SIST-TP CLC/TR 50117-8:2013
(Main)Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks - Part 8 Repair and substitute of damaged buried cables
Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks - Part 8 Repair and substitute of damaged buried cables
This Technical Report describes the procedure to repair damaged CATV cables. The following coaxial cables are considered in this guide:
– Coaxial cables with semi air spaced dielectric
Outer conductor: copper band, longitudinal welded
– Coaxial cables foamed polyethylene or solid polyethylene dielectric
Outer conductor: copper band, longitudinal welded
– Coaxial cables foamed polyethylene or solid polyethylene dielectric
Outer conductor: Overlapped foil of copper or aluminium with braid
– Coaxial cables foamed polyethylene or solid polyethylene dielectric
Outer conductor: Overlapped foil of copper or aluminium without braid
– Coaxial cables foamed polyethylene dielectric
Outer conductor: Corrugated copper
This guide is a helpful tool for providers and installers to find out the extend and the effects of damaged cables and to achieve and to evaluate appropriate repair operation. For not buried cables, e.g. indoor cables, the application of this guide is analogous.
Koaxialkabel für Kabelverteilanlagen - Teil 8: Reparatur und Ersatz beschädigter Koaxialkabel
Câbles coaxiaux pour réseaux câblés de distribution - Partie 8: Réparation et remplacement de câbles coaxiaux souterrain
Koaksialni kabli v kabelskih razdelilnih omrežjih - 8. del: Popravilo in zamenjava poškodovanih zasutih kablov
To tehnično poročilo vsebuje opis postopka za popravilo poškodovanih kablov CATV. V navodila so vključeni ti koaksialni kabli:
– koaksialni kabli z medsebojno oddaljenimi dielektiki,
zunanji vodnik: bakreni trak, varjen po dolžini;
– koaksialni kabli z dielektikom iz penastega ali trdega polietilena,
zunanji vodnik: bakreni trak, varjen po dolžini;
– koaksialni kabli z dielektikom iz penastega ali trdega polietilena,
zunanji vodnik: prekrižan oplet folije iz bakra ali aluminija;
– koaksialni kabli z dielektikom iz penastega ali trdega polietilena,
zunanji vodnik: prekrižana folija iz bakra ali aluminija brez opleta;
– koaksialni kabli z dielektikom iz penastega polietilena,
zunanji vodnik: valovita bakrena pločevina.
Ta navodila so ponudnikom in monterjem v pomoč pri ugotavljanju stopnje poškodovanosti kablov in njihovih posledic ter pri ocenjevanju ustreznosti postopka za popravilo in izvedbi popravila. Za kable, ki niso položeni v zemljo, tj. notranje kable, je uporaba teh navodil analogna.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CLC/TR 50117-8:2013
01-april-2013
Koaksialni kabli v kabelskih razdelilnih omrežjih - 8. del: Popravilo in zamenjava
poškodovanih zasutih kablov
Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks - Part 8 Repair and substitute of
damaged buried cables
Koaxialkabel für Kabelverteilanlagen - Teil 8: Reparatur und Ersatz beschädigter
Koaxialkabel
Câbles coaxiaux pour réseaux câblés de distribution - Partie 8: Réparation et
remplacement de câbles coaxiaux souterrain
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CLC/TR 50117-8:2013
ICS:
33.120.10 Koaksialni kabli. Valovodi Coaxial cables. Waveguides
SIST-TP CLC/TR 50117-8:2013 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CLC/TR 50117-8:2013
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SIST-TP CLC/TR 50117-8:2013
TECHNICAL REPORT
CLC/TR 50117-8
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
March 2013
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
ICS 33.120.10
English version
Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks -
Part 8: Repair and substitute of damaged buried cables
Câbles coaxiaux pour réseaux câblés de Koaxialkabel für Kabelverteilanlagen -
distribution - Teil 8: Reparatur und Ersatz beschädigter
Partie 8: Réparation et remplacement de Koaxialkabel
câbles coaxiaux souterrain
This Technical Report was approved by CENELEC on 2013-02-26.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels
© 2013 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. CLC/TR 50117-8:2013 E
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CLC/TR 50117-8:2013 – 2 –
Contents
Page
Foreword . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative References . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Coaxial cables . 6
4.1 Construction of coaxial cables . 6
4.2 Long term behaviour and asset of coaxial underground cables . 6
5 Laying of underground cables . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Laying in the sand bed . 7
5.3 Laying in ducts . 7
5.4 Laying in a duct system . 7
5.5 Laying in the conduit . 7
6 Effects of damage . 7
6.1 General . 7
6.2 Repair . 7
6.3 Influence to electric characteristics . 8
7 Types of errors . 9
7.1 General . 9
7.2 Transection without stretching (shearing, cutting) . 9
7.3 Disruption / cable elongation with impact on indefinite length . 9
7.4 Strain / elongation without tearing effect with an indefinite length of cable. 9
7.5 Other damage with selective or limited local impact . 9
7.5.1 General . 9
7.5.2 Deformation without stretching, such as squeezing, compressing, dropping
below the minimum bending radius . 9
7.5.3 Damage to the outer sheath by fire or heat . 9
7.5.4 Slightly damaged cable sheath without deformation of the outer conductors . 10
8 Failure analysis and repair . 10
8.1 General . 10
8.2 Fundamental distinction of occurring damage and its repair . 10
8.2.1 General . 10
8.2.2 Cable was not elongated . 11
8.2.4 Cable was deformed . 11
8.2.5 Jacket was damaged . 11
8.2.6 Outer conductor has transverse cracks . 11
8.2.7 Screening effectiveness otherwise affected . 12
8.2.8 Inner conductor looks out from the cable ends . 12
8.2.9 Diameter of inner and outer conductor within the specified limits . 12
8.2.10 Effects of tensile forces to remote components . 12
8.2.11 Measures for damaged cables with 60 - Ohm impedance . 12
8.2.12 Repairs due to other influences . 12
9 Attenuation of cable joints and connectors . 12
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10 Use of materials and correct handling . 13
10.1 General . 13
10.2 Proper processing . 13
11 Documentation . 14
12 Measurement evidence . 14
12.1 Measuring of power levels . 14
12.2 Measuring of reflexion . 14
12.3 Measuring of radiated power . 14
12.4 Measuring of Bit Error Rate (BER) . 14
Annex A (informative) Theoretical Background . 15
A.1 Physical background and Characteristics / parameters for coaxial cable . 15
A.2 Reflection coefficient . 16
A.3 Return loss . 16
A.4 Pulse return loss . 17
Annex B (informative) Examples of damage . 19
Bibliography . 23
Figure 1 Construction of a coaxial cable . 6
Figure A.1 Coaxial cables . 15
Figure A.2 Schematic depiction for measuring the return loss . 17
Figure A.3 Composition of the test device for measuring the pulse reflection . 18
Figure B.1 Typical damage by laying new paths across the cable path . 19
Figure B.2 Underground cable repair of a selectively damaged cable without
elongation . 19
Figure B.3 Effect of tensile forces: building entry pulled out of the brickwork, the
basement conduit installation ripped out of wall . 20
Figure B.4 Selectively damaged cable: sheath peeled off . 20
Figure B.5 Cable cut by blade . 20
Figure B.6 Torn underground cables . 21
Figure B.7 Damaged cable by tension forces, inner conductor torned. . 21
Figure B.8 Perforated screening by pulling forces: Screening effectiveness drastically
reduced . 21
Figure B.9 Inside of the perforated screening foil by elongation of the coaxial cable
shielding . 22
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Foreword
This document (CLC/TR 50117-8:2013) has been prepared by CLC/SC 46XA "Coaxial cables".
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
EN 50117 is divided into the following parts:
− EN 50117-1, Coaxial cables Part 1: Generic specification
− EN 50117-2-1, Coaxial cables Part 2-1: Sectional specification for cables used in cabled
distribution networks Indoor drop cables for systems operating at 5 MHz - 1 000 MHz
− EN 50117-2-2, Coaxial cables Part 2-2: Sectional specification for cables used in cabled
distribution networks Outdoor drop cables for systems operating at 5 MHz - 1 000 MHz
− EN 50117-2-3, Coaxial cables Part 2-3: Sectional specification for cables used in cabled
distribution networks Distribution and trunk cables for systems operating at 5 MHz - 1 000 MHz
− EN 50117-2-4, Coaxial cables Part 2-4: Sectional specification for cables used in cabled
distribution networks Indoor drop cables for systems operating at 5 MHz - 3 000 MHz
− EN 50117-2-5, Coaxial cables Part 2-5: Sectional specification for cables used in cabled
distribution networks Outdoor drop cables for systems operating at 5 MHz - 3 000 MHz
− EN 50117-3-1, Coaxial cables Part 3-1: Sectional specifications for cables used in Telecom
applications Miniaturized cables used in digital communication systems
− EN 50117-4-1, Coaxial cables Part 4-1: Sectional specification for cables for BCT cabling in
accordance with EN 50173 Indoor drop cables for systems operating at 5 MHz - 3 000 MHz
− EN 50117-5, Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks Part 5: Sectional specification
for indoor drop cables for use in networks operating at frequencies between 5 MHz and 2150
MHz
− EN 50117-6, Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks Part 6: Sectional specification
for outdoor drop cables for use in networks operating at frequencies between 5 MHz and 2150
MHz
− CLC/TR 50117-8, Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks Part 8 Repair and
substitute of damaged buried cables
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1 Scope
This Technical Report describes the procedure to repair damaged CATV cables.
The following coaxial cables are considered in this guide:
– Coaxial cables with semi air spaced dielectric
Outer conductor: copper band, longitudinal welded
– Coaxial cables foamed polyethylene or solid polyethylene dielectric
Outer conductor: copper band, longitudinal welded
– Coaxial cables foamed polyethylene or solid polyethylene dielectric
Outer conductor: Overlapped foil of copper or aluminium with braid
– Coaxial cables foamed polyethylene or solid polyethylene dielectric
Outer conductor: Overlapped foil of copper or aluminium without braid
– Coaxial cables foamed polyethylene dielectric
Outer conductor: Corrugated copper
This guide is a helpful tool for providers and installers to find out the extend and the effects of
damaged cables and to achieve and to evaluate appropriate repair operation.
For not buried cables, e.g. indoor cables, the application of this guide is analogous.
NOTE The kind respectively the material of the cable sheath makes the coaxial cable an "underground" cable. In the
underground area the cable jacket determines the long term behaviour of the cable significantly. For this purpose, only plastics
with a high long-term stability are used, usually polyethylene (PE). This material provides protection against ingress of water or
water-diffusion with good mechanical properties.
2 Normative References
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 50117 (series), Coaxial cables
EN 50117-1:2002, Coaxial cables Part 1: Generic specification
EN 50290-1-2:2004, Communication cables Part 1-2: Definitions
EN 50290-4-2, Communication cables Part 4-2: General considerations for the use of cables
Guide to use
EN 60728-1, Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive services Part 1:
System performance of forward paths (IEC 60728-1)
EN 60728-1-1, Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive services Part 1-
1: RF cabling for two way home networks (IEC 60728-1-1)
IEC 61196-1-108, Coaxial communication cables Part 1-108: Electrical test methods Test for
characteristic impedance, phase and group delay, electrical length and propagation velocity
IEC 61196-1-112, Coaxial communication cables Part 1-112: Electrical test methods Test for
return loss (uniformity of impedance)
IEC 61196-1-115, Coaxial communication cables Part 1-115: Electrical test methods Test for
regularity of impedance (pulse/step function return loss)
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document the terms and definitions given in EN 50117-1:2002 and in
EN 50290-1-2:2004 apply.
4 Coaxial cables
4.1 Construction of coaxial cables
Outer conductor D+d
G
Inner
condutor d
Insulation D Outer sheeth OD
Figure 1 Construction of a coaxial cable
Coaxial cables (Figure 1) consist of an inner conductor, the dielectric and an overlying outer
conductor. The structure is protected by a plastic sheath. The outer conductor also acts as a shield
against radiation and electromagnetic fields.
The outer conductor respectively the screen may consist of a single braid, or a combination of metal
bonded sheets and braids. The shielding characteristics are determined by the construction of the
screen and the optical coverage. Optimal shielding effect is achieved by cables with a continuously
closed metal tube, which for example, is often used in case of buried cables for cabled TV distribution.
Coaxial cable for direct burial can also be provided with other elements, such as intermediate sheaths
or moisture barriers.
4.2 Long term behaviour and asset of coaxial underground cables
High-quality underground cables are of good long-term stability. They are most durable and without
loss of quality. Good example for the high durability are the CATV cable types ikx, nkx, qkx and skx.
These cables have a cable sheath of PE and fulfil to date the demands on the transmission
characteristics according to the applicable standards for the transmission characteristics, even after 25
years and more of use.
Today, these cables are also used for the transfer of the so-called "Triple Play" services; that means,
additional to the digital transmission of radio and television signals the transmission of signals for
Internet access services and telephony services using Voice over IP. By means of digital transmission
methods, conventional coaxial cables offer transmission bit rate of the high Gigabit range. Only fibre
optic cable offers a higher transmission power.
The laid underground cables are thus a valuable and lasting transmission resource, one of the
business basics of cable operators. This applies regardless of the age of cable laid, as the
transmission performance does not deteriorate, except in case of damage of the cable.
5 Laying of underground cables
5.1 General
For general hints for laying, see EN 50290-4-2.
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5.2 Laying in the sand bed
Typically, the cables are laid in the sand bed in a cable trench. The sand bed provides protection
against damage by stones and dissipates the weight of the overlying ground, under the best possible
protection of the cable. The so-called Warning tape marked "Caution Cable”, or “Cable Television"
above the laid cable in the sand bed is supposed to draw attention to possible earthworks on the
underground cables underneath.
5.3 Laying in ducts
Basically it is the same installation technology as in the laying of cables in the sand bed. However,
instead of a cable, a conduit is laid, through which the cable is pulled or blown after laying the conduit.
Laying in ducts is also possible, with the so-called "Press to move procedure" (Pressverfahren),
whereby a drive head, driven by compressed air produces an underground channel. In this channel, a
conduit is pushed where finally the cable is blown or pulled.
There are other procedures in which the conduit is injected or otherwise introduced into the earth.
Since at the latter procedure not a cable trench is made, there is no Warning Tape. Nevertheless,
such laid cables can be located with appropriate cable fault location systems.
5.4 Laying in a duct system
Duct systems consist of bundles of pipes of installed cables or cable ducts with “cable stones”
(Kabelsteine) in certain intervals. The cables are placed in the respective tube.
5.5 Laying in the conduit
Laying in the conduit is done by install conduits, or cable trays etc. In the event of damage procedures
described in this guide apply accordingly.
6 Effects of damage
6.1 General
Coaxial cables are sensitive and should be laid with great care. The manufacturer’s instructions
specify characteristics like minimum bending radius and maximum pulling force. Even small changes
in dimensions affect the characteristics of the various parameters of the coaxial cables.
6.2 Repair
Repairs of coaxial cables require special care. Coaxial cables are components that can serve its
purpose only if the continuous construction is not altered in their mechanical dimensions. Even small
changes in the dimensions of the cable structure cause reflections that affect the transmission
characteristics.
In analogy, the coaxial cables can be considered as a water pipe, in which changes of the cross-
section influences the flow of water, (holes in the pipe leads to the leakage of liquid-ness).
By external influences coaxial cables may be damaged, with all the negative impact performance
which are described below.
Frequent causes of damage are dredging. In this case, the cable is cut in the ground, stretched, torn,
bruised or otherwise damaged. A proper repair is essential to ensure the full transmission capacity of
the affected cable. Repair of the cable shall guarantee the intended long-term continued operation.
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Even minor damage to the sheath affect the transfer properties and durability of the cable sustainable.
Even the smallest damage to the cable sheath causes far-reaching implications due to moisture
penetration. Mechanical deformation of the cable causes a deterioration of the transmission
characteristics. The affected cable cannot fulfil its purpose extensively and loses its lasting value.
Only repair measures, which are suitable to restore the original transfer properties, are necessary for
the operation of cable networks. Doubtful solutions that may cause damage to an unspecified date,
are hereby rejected.
The range of appropriate repair measures ranges from the replacement of sleeves and the partial
replacement of cables, to the replacement of complete cable lengths between the respective ends or
points of connection.
In consequence damages cause changes in the design of the damaged cable. This may affect the
cable only selective but at worst on the entire cable length. The following parameters, characteristics
or construction details of the cable are affected by an accident:
– diameter of the inner conductor,
– shape of dielectric,
– diameter of the outer conductors,
– outer diameter of cable sheath,
– impermeability to water,
– long-time behaviour.
6.3 Influence to electric characteristics
The effects listed under 6.1 on the mechanical design of the affected cables are coupled in sequence
with a deterioration of electrical characteristics. This in turn determines the transmission performance
of the cable for the distribution of analogue and digital radio and television programs. Furthermore,
digital transmission methods of telecommunication services such as internet telephony or internet
account with Voice over IP, etc. are affected.
Cable damage changes the transmission behaviour for the worse. Faults or damage and/or failures of
telecommunications services are the result. Besides the physical damage with the possible effects on
the long life performance, the following radio frequency and electrical characteristics are deteriorated:
– characteristic impedance,
– attenuation,
– return loss,
– screening attenuation,
– transfer impedance,
– conductor loop resistance,
– current carrying capacity.
The above parameters for coaxial cables are specified in EN 50117-1 and are used for planning and
construction of telecommunications networks, such as cable-TV networks. A deterioration of the
transmission characteristics of coaxial cables leads naturally to the deterioration of signal quality,
which is described for example in EN 60728-1 and EN 60728-1-1 (see also Clause 8).
Basically, a change of the relevant parameters has following impacts:
– A change in the characteristic impedance leads to reflections and causes a deterioration of the
attenuation and return loss. A direct impact of the signal transmission, in particular of digital
signals is the result.
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– Deterioration of screening attenuation and transfer impedance increase the radiation of disturbing
power (exceeding the allowable limits) and reduce the noise immunity of the system. The
resulting so-called "Ingress" disturbs the back-channel operation and may impact two-way
services such as Internet access and Voice over IP substantially or make its transmission even
impossible.
– An increase in the loop resistance affects the current carrying capacity, which has an adverse
impact on the cables to the remote power feeding over the coaxial cables and affects the power
supply of the active components supplied thereon.
7 Types of errors
7.1 General
When cables are stretched or ruptured through external influence (e.g. by dredging), this basically
leads to a permanent elongation of the affected cable connected. Since the material is pulled in the
length, the dimensions of the inner conductor, the dielectric and the outer conductor will be
permanently transformed, or damaged. The extent of damage depends on the technical structure of
the stressed cable type.
NOTE For examples of errors, see Annex B.
7.2 Transection without stretching (shearing, cutting)
The simplest case of damage is given when a cable was severed by a smooth cut without strain.
However, these simple damages are purely rare.
7.3 Disruption / cable elongation with impact on indefinite length
In general, the underground cables will be ruptured. This happens, for example by a backhoe bucket,
which slips under the wire and breaks the cable with the extension of the excavation. Naturally,
enormous tensile forces are applied to the cable, which are several times higher than allowed forces
by the cable manufacturers. A lasting damage to the cable is the result.
7.4 Strain / elongation without tearing effect with an indefinite length of cable
Damage is also given if the cable is not ruptured, but was stretched by contact with the tool (for
example by bucket). The cable is deformed in the affected area, probably with damaged sheath. Even
if the cable was not ruptured, the damage may in principle be treated equally, as if the cable was torn.
7.5 Other damage with selective or limited local impact
7.5.1 General
This category includes the types of damage where it is completely sure, that no extension and / or
elongation has affected an indefinite length of cable. In particular, these are the following effects on
the affected cables.
7.5.2 Deformation without stretching, such as squeezing, compressing, dropping below the
minimum bending radius
These types of damage are not always apparent to the layman as harm. Nevertheless, a professional
repair is absolutely necessary, as the electrical parameters - and thus the performance of the affected
cable is reduced. Furthermore, because of the damage to the cable sheath it is a risk that water
penetrates into the cable and destroys the cable at an unspecified date, if not immediately a proper
repair is done. The required actions are described in Clause 8.
7.5.3 Damage to the outer sheath by fire or heat
In case of fire and heat, in addition to the cable sheath the core of the cable, the dielectric, is heated
and can become deformed. As a result, the inner conductor moves from its centre position. This is
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associated with a change of the characteristic impedance and therefore degradation of electrical
characteristics and transmission performance. An replacement of that cable length is unavoidable.
In the cable trench, this may occur by welding or soldering of adjacent supply lines, in the basement
by fires.
7.5.4 Slightly damaged cable sheath without deformation of the outer conductors
Slight damage occurs where the cable sheath was scratched only and it is sure that neither outer
conductor nor dielectric was deformed.
8 Failure analysis and repair
8.1 General
The target of repair activities shall ensure the correct use of the affected cable length, including
recovery of all relevant transmission characteristics. The unrestricted long-term continued operation of
all services shall be guaranteed.
The aim of the defect analysis is the und
...
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