SIST CEN ISO/TR 17844:2004

Welding - Comparison of standardised methods for the avoidance of cold cracks (ISO/TR 17844:2004)

In addition to EN 1011-2/ISO/TR 17671-2, this document contains further methods for avoidance of cold cracking used by other members of ISO. This document gives guidance for manual, semi-mechanized, mechanized and automatic arc welding of ferritic steels, excluding ferritic stainless steels, in all product forms.
Further information about the materials and process parameters is given in Clauses 2 to 5.
NOTE 1   All references are listed in the annex "Bibliography".
NOTE 2   All used abbreviations in this document are explained in EN 1011-2/ISO/TR 17671-2 and Annex B.

Schweißen - Vergleich von genormten Verfahren zur Vermeidung von Kaltrissen (ISO/TR 17844:2004)

Soudage - Comparaison de méthodes normalisées pour éviter les fissures a froid (ISO/TR 17844:2004)

En plus de l'EN 1011-2/ISO/TR 17671-2, le présent document contient d'autres méthodes, utilisées par d'autres membres de l'ISO, pour éviter les fissures a froid. Le présent document fournit des conseils pour le soudage a l'arc manuel, semi-mécanisé, mécanisé et automatique des aciers ferritiques, a l'exclusion des aciers inoxydables ferritiques, et pour toutes les formes de produits.
Des informations complémentaires relatives aux matériaux et aux parametres des procédés sont fournies aux Articles 2 a 5.
NOTE 1   Toutes les références sont indiquées dans l'annexe "Bibliographie".
NOTE 2   Toutes les abréviations utilisées dans le présent document sont explicitées dans l'EN 1011 2/ISO/TR 17671-2 et l'Annexe B.

Varjenje – Primerjava standardiziranih metod za preprečevanje razpok zaradi mraza (ISO/TR 17844:2004)

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2004
• ICS: 25.160.10 - Welding processes
• Technical Committee: VAR - Welding
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Nov-2004
• Due Date: 01-Nov-2004
• Completion Date: 01-Nov-2004
• Directive: 97/23/EC - Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment
• Mandate: M/071 - Mandate to CEN for standardization in the field of Pressure equipment
• Ref Project: CEN ISO/TR 17844:2004 - Welding - Comparison of standardised methods for the avoidance of cold cracks (ISO/TR 17844:2004)

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST CEN ISO/TR 17844:2004
01-november-2004
9DUMHQMH±3ULPHUMDYDVWDQGDUGL]LUDQLKPHWRG]DSUHSUHþHYDQMHUD]SRN]DUDGL
PUD]D,6275
Welding - Comparison of standardised methods for the avoidance of cold cracks (ISO/TR
17844:2004)
Schweißen - Vergleich von genormten Verfahren zur Vermeidung von Kaltrissen
(ISO/TR 17844:2004)
Soudage - Comparaison de méthodes normalisées pour éviter les fissures a froid
(ISO/TR 17844:2004)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN ISO/TR 17844:2004
ICS:
25.160.10 Varilni postopki in varjenje Welding processes
SIST CEN ISO/TR 17844:2004 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST CEN ISO/TR 17844:2004

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SIST CEN ISO/TR 17844:2004
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN ISO/TR 17844
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
September 2004
ICS 25.160.10

English version
Welding - Comparison of standardised methods for the
avoidance of cold cracks (ISO/TR 17844:2004)
Soudage - Comparaison de méthodes normalisées pour Schweißen - Vergleich von genormten Verfahren zur
éviter les fissures à froid (ISO/TR 17844:2004) Vermeidung von Kaltrissen (ISO/TR 17844:2004)
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 5 December 2003. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 121.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN ISO/TR 17844:2004: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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Contents
Foreword.4
Introduction .5
1 Scope .7
2 CE-method.7
2.1 Cracking test method .7
2.2 Parent metal composition range.7
2.3 Plate thickness and joint geometry .8
2.4 Hydrogen level and welding process .8
2.4.1 Hydrogen scales .8
2.4.2 Selection of hydrogen scales .8
2.5 Heat input .9
2.6 Special considerations.13
2.6.1 Conditions which might require more stringent procedures.13
2.6.2 Relaxations.14
2.6.3 Simplified conditions for manual metal-arc welding .14
2.7 Determination of preheat .16
3 CET-method.24
3.1 Cracking test method .24
3.2 Parent metal composition range.25
3.3 Plate thickness.26
3.4 Hydrogen level and welding process .27
3.5 Heat input .27
3.6 Influence of residual stress .28
3.7 Determination of preheat .28
3.7.1 Calculation of the minimum preheat temperature.28
3.7.2 Example for determination : numerical determination of the preheat temperature .29
3.7.3 Example for determination : graphical determination of the preheat temperature .29
3.8 Special considerations.31
3.8.1 Reduction of hydrogen content by post heating (soaking) .31
3.8.2 Welding with reduced preheating .31
3.8.3 Welding with austenitic consumables.31
4 CE -method .31
N
4.1 Cracking test method .31
4.2 Parent metal composition range.32
4.3 Material thickness.33
4.4 Weld metal hydrogen content and welding process.33
4.5 Heat input .33
4.6 Weld metal yield strength .34
4.7 Determination of preheat .35
4.8 Special considerations.35
4.8.1 Weld metal hydrogen content .35
4.8.2 Number of the weld layers and weld metal strength.36
4.8.3 Restraint .36
4.8.4 Weld metal hydrogen cracking.36
5 P -method .40
cm
5.1 General.40
5.1.1 Cracking test method .40
5.1.2 HAZ hardness control method .40
5.1.3 Hydrogen controlled method.41
5.2 Parent metal composition range.41
5.2.1 Hardness controlled method.41
5.2.2 Hydrogen controlled method.41
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5.2.3 Selection of method .41
5.2.4 Hydrogen controlled method .42
5.3 Plate thickness and joint geometry .42
5.3.1 HAZ hardness controlled method.42
5.3.2 Hydrogen controlled method .42
5.4 Hydrogen levels and welding process .43
5.4.1 HAZ hardness controlled method.43
5.4.2 Hydrogen controlled method .43
5.5 Energy input.43
5.6 Special considerations.44
5.7 Determination of minimum preheat.44
5.7.1 Method according to value of CE.44
5.7.2 HAZ hardness controlled method.44
5.7.3 Hydrogen content controlled method .45
Annex A (informative) Comparison of the different methods.54
A.1 General.54
A.2 Parent metal composition range.54
A.3 Plate thickness and joint geometry .54
A.4 Hydrogen levels .55
A.5 Heat input .55
A.6 Prediction comparison.55
A.7 Summary and conclusions.56
Annex B (informative) Abbreviations .77
Bibliography.78

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Foreword
This document CEN ISO/TR 17844:2004 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding”, the
secretariat of which is held by DIN, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 44 “Welding and allied
processes”.
This document includes a Bibliography.
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CEN ISO/TR 17844:2004 (E)
Introduction
The purpose of this document is to compare currently available methods for determining welding procedures for
avoiding hydrogen induced cold cracking during fabrication.
This subject has been extensively studied in recent years and many methods of providing guidance on avoidance
of cold cracking have been published. These methods vary considerably in how comprehensively the subject has
to be treated. It was considered appropriate to set certain important working criteria for selecting the published
methods to be included in this document. In deciding which criteria would be adopted it was agreed that these
should include the capabilities for effective use by industry, the end user. Thus the methods should be able to be
used on the basis of traditionally available information and relevant factors. The agreed list of criteria was set to
include the following main input parameters
 steel composition;
 welding heat input;
 joint geometry and material thickness;
 weld hydrogen level;
 preheat
and in addition
 graphical/computer format of data.
Using the above criteria, the following methods were selected.
 CE (EN 1011-2/ISO/TR 17671-2, C.2-Method A);
 CET (EN 1011-2/ISO/TR 17671-2, C.3-Method B);
 CE (JIS B 8285);
N
 P (ANSI/AWS D1.1).
cm
Each method is considered in a separate clause, under the following headings.
 Description of type of test data used to devise the guidelines, e.g. CTS, y-groove, etc;
 Parent metal composition and range of applicability;
 Material thickness and range of applicability;
 Hydrogen level and welding processes;
 Heat input;
 Other factors/special considerations;
 Determination of preheat (step-by-step example description).
An informative Annex compares and contrasts the predictions of the methods in respect of ten different steels and
a range of material thickness, joint geometry's, heat inputs and hydrogen levels.
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It is important that any calculations using a given method are undertaken using the current edition of the
appropriate standard.
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1 Scope
In addition to EN 1011-2/ISO/TR 17671-2, this document contains further methods for avoidance of cold cracking
used by other members of ISO. This document gives guidance for manual, semi-mechanized, mechanized and
automatic arc welding of ferritic steels, excluding ferritic stainless steels, in all product forms.
Further information about the materials and process parameters is given in Clauses 2 to 5.
NOTE 1 All references are listed in the annex "Bibliography".
NOTE 2 All used abbreviations in this document are explained in EN 1011-2/ISO/TR 17671-2 and Annex B.
2 CE-method
2.1 Cracking test method
This method is based on an original concept of critical hardness to avoid HAZ (heat affected zone) hydrogen
cracking. It has been empirically developed incorporating the extensive results of HAZ hardenability studies and
cracking tests, the latter mainly but not exclusively being the CTS test type. In its present general format the
scheme was originally published in 1973 and, with modifications and updates, has been continuously incorporated
in British Standards for nearly 25 years. The experience of its use, both in the UK and elsewhere, has been
extremely satisfactory.
2.2 Parent metal composition range
The parent metals covered are carbon, carbon manganese, fine grained and low alloyed steels (groups 1 to 3 of
CR ISO 15608:2000).
The steels that were used over many years to develop the method have covered a wide range of compositions and
it is believed that they are adequately represented by Table 1.
Table 1 — Range of chemical composition of the main constituents for parent metal for CE-method
Element Percentage by weight
Carbon ≥ 0,05 ≤ 0,25
Silicon ≤ 0,8
Manganese ≤ 1,7
Chromium ≤ 0,9
Copper ≤ 1,0
Nickel ≤ 2,5
Molybdenum ≤ 0,75
Vanadium ≤ 0,20

Carbon equivalent values (in %) for parent metals are calculated using the following equation (1):
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Mn Cr +Mo +V Ni +Cu
CE =C + + + (1)
IIW
6 5 15
and are applicable to steels with carbon equivalents in the range CE = 0,30 % to 0,70 %.
If of the elements in this formula only carbon and manganese are stated on the mill sheet for carbon and carbon
manganese steels, then 0,03 % should be added to the calculated value to allow for residual elements and
impurities. Where steels of different carbon equivalents or grades are to be joined, the higher carbon equivalent
value should be used.
This carbon equivalent formula may not be suitable for boron containing steels.
2.3 Plate thickness and joint geometry
The influence of plate thickness and joint geometry is determined by calculating the combined thickness. This
should be determined as the sum of the parent metal thickness averaged over a distance of 75 mm from the weld
centre line (see Figure 1).
Combined thickness is used to assess the heat sink of a joint for the purpose of determining the cooling rate.
If the thickness increases greatly beyond 75 mm from the weld centre line, it may be necessary to use a higher
combined thickness value.
Steels with thicknesses, t, in the range 6 mm ≤ t ≥ 100 mm were used in the tests to develop the scheme.
2.4 Hydrogen level and welding process
2.4.1 Hydrogen scales
The hydrogen scales to be used for any arc welding process depend principally on the weld diffusible hydrogen
content (according to EN ISO 3690) and should be as given in Table 2.
Table 2 — Hydrogen scales
Diffusible hydrogen content Hydrogen scale
(ml/100 g deposited material)
> 15 A
10 ≤ 15 B
5 ≤ 10 C
3 ≤ 5 D
≤ 3 E

Data from a wide range of arc welding processes has been used in developing the scheme and these include
manual metal arc (111), gas metal arc with solid wire (131, 135) and tubular wire (136, 137), the latter of both gas
shielded and self shielded types, and submerged arc welding (121).
NOTE The numbers in brackets are process numbers according to EN ISO 4063.
2.4.2 Selection of hydrogen scales
The following is general guidance on the selection of the appropriate hydrogen scale for various welding
processes.
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Manual metal arc welding with basic covered electrodes can be used with the scale B to D depending on the
electrode manufacturer's/supplier's classification of the consumable. Manual metal arc welding with rutile or
cellulosic electrodes should be used with scale A.
Flux cored or metal cored consumables can be used with scales B to D depending on the manufacturer's/supplier's
classification of the wire electrodes. Submerged arc welding with one wire electrode (121) and flux consumable
combinations can have hydrogen levels appropriate to scales B to D, although most typically these will be scale C
but therefore need assessing for each named product combination and condition. Submerged arc fluxes can be
classified by the manufacture/supplier but this does not necessarily confirm that a practical flux wire combination
also meets the same classification.
Solid wire electrodes for gas-shielded arc welding (131, 135) and for TIG welding (141) may be used with scale D
unless specifically assessed and shown to meet scale E. Scale E may also be found to be appropriate for some
cored wires (136, 137) and some manual metal arc covered electrodes, but only after specific assessment. In
achieving these low levels of hydrogen consideration should be given to the contribution of hydrogen from the
shielding gas composition and atmospheric humidity.
For plasma arc welding (15), specific assessment should be made.
NOTE The numbers in brackets are process numbers according to EN ISO 4063.
2.5 Heat input
Heat input values (in kJ/mm) for use with Figure 2 a) to m) should be calculated in accordance with EN 1011-1/
ISO/TR 17671-1 and EN 1011-2/ISO/TR 17671-2.
For manual metal-arc welding, heat input values are expressed in Tables 3 to 6 in terms of electrode size and weld
run lengths.
The details given in Tables 3 to 6 relate to electrodes having an original length of 450 mm. For other electrode
lengths the following equation (2) may be used:
2
()Electrode diameter ××L F
Run length()mm =
Heat input
(2)
where
L is the consumed length of the electrode (in mm) (normally the original length of 450 mm less 40 mm for
stub end);
3
F is a factor (in kJ/mm ) having a value depending on the electrode efficiency, as follows:
 efficiency approximately 95 %  F = 0,0368
 95 % < efficiency ≤ 110 %  F = 0,0408
110 % < efficiency ≤ 130%  F = 0,0472
efficiency > 130%   F = 0,0608
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Table 3 — Run length for manual metal-arc welding – 95 % electrode efficiency, approximately
Heat Run length from 410 mm of a 450 mm electrode of diameter
input
2,5 3,2 4,0 5,0 6,0 6,3
kJ/mm
mm mm mm mm mm mm
0,8 120 195 300 470
1,0 95 155 240 375 545 600
1,2 130 200 315 450 500
1,4 110 170 270 390 430
1,6 95 150 235 340 375
1,8 85 135 210 300 335
2,0  120 190 270 300
2,2  110 170 245 270
2,5  95 150 215 240
3,0  80 125 180 200
3,5  110 155 170
4,0  95 135 150
4,5  85 120 135
5,0   110 120
5,5   100 110
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Table 4 — Run length for manual metal-arc welding – 95% < electode efficiency ≤ 110%
Heat Run length from 410 mm of a 450 mm electrode of diameter
input 2,5 3,2 4,0 5,0 6,0 6,3
kJ/mm
mm mm mm mm mm mm
0,8 130 215 325 525
1,0 105 170 270 420 600
1,2 85 145 225 350 500 555
1,4 120 190 300 430 475
1,6 105 165 260 375 415
1,8 95 150 230 335 370
2,0 85 135 210 300 330
2,2  120 190 275 300
2,5  105 165 240 265
3,0  90 140 200 220
3,5  120 170 190
4,0  105 150 165
4,5  95 135 150
5,0  85 120 135
5,5   110 120

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Table 5 — Run length for manual metal-arc welding – 110 %< electrode efficiency ≤ 130 %
Heat Run length from 410 mm of a 450 mm electrode of diameter
input 2,5 3,2 4,0 5,0 6,0 6,3
kJ/mm
mm mm mm mm mm mm
0,8 150 250 385 605
1,0 120 200 310 485
1,2 100 165 260 405 580
1,4 85 140 220 345 500 550
1,6 125 195 300 435 480
1,8 110 170 270 385 425
2,0 100 155 240 350 385
2,2 90 140 220 315 350
2,5  125 195 280 305
3,0  105 160 230 255
3,5  90 140 200 220
4,0  120 175 190
4,5  110 155 170
5,0  95 140 155
5,5  90 125 140

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Table 6 — Run length for manual metal-arc welding – electrode efficiency > 130%
Heat Run length from 410 mm of a 450 mm electrode of diameter
input 3,2 4,0 5,0 6,0 6,3
kJ/mm
mm mm mm mm mm
0,8 320 500
1,0 255 400 625
1,2 215 330 520
1,4 180 285 445
1,6 160 250 390 560 620
1,8 140 220 345 500 550
2,0 130 200 310 450 495
2,2 115 180 285 410 450
2,5 100 160 250 360 395
3,0 85 135 210 300 330
3,5 115 180 255 285
4,0 100 155 225 245
4,5 90 140 200 220
5,0  125 180 200
5,5  115 165 180

2.6 Special considerations
2.6.1 Conditions which might require more stringent procedures
The preheating conditions presented in Figure 2 a) to m) have been found from experience to provide a satisfactory
basis for deriving safe welding procedures for many welded fabrications. However, the risk of hydrogen cracking is
influenced by several parameters and these can sometimes exert an adverse influence greater than accounted for
in Figure 2 a) to m). The following covers some of the factors that may increase the risk of cracking to above that
envisaged in drawing up the data in Figure 2. Precise quantification of the effects of these factors on the need for a
more stringent procedure and on the changes to the welding procedure required to avoid cracking cannot be made
at present. The following should therefore be considered as guidelines only.
Joint restraint is a complex function of section thickness, weld preparation, joint geometry and the stiffness of the
structure. Welds made in section thicknesses above approximately 50 mm and root runs in double bevel butt joints
may require more stringent procedures.
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Certain welding processes may not be adequate for avoiding weld metal hydrogen cracking when welding steels of
low carbon equivalent. This is more likely to be the case when welding thick sections (e.g. greater than
approximately 50 mm) and with higher heat inputs.
The use of higher strength alloyed weld metal or carbon manganese weld metal with a manganese content above
approximately 1,5 % may lead to higher operative stresses. Whether or not this causes an increased risk of HAZ
cracking, the weld deposit would generally be harder and more susceptible to cracking itself, and in this condition
increased precautions against hydrogen cracking are advised.
Experience and research have indicated that lowering the inclusion content of the steel, principally by lowering the
sulphur content (but also the oxygen content), may increase the hardness of the heat-affected zone, and possibly
cause a small increase in the risk of HAZ hydrogen cracking. Accurate quantification of the effect is not presently
practicable.
Although modifications to the procedures to deal with welds involving the above factors can, in principle, be
obtained through a change in heat input or preheat or weld hydrogen level, the most effective modification is to
lower the weld hydrogen level. This can be done either directly, by lowering the weld hydrogen input to the weld
(use of lower hydrogen welding processes or consumables), or by increasing hydrogen loss from the weld by
diffusion through the use of post-heat for a period of time after welding. The required post-heat time will depend on
many factors, but a period of 2 h to 3 h has been found to be beneficial in many instances. It is recommended that
the required modifications to the procedures be derived by the use of adequate joint simulation weld testing.
2.6.2 Relaxations
Relaxations of the welding procedures may be possible under the following conditions:
 General preheating. If the whole component or a width more than twice that stated in Clause 12 of EN 1011-2 :
2001 (ISO/TR 17671-2:2002) is preheated, it is generally possible to reduce the preheating temperature by a
limited amount;
 Limited heat sink. If the heat sink is limited in one or more directions (e.g. when the shortest heat path is less
than ten times the fillet leg length) especially in the thicker plate (e.g. in the case of a lap joint where the
outstand is only marginally greater than the fillet weld leg len
...