SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
(Main)Safety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 3: Recommended force limits for machinery operation
Safety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 3: Recommended force limits for machinery operation
This European Standard presents guidance to the manufacturer of machinery or its component parts and the writer of C-standards in controlling health risks due to machine-related muscular force exertion.
This standard specifies recommended force limits for actions during machinery operation including construction, transport and commissioning (assembly, installation, adjustment), use (operation, cleaning, fault finding, maintenance, setting, teaching or process changeover) decommissioning, disposal and dismantling. The standard applies primarily to machines which are manufactured after the date of issue of the standard.
This standard applies on one hand to machinery for professional use operated by the adult working population, who are healthy workers with ordinary physical capacity, and on the other hand to machinery for domestic use operated by the whole population including youth and old people.
The recommendations are derived from research on European population.
This document is not applicable to specify the machinery which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
Sicherheit von Maschinen - Menschliche körperliche Leistung - Teil 3: Empfohlene Kraftgrenzen bei Maschinenbetätigung
Sécurité des machines - Performance physique humaine - Partie 3: Limites des forces recommandées pour l'utilisation de machines
La présente Norme européenne présente au concepteur des machines ou de leurs éléments et au rédacteur des
normes C un guide relatif à la prévention des risques pour la santé dus aux efforts musculaires liés aux machines.
La présente norme spécifie les limites de forces recommandées pour les actions intervenant au cours de l'utilisation
des machines, y compris la construction, le transport et la mise en service (montage, installation, réglage), l'utilisation
(exploitation, nettoyage, recherche des pannes, maintenance, réglage, apprentissage et passage d'un processus
à l'autre), et la mise hors service, la mise au rebut, et le démontage de machines. La norme s'applique principalement
aux machines construites après sa date de publication.
La présente norme s'applique d'une part, aux machines à usage professionnel utilisées par la population active
adulte, constituée de travailleurs en bonne santé aux capacités physiques courantes, et d'autre part, aux machines
à usage domestique utilisées par l'ensemble de la population, y compris les jeunes et les personnes âgées.
Les recommandations proviennent des recherches effectuées sur la population européenne.
Ce document n’est pas applicable pour spécifier les machines fabriquées avant la date de publication de ce document
par le CEN.
Varnost strojev - Človeške fizične zmogljivosti - 3. del: Priporočene mejne vrednosti potrebne sile za upravljanje strojev
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Sicherheit von Maschinen - Menschliche körperliche Leistung - Teil 3: Empfohlene Kraftgrenzen bei MaschinenbetätigungSécurité des machines - Performance physique humaine - Partie 3: Limites des forces recommandées pour l'utilisation de machinesSafety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 3: Recommended force limits for machinery operation13.180ErgonomijaErgonomics13.110Varnost strojevSafety of machineryICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008en,fr,de01-december-2008SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1005-3:2002+A1
October 2008 ICS 13.110; 13.180 Supersedes EN 1005-3:2002 English Version
Safety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 3: Recommended force limits for machinery operation
Sécurité des machines - Performance physique humaine - Partie 3: Limites des forces recommandées pour l'utilisation de machines
Sicherheit von Maschinen - Menschliche körperliche Leistung - Teil 3: Empfohlene Kraftgrenzen bei Maschinenbetätigung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 November 2001 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 18 August 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels © 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008: ESIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 2 Contents page Foreword.3 Introduction.4 1 Scope.4 2 Normative references.5 3 Terms and definitions.5 4 Recommendations.5 4.1 General recommendations and information.5 4.2 Risk assessment of action forces.5 4.2.1 Step A: Determination of basic force generating capacity.8 4.2.2 Step B: Determination of adjusted capacity.10 4.2.3 Step C: Evaluation of tolerability and risk.11 4.3 Factors affecting risk.12 4.3.1 Working posture.12 4.3.2 Acceleration and movement precision.13 4.3.3 Vibration.13 4.3.4 Man-machine interaction.13 4.3.5 Personal protective equipment.13 4.3.6 External environment.13 Annex A (informative)
Calculation procedure for Alternative 2.14 A.1 General.14 A.2 Input parameters.14 A.3 Procedure.15 A.3.1 Force distribution.15 A.3.2 Logarithmic transformation.16 A.3.3 Calculation of force percentiles.16 A.4 Results.17 Annex B (informative)
Calculation procedure for Alternative 3.18 B.1 General.18 B.2 Input parameters.18 B.2.1 Force.18 B.2.2 User demography.19 B.3 Procedure.20 B.3.1 Synthetical distribution parameters of subgroups.20 B.3.2 Logarithmic distributions.21 B.3.3 Generation of new distribution functions of male and female subgroups.22 B.3.4 Weighting and combining of all subgroup distributions.23 B.3.5 Calculation of percentiles.24 B.4 Result.24 Annex ZA (informative)
!!!!Relationship between this
European
Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC, amended by 98/79/EC"""".25 Annex ZB (informative)
!!!!Relationship between this
European
Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC"""".26 Bibliography.27
SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 "Ergonomics", the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2009. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2008-08-18. This document supersedes EN 1005-3:2002. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! ". This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). !For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this document." EN 1005 consists of the following parts, under the general title "Safety of machinery - Human physical performance”: Part 1: Terms and definitions; Part 21): Manual handling of machinery and component parts of machinery; Part 3: Recommended force limits for machinery operation; Part 41): Evaluation of working postures and movements in relation to machinery; Part 51): Risk assessment for repetitive handling at high frequency. Annexes A and B are for information only. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
1) This European Standard is under preparation by CEN/TC 122/WG 4 "Biomechanics". SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 4 Introduction Within the life cycle of a machine from construction to dismantling, various machine-related actions require muscular force exertion. Muscular force exertion causes strain to the musculo-skeletal system. Unfavourable musculo-skeletal strain corresponds to the risk of fatigue, discomfort and musculo-skeletal disorders. The manufacturer of a machine is in a position to control these health risks by optimising the required forces, while taking into account the frequency, duration and variation of force exertion. The calculation procedure and the recommended limits in this standard aim to reduce the health risk for the operator as well as to increase the flexibility and possibility for a larger population to operate the machines which increases efficiency and profitability. This standard has been prepared to be harmonised standard in the sense of the Machinery Directive and associated EFTA regulations. This standard is written in conformity with EN 1050 and gives the user hazard identification for harm through musculo-skeletal disorders and tools for qualitative and, to an extent, a quantitative risk assessment. The tools for the risk assessment also implicate how to do the risk reduction. This standard does not deal with risks connected to accidents. The recommendations provided by this standard are based on available scientific evidence concerning the physiology and epidemiology of manual work. The knowledge is, however, scarce and the suggested limits are subject to changes according to future research. In accordance with the rules for CEN/CENELEC-standards Part 2, 4.9.3, European Standards are reviewed at intervals not exceeding five years. This European Standard is a type B standard as stated in EN 1070. The provisions of this document can be supplemented or modified by a type C standard. NOTE For machines which are covered by the scope of a type C standard and which have been designed and built according to the provisions of that standard, the provisions of that type C standard take precedence over the provisions of this type B standard. 1 Scope This European Standard presents guidance to the manufacturer of machinery or its component parts and the writer of C-standards in controlling health risks due to machine-related muscular force exertion. This standard specifies recommended force limits for actions during machinery operation including construction, transport and commissioning (assembly, installation, adjustment), use (operation, cleaning, fault finding, maintenance, setting, teaching or process changeover) decommissioning, disposal and dismantling. The standard applies primarily to machines which are manufactured after the date of issue of the standard. This standard applies on one hand to machinery for professional use operated by the adult working population, who are healthy workers with ordinary physical capacity, and on the other hand to machinery for domestic use operated by the whole population including youth and old people. The recommendations are derived from research on European population. This document is not applicable to specify the machinery which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN. SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 5 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments). EN 614-1, Safety of machinery - Ergonomic design principles - Part 1: Terminology and general principles. EN 1005-1:2001, Safety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 1: Terms and definitions. EN 1070, Safety of machinery – Terminology. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 614-1, EN 1005-1:2001 and EN 1070 apply. 4 Recommendations 4.1 General recommendations and information The manufacturer should first consider EN 292-2:1991, annex A and EN 614-1 and EN 614-2 and then use the procedure for determining force limits presented below. It is crucially important that the operator is in control of the operation sequences and the pace of the machinery. Furthermore, machines shall be designed in a way so that actions demanding force exertion can be performed optimally with respect to the posture of body and limbs and the direction of force application. In addition machines shall be designed to allow for variations in movements and force exertions. The risk assessment procedure conveyed by this standard should formally be carried out for each action occurring during handling of the machinery. It may be noted, however, that infrequently occurring actions with low force demands may be assessed on an overview base. Actions related to the handling of control actuators are considered in EN 894-3, however the present standard provides additional important information related to physical capacity and safety of the operator. 4.2 Risk assessment of action forces The risk assessment in the present standard is based on the force generating capacity of the intended users, and follows a three-step procedure as illustrated in Figure 1. In step A, the maximal isometric force generating capacity is determined for relevant actions within specified intended user populations. Within the scope of this standard the determination of maximal forces can be carried out according to three alternative methods. In step B, the force generating in step A capacity is reduced, according to the circumstances under which the force is to be generated (velocity, frequency and duration of action). The reduction is achieved by a set of multipliers. Basically, the output is a force that may be delivered without substantial fatigue. In step C, the risk associated with the intended use of the machinery is assessed. The risk evaluation is accomplished using risk multipliers, reducing the maximal attainable force from step B to values associated with different levels of risk. The risk assessment focuses on musculo-skeletal disorders, and is preferentially based on the assumption that decreasing fatigue during work is effective in reducing disorders. SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 6 The recommended force limits are applicable to most men and women in a general population in optimal action posture and under ideal circumstances. The limits are calculated for an optimal range of motion of the joints involved in the respective actions. It is recommended to let force limits for professional users correspond to the 15th percentile of the whole adult population, i.e. males and females between 20 years and 65 years of age. Force limits for machines intended for domestic use should correspond to the 1st percentile of the same adult population. The adult population is used as reference since reliable force data are scarce or unavailable for youth and aged individuals. Limits established by the procedure in this standard will essentially reduce hazards for at least 85 % of the intended user population. The manufacturer should be aware that the force evaluation presented by the standard may be used also as a guidance when making instructions for the use of the machinery. SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 7
Figure 1 — Illustration of the step procedure leading to risk evaluation of action forces during machinery use for specified intended user populations SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 8 4.2.1 Step A: Determination of basic force generating capacity Output: maximal isometric force FB, for specified actions, with consideration to intended user population. Step A may be realised by one of three alternatives: Alternative 1 Finding pre-calculated values of FB in Table 1, if available. These limits represent the general European working population in the given mix in age and gender (Eur 12, 1993). Pre-calculations were done by alternative 3. These values are calculated for optimal working postures as illustrated in the table. The manufacturer shall be aware that physical strength, in particular at arm work, is strongly related to working postures and to the direction of force application. SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 9 Table 1 — Maximal isometric force FB. Pre-calculated isometric force capacity limits for some common activity for professional and domestic use. The values apply to optimal working conditions.
Alternative 2 Calculating FB by an easy procedure as described in annex A. Alternative 2 is a rough approximation assuming equal representation of males and females and may be applied: if the intended user population is similar to the general European population, or if a specific demographic profile of the intended user population is not available. Alternative 2 refers to strength data of the general female population.
Activity
Professional use FB in N Domestic use FB in N
Hand work (one hand): Power grip
250
184
Arm work (sitting posture, one arm): - upwards - downwards - outwards - inwards - pushing - with trunk support - without trunk support - pulling - with trunk support - without trunk support
50 75 55 75
275 62
225 55
31 44 31 49
186 30
169 28
Whole body work (standing posture): - pushing - pulling
200 145
119 96
Pedal work (sitting posture, with trunk support): - ankle action - leg action
250 475
154 308 SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 10 Limits may be calculated realising the following basic steps: define relevant actions and force directions; obtain isometric strength distributions of the general adult and healthy European population at relevant actions; decide whether the machinery is intended for professional or domestic use; determine FB, i.e. the 15th strength percentile for professional use or the 1st percentile for domestic use. For further information and a suggested calculation procedure see annex A. Note that annex A is informative, not normative. Alternative 3 Allowing precise calculation of FB by an advanced procedure in annex B. The amount of FB exactly reflects the envisaged target population. Consequently alternative 3 applies: if the envisaged target population is known in its specific mix in age and gender. Alternative 3 refers to strength data of a specified subgroup, females between 20 years and 30 years. Limits may be calculated realising the following basic steps: define relevant actions and force directions; get strength distribution parameters (average and standard deviation) of a particular reference group (females between 20 years and 30 years); get distributions of age and gender of the intended user population as shaped by its demographic profile; determine FB , i.e. the 15th force percentile for professional use of the 1st percentile for domestic use. For further information and a suggested calculation procedure see annex B. Note that annex B is informative, not normative. 4.2.2 Step B: Determination of adjusted capacity Output: maximal force for intended user population, taking into consideration velocity, frequency and duration of action. 4.2.2.1 Velocity multiplier mV The maximum force generating capacity is reduced in fast, contractive movements. This is covered by the velocity multiplier mV determined in Table 2. Table 2 — Velocity multiplier mv, relating to movement speed
Velocity no action implies no or a very slow movement yes action implies an evident movement mV 1,0 0,8
SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 11 4.2.2.2 Frequency multiplier mf Frequently repeated actions cause fatigue to develop, and thereby decreases the maximal force generating capacity. The fatigue effects depend on the relationship between the duration of each individual action (the ’action time’) and the frequency with which the action occurs during machinery operation. The multiplier mf intended to cover this is determined according to Table 3. Table 3 — Frequency multiplier mf, relating to the duration of individual actions (’action time’) and their frequency of occurrence Action time Frequency of actions (min-1) min ≤ 0,2 > 0,2 - 2 > 2 - 20 > 20 ≤ 0,05 1,0 0,8 0,5 0,3 > 0,05 0,6 0,4 0,2 not applicable
4.2.2.3 Duration multiplier md Fatigue, i.e. a reduced force generating capacity develops gradually with time during ongoing work. Actions which are ’similar’ may add up in causing fatigue, as they load the same body issues. Thus, not only the hours of work with the present action should be considered, but also the duration of similar actions. Below, ’similar’ is defined as actions which are of the same character (i.e. pushing, pressing, or whatever) as the one under consideration, and which are executed close to the average hand/foot-position (whatever relevant) in this. The multiplier md in Table 4 captures the duration effect. ’Duration’ in the table refers to working time including interruptions. Table 4 — Duration multiplier md, relating to the cumulated duration (h) of similar actions Duration (h) ≤ 1 > 1 - 2 > 2 – 8 md 1,0 0,8 0,5
4.2.2.4 Calculation of reduced capacity, FBr Calculate the force generating capacity with consideration to velocity, frequency and duration of action by the following formula: FBr = FB
×
mv
×
mf
×
md
where FB is the maximal isometric force; mv is the velocity multiplier; mf is the frequency multiplier; md is the duration multiplier. 4.2.3 Step C: Evaluation of tolerability and risk Output: risk assessment of the force required while handling the machinery. SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 12 Both of the previous steps concern capability, starting from maximal isometric force. Thus, the value of FBr shows the very limit of force exertion possible. Health risks are, however, present even at submaximal forces. The risk multiplier stated below takes this into consideration. It includes considerations to the tolerability of body tissues (in particular muscles, tendons and joints), as well as a safety margin addressing acceptability. The risk multiplier produces three risk zones which will guide the machinery manufacturer into a risk evaluation of the intended use of the machinery. The evaluation of tolerability and risk is carried out as follows: the force value obtained in step B is multiplied by the values mr given in Table 5, according to the formula: FR = mr × FBr where
FR
is the risk assessment force this leads to risk zones associated with action forces during machinery use. The evaluation of risk within each zone is provided below Table 5. by referring to the risk zones, the manufacturer may evaluate an intended machinery design and/or obtain quantitative guidance in formulating instructions for machinery use. Table 5 — Risk multiplier mr defining risk zones Risk zone mr recommended ≤ 0,5 not recommended > 0,5 - 0,7 to be avoided > 0,7
Recommended zone: The risk of disease or injury is negligible. No intervention is needed. Not recommended zone: The risk of disease or injury cannot be neglected. The risk shall therefore be further estimated, and analysed with consideration to additional risk factors, including those presented in 4.3. This analysis may result in a risk multiplier value of 0,7 being considered acceptable. If, on the other hand, the analysis concludes that the intended use of the machinery is associated with risk, redesign or other measures may be needed which reduce the risk. Zone to be avoided: The risk of disease or injury is obvious and cannot be accepted. Intervention to lower the risk is therefore necessary. It should be emphasised that machinery which is intended to be operated at high action frequencies may imply a considerably increased risk for injury, irrespective of the required action force. For further information, it should be referred to prEN 1005-51). 4.3 Factors affecting risk 4.3.1 Working posture The machinery should allow for unrestricted, flexible and frequent changes of working postures during its handling and operation and extreme joint positions should be avoided. When considering working postures, reference should be made to prEN 1005-41). SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 13 4.3.2 Acceleration and movement precision It should be taken into consideration that actions demanding high accelerations imply large tissue forces and hence an increased risk for injuries and disorders. It should also be acknowledged that movements demanding high precision are performed at a slower rate, and may imply increased muscle efforts. 4.3.3 Vibration The machinery should not infer any vibration to the arms or body of the operator. Vibration affects the force generating capacity and may in itself cause musculo-skeletal disorders. 4.3.4 Man-machine interaction The individual should be allowed full control of his work pace. During machine operation, the operator should be able to activate and deactivate the machinery at any instant. The manufacturer should be aware of the risk for musculo-skeletal disorders due to monotonous repetitive work. 4.3.5 Personal protective equipment Personal protective clothing and equipment may restrict the operators movements while handling the machinery. Typical PPE items may include gloves, aprons, overalls, flame-retardant trousers, gaiters, non-slip and toe-protected footwear, goggles, masks or respirators. This shall be recognised in the design of the machinery by allowing sufficient space, and by considering the decreased strength and mobility that may follow from the use of PPE. 4.3.6 External environment The expected environmental conditions during intended machinery handling shall be taken into account. Care shall be taken if work has to be done at extremes of temperature. For example, high temperatures or humidity may cause rapid fatigue; work at low temperatures may cause numbness or require gloves with loss of manual dexterity. It is likewise important to consider the lighting conditions. SIST EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008
EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 14 Annex A (informative)
Calculation procedure for Alternative 2 A.1 General Annex A specifies a fast approximation procedure to determine force limits. This procedure is realising an equal representation of males and females and applies when user populations of machinery are not reasonably well known, or when machinery is directl
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