore, namenjene za uporabo kot laboratorijski upori za enosmerni tok (v nadaljevanju: »upori«), ki vključujejo standardne upore, enega ali več uporov razredov natančnosti od 0,00005 do 10 ter enega ali več uporov razredov natančnosti od 0,0005 do 10. Ta dokument se ne uporablja za: 1) upore, ki so predvideni izključno za uporabo kot trajno nameščeni sestavni deli vezja, 2) upore, ki se uporabljajo pri izmeničnem ali pulzirajočem toku, 3) aktivne upore, 4) zaporedne upore in upornike, ki so v ustreznem dokumentu IEC obravnavani kot pribor električnih merilnih instrumentov (primeri teh dokumentov so navedeni v nadaljevanju). PRIMER 1 – skupina standardov IEC 60051: priporočila za neposredno delujoče kazalne analogne električne merilne instrumente in njihov pribor. PRIMER 2 – IEC 60258: neposredno delujoči zapisovalni električni merilni instrumenti in njihov pribor.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 30-Jul-2021
• Publication Date: 05-Sep-2022
• ICS: 17.220.20 - Measurement of electrical and magnetic quantities
• Technical Committee: MOV - Measuring equipment for electromagnetic quantities
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 19-May-2022
• Due Date: 24-Jul-2022
• Completion Date: 06-Sep-2022
• Directive: 2014/35/EU - Directive 2014/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits
• Mandate: M/511 - Mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI relating to harmonised standards in the field of the Low Voltage Directive
• Ref Project: EN IEC 60477-1:2022 - Laboratory resistors - Part 1: Laboratory DC resistors

Relations

• Replaces: SIST EN 60477:2000/A1:2000 - Laboratory d.c. resistors
• Effective Date: 07-Jun-2022
• Replaces: SIST EN 60477:2000 - Laboratory d.c. resistors
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2020

Overview

EN IEC 60477-1:2022 - Laboratory resistors, Part 1: Laboratory DC resistors - is the updated CLC/CENELEC adoption of IEC 60477-1:2022. It defines requirements and test conditions for precision laboratory DC resistors (standard resistors, single/multiple resistors and single/multi-dial resistors) used in calibration, measurement and metrology. The standard covers accuracy Classes 0,000 05 to 10 (and 0,000 5 to 10 for multi‑dial types) and specifies limits of intrinsic uncertainty, stability, construction, marking, safety and environmental handling.

Key topics and requirements

The standard addresses practical and technical requirements for high‑accuracy resistors, including:

• Accuracy classes and classification - definition of class indices and permitted classes for single, multiple and dial resistors (0,000 05 … 10).
• Intrinsic uncertainty - replaces the older “intrinsic error” concept with intrinsic uncertainty consistent with IEC 60359.
• Limits of relative stability - added for the highest precision classes (0,000 05 to 0,01).
• Temperature requirements - temperature coefficient requirements and updated transport/storage temperature ranges; reference and nominal ranges of use are specified.
• High voltage resistors - specific requirements for resistors intended for high‑voltage use.
• Insulation and safety - updated insulation resistance requirements and safety symbols/requirements aligned with the IEC 61010 series for laboratory equipment.
• Construction and markings - guidance on resistance dials (term changed from “decade” to “dial”), terminals, guarding/screening, and mandatory markings (including reference conditions).
• Permissible variations and influence quantities - procedures and conditions to determine variations such as self‑heating, position, and environmental influences.

The document explicitly excludes resistors intended solely as permanently mounted circuit components, resistors for AC or pulsed current, active resistors, and series/shunt accessories covered by other IEC documents.

Applications and users

EN IEC 60477-1:2022 is essential for anyone involved with precision resistance in laboratory and metrology contexts:

• Manufacturers and designers of precision laboratory resistors and multi‑dial resistance standards
• Calibration laboratories and national metrology institutes establishing reference standards
• Test engineers and quality managers specifying acceptance criteria, stability and uncertainty requirements
• Procurement and compliance officers selecting resistors for high‑accuracy measurement systems

Practical uses include designing resistor products to meet specified accuracy/stability, validating calibration equipment, ensuring safe operation and correct marking for traceability.

Related standards

Relevant referenced standards and series:

• IEC 60359 (intrinsic uncertainty)
• IEC 61010 series (safety requirements for laboratory equipment)
• IEC 60050 (terms and definitions)
• IEC 60051 and IEC 60258 (related measuring instruments/accessories)

Keywords: EN IEC 60477-1:2022, laboratory DC resistors, precision resistors, accuracy classes, intrinsic uncertainty, temperature coefficient, insulation resistance, resistance dial.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2022
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 60477:2000
SIST EN 60477:2000/A1:2000
Laboratorijski upori - 1. del: Laboratorijski upori za enosmerni tok (IEC 60477-
1:2022)
Laboratory resistors - Part 1: Laboratory DC resistors (IEC 60477-1:2022)
Labor-Widerstände - Teil 1: Labor-Gleichstromwiderstände (IEC 60477-1:2022)
Résistances de laboratoire - Partie 1: Résistances de laboratoire à courant continu (IEC
60477-1:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 60477-1:2022
ICS:
17.220.20 Merjenje električnih in Measurement of electrical
magnetnih veličin and magnetic quantities
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 60477-1

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM May 2022
ICS 17.220.20; 31.040.01 Supersedes EN 60477:1997 + A1:1997
English Version
Laboratory resistors - Part 1: Laboratory DC resistors
(IEC 60477-1:2022)
Résistances de laboratoire - Partie 1: Résistances de Labor-Widerstände - Teil 1: Labor-Gleichstromwiderstände
laboratoire à courant continu (IEC 60477-1:2022)
(IEC 60477-1:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2022-05-04. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 60477-1:2022 E

European foreword
The text of document 85/821/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 60477-1, prepared by IEC/TC 85
"Measuring equipment for electrical and electromagnetic quantities" was submitted to the IEC-
CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN IEC 60477-1:2022.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2023-02-04
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2025-05-04
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 60477:1997 and all of its amendments and corrigenda (if any).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national committee. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CENELEC website.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60477-1:2022 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards
indicated:
IEC 60051 (series) NOTE Harmonized as EN IEC 60051 (series)
IEC 60258 NOTE Harmonized as HD 368 S1
IEC 60359:2001 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60359:2002 (not modified)
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the
relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available
here: www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60027 series Letter symbols to be used in electrical EN IEC 60027 series
technology
IEC 60417 series Graphical symbols for use on equipment - -
Safety requirements for electrical
IEC 61010-1 2010 EN 61010-1 2010
equipment for measurement, control, and
laboratory use - Part 1: General
requirements
+ A1 (mod) 2016  + A1 2019
IEC 61010-2-030 - Safety requirements for electrical EN IEC 61010-2-030 -
equipment for measurement, control, and
laboratory use - Part 2-030: Particular
requirements for equipment having testing
or measuring circuits
IEC 60477-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2022-03
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Laboratory resistors –
Part 1: Laboratory DC resistors

Résistances de laboratoire –
Partie 1: Résistances de laboratoire à courant continu

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 17.220.20; 31.040.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-1092-6

– 2 – IEC 60477-1:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
3.1 General terms . 7
3.2 Characteristic values . 9
3.3 Accuracy class, class index . 10
3.4 Influence quantities, reference conditions, nominal range of use . 11
3.5 Uncertainty and variations. 13
4 Classification and construction . 16
4.1 Classification . 16
4.2 Construction . 16
5 Limits of intrinsic uncertainty . 16
5.1 General . 16
5.2 Requirement for multiple resistors . 17
6 Reference conditions . 17
7 Permissible variations . 18
7.1 Limits of variation. 18
7.2 Conditions for the determination of the variations . 19
7.3 Influence of self-heating (power dissipation) . 19
7.4 Influence of position . 20
8 Further electrical and mechanical requirements . 20
8.1 Electrical safety requirements . 20
8.2 Insulation resistance . 20
8.3 Storage and transport conditions . 20
8.4 Terminal . 20
8.5 Provision of temperature measuring facilities . 21
8.6 Guarding and screening requirements . 21
9 Information, markings and symbols . 21
9.1 Information . 21
9.2 Markings, symbols and their locations . 22
9.3 Marking relating to the reference conditions and nominal ranges of use . 22
Annex A (informative) Reference information . 25
A.1 Thermoelectric effects (see Clause 6, Note 2) . 25
A.2 Reference range and nominal range of use . 25
A.3 Example of marking for a single resistor . 26
A.4 Example of marking for a five-dial resistor . 26
Bibliography . 27

Figure A.1 – Effect of temperature . 25
Figure A.2 – Example of marking for a single resistor . 26
Figure A.3 – Example of marking for a five-dial resistor . 26

Table 1 – Limits of intrinsic relative uncertainty and limits of relative stability . 17
Table 2 – Reference conditions and permissible range of influence quantities . 18

IEC 60477-1:2022 © IEC 2022 – 3 –
Table 3 – Nominal range of use for influence quantities (applicable unless marked
otherwise) . 19
Table 4 – Examples of markings for temperature . 23
Table 5 – Symbols for marking resistors . 24

– 4 – IEC 60477-1:2022 © IEC 2022
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
LABORATORY RESISTORS –
Part 1: Laboratory DC resistors

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as "IEC Publication(s)"). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 60477-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 85: Measuring equipment for
electrical and electromagnetic quantities. It is an International Standard.
This first edition cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC 60477 published in 1974, and its
Amendment 1:1997. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) extended the resistor accuracy classes;
b) deleted the resistor accuracy class expression in parts per million (ppm);
c) excluded the active resistor from the scope of this document;
d) updated the terms and definitions according to new IEC 60050 series;
e) changed the term "resistance decade" to "resistance dial" to cover the multi-dial resistors
with other resistance step values;
f) updated the intrinsic error to intrinsic uncertainty according to IEC 60359;

IEC 60477-1:2022 © IEC 2022 – 5 –
g) added the limits of relative stability for resistors of classes 0,000 05 to 0,01;
h) added the requirements of high voltage resistors;
i) updated the safety symbols and requirements according to the new IEC 61010 series;
j) updated the insulation resistance requirements of resistors;
k) added the requirements of temperature coefficient;
l) updated the temperature requirements for transport and storage of resistors.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
85/821/FDIS 85/824/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
A list of all parts in the IEC 60477 series, published under the general title Laboratory resistors,
can be found on the IEC website.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
– 6 – IEC 60477-1:2022 © IEC 2022
LABORATORY RESISTORS –
Part 1: Laboratory DC resistors

1 Scope
This document applies to resistors intended for use as laboratory DC resistors (hereinafter
referred to as "resistors") comprising standard resistors, single or multiple resistors of accuracy
Classes 0,000 05 to 10 and single or multi-dial resistors of accuracy Classes 0,000 5 to 10.
This document does not apply to:
1) resistors which are intended for use solely as permanently mounted circuit components,
2) resistors used on alternating current or on pulsed current,
3) active resistors,
4) series resistors and shunts which are considered as accessories of electrical measuring
instruments in the relevant IEC document (examples of these are as follows).
EXAMPLE 1 IEC 60051 series: Recommendations for direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring
instruments and their accessories.
EXAMPLE 2 IEC 60258: Direct acting recording electrical measuring instruments and their accessories.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60027 (all parts), Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology
IEC 60417 (all parts), Graphical symbols for use on equipment (available at http://www.graphical-
symbols.info/equipment)
IEC 61010-1:2010, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and
laboratory use – Part 1: General requirements
IEC 61010-1:2010/AMD1:2016
IEC 61010-2-030, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and
laboratory use – Part 2-030: Particular requirements for equipment having testing or measuring
circuits
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp

IEC 60477-1:2022 © IEC 2022 – 7 –
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
terminal
point of interconnection of an electric circuit element, an electric circuit or a network with other
electric circuit elements, electric circuits or networks
Note 1 to entry: For an electric circuit element the terminals are the points at which or between which the related
integral quantities are defined. At each terminal, there is only one electric current from outside into the element.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-131:2002, 131-11-11, modified – Note 2 to entry omitted.]
3.1.2
two-terminal device
device having two terminals, or device having more than two terminals where only the
performance at two terminals forming a pair is of interest
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-151:2001, 151-12-13, modified – Note 1 to entry omitted.]
3.1.3
resistor
two-terminal device characterized essentially by its resistance
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-151:2001, 151-13-19, modified – Note 1 to entry omitted.]
3.1.4
four-terminal resistor
resistor fitted with two current terminals and two voltage terminals
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-313:2001, 313-09-06, modified – deletion of the words "injection" and
"measuring".]
3.1.5
single value resistor
device which provides a single definite resistance value between certain terminals
3.1.6
multiple value resistor
assembly comprising a number of resistors which are accessible either singly or in combination
and which provides definite resistance values between certain terminals
3.1.7
resistance dial
multiple resistor which, by means of a switching device, generally allows the selection of a
combination of resistance values rising in equal steps, each step corresponding to an increment
of an n-ary resistance value
Note 1 to entry: Resistance decade with each step corresponding to an increment of a decadic resistance value is
common (e.g. 0,1 Ω or 1 Ω or 10 Ω, etc.).
Note 2 to entry: A resistance decade generally allows a selection of 10, 11 or 12 resistance values (including zero).
3.1.8
multi-dial resistor
multiple resistor comprising a number of resistance dials which are generally connected in
series
Note 1 to entry: A resistor comprising a number of resistance decades is usually called a multi-decade resistor.

– 8 – IEC 60477-1:2022 © IEC 2022
3.1.9
material measure
device intended to reproduce or supply, in a permanent manner during its use, one or more
known values of a given quantity
EXAMPLE: Standard electric resistor.
Note 1 to entry: The quantity concerned may be called the supplied quantity.
Note 2 to entry: The definition covers also those devices, such as signal generators and standard voltage or current
generators, often referred to as supply instruments.
Note 3 to entry: The identification of the value and uncertainty of the supplied quantity is given by a number tied to
a unit of measurement or a code term, called the nominal value or marked value of the material measure.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.2.3, modified – The example has been added, as given in
IEC 60050-311:2001, 311-03-03.]
3.1.10
(measurement) standard
material measure, measuring instrument, reference material or measuring system intended to
define, represent physically, conserve or reproduce a unit of a quantity, or a multiple or sub-
multiple thereof (for example, standard resistance), or a known value of a quantity (for example,
standard cell), with a given uncertainty
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-311:2001, 311-04-01]
3.1.11
residual resistance
resistance value between the terminals of a multiple resistor having switching devices with a
zero position, when all switching elements are set to the zero position
3.1.12
screen
shield (US)
device intended to reduce the penetration of an electric, magnetic or electromagnetic field into
a given region
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-151:2001, 151-13-09]
3.1.13
local earth
local ground, US
part of the Earth that is in electric contact with an earth electrode and that has an electric
potential not necessarily equal to zero
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-195:2021, 195-01-03]
3.1.14
earth, verb
ground, verb US
to make an electric connection between a conductive part and a local earth
Note 1 to entry: The connection to local earth can be
– intentional, or
– unintentional or accidental
and can be permanent or temporary.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-195:2021, 195-01-08]

IEC 60477-1:2022 © IEC 2022 – 9 –
3.1.15
earthing terminal
grounding terminal, US
terminal provided on equipment and intended for the electric connection with the earthing
arrangement
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-195:2021, 195-02-31]
3.1.16
working voltage
highest RMS value of the AC or DC voltage across any particular insulation which can occur
when the equipment is supplied at rated voltage
Note 1 to entry: Transients and voltage fluctuations are not considered to be part of the working voltage.
Note 2 to entry: Both open-circuit conditions and normal operating conditions are taken into account.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-581:2008, 581-21-19, modified – Note 1 and Note 2 to entry have been
added according to IEC 61010-1:2010, 3.3.3.]
3.1.17
measurement category
classification of testing and measuring circuits according to the type of mains to which they are
intended to be connected
Note 1 to entry: Measurement categories take into account overvoltage categories, short-circuit current levels, the
location in the building installation where the test or measurement is to be made, and some forms of energy limitation
or transient protection included in the building installation. See IEC 61010-2-30:2017, Annex AA for more information.
[SOURCE: IEC 61010-2-30:2017, 3.5.101]
3.1.18
insulation resistance
resistance under specified conditions between two conductive elements separated by the
insulating materials
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-151:2001, 151-15-43]
3.2 Characteristic values
3.2.1
nominal value
value of a quantity used to designate and identify a component, device, equipment, or system
Note 1 to entry: The nominal value is generally a rounded value.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-151:2001, 151-16-09]
3.2.2
(measure-) value
mid element of the set assigned to represent the measurand
Note 1 to entry: The measure-value is no more representative of the measurand than any other element of the set.
It is singled out merely for the convenience of expressing the set in the format V ± U, where V is the mid element
and U the half-width of the set, rather than by its extremes. The qualifier "measure-" is used when deemed necessary
to avoid confusion with the reading-value or the indicated value.
Note 2 to entry: For a multiple resistor with switching devices having a zero position, the measure-value for a given
setting is the value obtained for that setting minus the residual resistance (see 3.1.11).
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.1.3, modified – Note 2 to entry has been added.]

– 10 – IEC 60477-1:2022 © IEC 2022
3.2.3
indication
reading-value
output signal of the instrument
Note 1 to entry: The indicated value can be derived from the indication by means of the calibration curve.
Note 2 to entry: For a material measure, the indication is its nominal or stated value.
Note 3 to entry: The indication depends on the output format of the instrument:
– for analogue outputs it is a number tied to the appropriate unit of the display;
– for digital outputs it is the displayed digitized number;
– for code outputs it is the identification of the code pattern.
Note 4 to entry: For analogue outputs meant to be read by a human observer (as in the index-on-scale instruments)
the unit of output is the unit of scale numbering; for analogue outputs meant to be read by another instrument (as in
calibrated transducers) the unit of output is the unit of measurement of the quantity supporting the output signal.
Note 5 to entry: The indication is the assigned value for a resistor, the measure-value stated in this document
(see 9.1 p)) for a single or a multiple resistor of classes 0,00005 to 0,01, or the nominal value for a single or a
multiple resistor of classes 0,01 to 10.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.1.5, modified – Note 5 to entry has been added.]
3.2.4
indicated value
value given by an indicating instrument on the basis of its calibration curve
Note 1 to entry: The indicated value is the measure-value of the measurand when the instrument is used in a direct
measurement under all the operating conditions for which the calibration diagram is valid.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.1.9]
3.2.5
stability of a measuring instrument
stability
property of a measuring instrument, whereby its metrological properties remain constant in time
Note 1 to entry: Stability may be quantified in several ways.
EXAMPLE 1 In terms of the duration of a time interval over which a metrological property changes by a stated
amount.
EXAMPLE 2 In terms of the change of a property over a stated time interval.
Note 2 to entry: For a resistor, stability is quantified in the change of resistance measure-value over a year. In this
document, it is expressed in relative form divided by the resistance measure-value.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007, 4.19, modified – Note 2 to entry has been added.]
3.3 Accuracy class, class index
3.3.1
accuracy class
class of measuring instruments, all of which are intended to comply with a set of specifications
regarding uncertainty
Note 1 to entry: An accuracy class always specifies a limit of uncertainty (for a given range of influence quantities),
whatever other metrological characteristics it specifies.
Note 2 to entry: An instrument may be assigned to different accuracy classes for different rated operating
conditions.
Note 3 to entry: Unless otherwise specified, the limit of uncertainty defining an accuracy class is meant as an
interval with coverage factor 2.

IEC 60477-1:2022 © IEC 2022 – 11 –
Note 4 to entry: Accuracy class of a resistor is defined by the limits of intrinsic relative uncertainty, the limits of
relative stability and the limits of variations due to influence quantities.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.3.7, modified – Note 4 to entry has been added.]
3.3.2
class index
conventional designation of an accuracy class by a number or symbol
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-311:2001, 311-06-10]
3.4 Influence quantities, reference conditions, nominal range of use
3.4.1
influence quantity
quantity which is not the subject of the measurement and whose change affects the relationship
between the indication and the result of the measurement
Note 1 to entry: Influence quantities can originate from the measured system, the measuring equipment or the
environment.
Note 2 to entry: As the calibration diagram depends on the influence quantities, in order to assign the result of a
measurement it is necessary to know whether the relevant influence quantities lie within the specified range.
Note 3 to entry: An influence quantity is said to lie within a range C′ to C″ when the results of its measurement
satisfy the relationship: C′ ≤ V − U < V + U ≤ C″.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.1.14]
3.4.2
reference conditions
appropriate set of specified values and/or ranges of values of influence quantities under which
the smallest permissible uncertainties of a measuring instrument are specified
Note 1 to entry: The ranges specified for the reference conditions, called reference ranges, are not wider, and are
usually narrower, than the ranges specified for the rated operating conditions.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.3.10]
3.4.3
reference value
specified value of one of a set of reference conditions
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.3.11]
3.4.4
reference range
specified range of values of one of a set of reference conditions
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.3.12]
3.4.5
rated operating conditions
set of conditions that must be fulfilled during the measurement in order that a calibration
diagram may be valid
Note 1 to entry: Beside the specified measuring range and rated operating ranges for the influence quantities, the
conditions may include specified ranges for other performance characteristics and other indications that cannot be
expressed as ranges of quantities.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.3.13]

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3.4.6
nominal range of use (for influence quantities)
rated operating range (for influence quantities)
specified range of values which an influence quantity can assume without causing a variation
exceeding specified limits
Note 1 to entry: The rated operating range of each influence quantity is a part of the rated operating conditions.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.3.14]
3.4.7
limiting values for operation
extreme values which an influence quantity can assume during operation without damaging the
measuring instrument so that it no longer meets its performance requirements when it is
subsequently operated under reference conditions
Note 1 to entry: The limiting values can depend on the duration of their application.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-311:2001, 311-07-06]
3.4.8
storage and transport conditions
extreme conditions which a non-operating measuring instrument can withstand without damage
and without degradation of its metrological characteristics when it is subsequently operated
under its rated operating conditions
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.3.17]
3.4.9
temperature coefficient
coefficient of the formula which defines the measure-value of resistance as a
function of temperature
Note 1 to entry: In general, the value of resistance at any temperature can be calculated according to the following
temperature formula:

(1)
R R 1+α(tt−+) β(tt− )
tt 00
0

where:
R value of resistance at t °C (Ω)
t
R
measure-value of resistance at t °C (Ω)
t
0 0
α primary temperature coefficient of resistance (1/°C)
β secondary temperature coefficient of resistance (1/°C )
t temperature of resistance
t reference temperature value.
3.4.10
temperature coefficient of resistance
TCR
α
reversible relative variation of resistance between two given temperatures divided by the
difference in the temperature producing it
Note 1 to entry: It should be noted that the term expresses a maximum relative resistance variation within a given
temperature range, hence the use of the term does not imply any degree of linearity for this function, nor should any
be assumed.
=
IEC 60477-1:2022 © IEC 2022 – 13 –
Note 2 to entry: The temperature coefficient of resistance is usually determined between the reference temperature
and the category temperatures, LCT and UCT, respectively, for which the larger of the two determined coefficients
is expressed as the result.
Note 3 to entry: Related terminology: variation of resistance with temperature
[SOURCE: IEC 60115-1:2021, 3.1.34]
3.4.11
steady-state conditions
operating conditions of a measuring device in which the variation of the measurand with the
time is such that the relation between the input and output signals of the instruments does not
suffer a significant change with respect to the relation obtaining when the measurand is constant
in time
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.1.15]
3.5 Uncertainty and variations
3.5.1
uncertainty (of measurement)
parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of
the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand
Note 1 to entry: The parameter can be, for example, a standard deviation (or a given multiple of it), or a half-width
of an interval having a stated level of confidence.
Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty of measurement comprises, in general, many components. Some of these components
can be evaluated from the statistical distribution of the results of a series of measurements and can be characterized
by experimental standard deviations. The other components, which can also be characterized by standard deviations,
are evaluated from the assumed probability distributions based on experience or other information.
Note 3 to entry: It is understood that the result of the measurement is the best estimate of the value of the
measurand, and that all components of uncertainty, including those arising from systematic effects, such as
components associated with corrections and reference standards, contribute to the dispersion.
Note 4 to entry: The definition and notes 1 and 2 are from GUM, clause B.2.18. The option used in this standard is
to express the uncertainty as the half-width of an interval with the GUM procedures with a coverage factor of 2. This
choice corresponds to the practice now adopted by many national standards laboratories. With the normal distribution
a coverage factor of 2 corresponds to a level of confidence of 95 %. Otherwise statistical elaborations are necessary
to establish the correspondence between the coverage factor and the level of confidence. As the data for such
elaborations are not always available, it is deemed preferable to state the coverage factor. This interval can be
"reasonably" assigned to describe the measurand, in the sense of the GUM definition, as in most usual cases it
ensures compatibility with all other results of measurements of the same measurand assigned in the same way at a
sufficiently high confidence level.
Note 5 to entry: Following CIPM document INC-1 and GUM, the components of uncertainty that are evaluated by
statistical methods are referred to as components of category A, and those evaluated with the help of other methods
as components of category B.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.1.4]
3.5.2
variation (due to an influence quantity)
difference between the indicated values for the same value of the measurand of an indicating
instrument, or the values of a material measure, when an influence quantity assumes,
successively, two different values
Note 1 to entry: The uncertainty associated with the different measure values of the influence quantity for which
the variation is evaluated should not be wider than the width of the reference range for the same influence quantity.
The other performance characteristics and the other influence quantities should stay within the ranges specified for
the reference conditions.
Note 2 to entry: The variation is a meaningful parameter when it is greater than the intrinsic instrumental
uncertainty.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.3.5]

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3.5.3
intrinsic uncertainty of the measurand
minimum uncertainty that can be assigned in the description of a measured quantity
Note 1 to entry: No quantity can be measured with narrower and narrower uncertainty, inasmuch as any given
quantity is defined or identified at a given level of detail. If one tries to measure a given quantity with uncertainty
lower than its own intrinsic uncertainty one is compelled to redefine it with higher detail, so that one is actually
measuring another quantity. See also GUM D.1.1.
Note 2 to entry: The result of a measurement carried out with the intrinsic uncertainty of the measurand may be
called the best measurement of the quantity in question.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.1.11]
3.5.4
(absolute) instrumental uncertainty
uncertainty of the result of a direct measurement of a measurand having negligible intrinsic
uncertainty
Note 1 to entry: Unless explicitly stated otherwise, the instrumental uncertainty is expressed as an interval with
coverage factor 2.
Note 2 to entry: In single-reading direct measurements of measurands having intrinsic uncertainty small with
respect to the instrumental uncertainty, the uncertainty of the measurement coincides, by definition, with the
instrumental uncertainty. Otherwise the instrumental uncertainty is to be treated as a component of category B in
evaluating the uncertainty of the measurement on the basis of the model connecting the several direct measurements
involved.
Note 3 to entry: The instrumental uncertainty automatically includes, by definition, the effects due to the
quantization of the reading-values (minimum evaluable fraction of the scale interval in analogic outputs, unit of the
last stable digit in digital outputs).
Note 4 to entry: For material measures the instrumental uncertainty is the uncertainty that should be associated to
the value of the quantity reproduced by the material measure in order to ensure the compatibility of the results of its
measurements.
Note 5 to entry: When possible and convenient the uncertainty may be expressed in the relative form or in the
fiducial form. The relative uncertainty is the ratio U/V of the absolute uncertainty U to the measure value V, and the
fiducial uncertainty the ratio U/V of the absolute uncertainty U to a conventionally chosen value V .
f f
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.1.12]
3.5.5
intrinsic uncertainty
intrinsic instrument uncertainty
uncertainty of a measuring instrument when used under reference conditions
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-311:2001, 311-03-09, modified – The term "intrinsic instrument
uncertainty" has been added and the note deleted.]
3.5.6
relative form of expression
expression of a metrological characteristic, or of other data, by means of its ratio to the measure
value of the quantity under consideration
Note 1 to entry: Expression in relative form is possible when the quantity under consideration allows the ratio
relationship and its value is not zero.
Note 2 to entry: Uncertainties and limits of uncertainty are expressed in relative form by dividing their absolute
value by the value of the measurand, ranges of influence quantities by dividing the halved range by the mid value of
the domain, etc.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.3.3]

IEC 60477-1:2022 © IEC 2022 – 15 –
3.5.7
limit of uncertainty
limiting value of the instrumental uncertainty for equipment operating under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: A limit of uncertainty may be assigned by the manufacturer of the instrument, who states that under
the specified conditions the instrumental uncertainty is never higher than this limit, or may be defined by standards,
that prescribe that under specified conditions the instrumental uncertainty should not be larger than this limit for the
instrument to belong to a given accuracy class.
Note 2 to entry: A limit of uncertainty may be expressed in absolute terms or in the relative or fiducial forms.
[SOURCE: IEC 60359:2001, 3.3.6]
3.5.8
calibration
set of operations which establishes the relationship which exists, under specified conditions,
between the indication and the result of a measurement by reference to standards
Note 1 to entry: The relationship between the indications and the results of measurement can be expressed, in
principle, by a calibration diagram.
Note 2 to entry: The calibration must be performed under well defined operating conditions for the instrument. The
calibration diagram representing its result is not valid if the instrument is operated
...