SIST EN 13001-3-3:2014
(Main)Cranes - General design - Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts
Cranes - General design - Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts
This European Standard is to be used together with EN 13001-1 and EN 13001-2 and as such they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent mechanical hazards of wheel/rail contacts of cranes by design and theoretical verification. This European Standard covers requirements for steel and cast iron wheels and is applicable for metallic wheel/rail contacts only.
Roller bearings are not in the scope of this European Standard.
Exceeding the limits of strength is a significant hazardous situation and hazardous event that could result in risks to persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clauses 5 to 6 of this European Standard are necessary to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with this hazard.
This European Standard is applicable to cranes, which are manufactured after the date of approval of this European Standard by CEN, and serves as a reference base for product standards of particular crane types.
This European Standard is for design purposes only and should not be seen as a guarantee of actual performance.
EN 13001-3-3 deals only with limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1.
Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-3: Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweis von Laufrad/Schiene-Kontakten
Diese Europäische Norm ist in Verbindung mit EN 13001-1 und EN 13001-2 anzuwenden und legt die allgemeinen Bedingungen, Anforderungen und Methoden zur Verhinderung mechanischer Gefahren bei Laufrad/Schiene-Kontakt von Kranen durch die Konstruktion und den theoretischen Nachweis fest. Diese Europäische Norm enthält die Anforderungen an Laufräder aus Stahl und Gusseisen und gilt ausschließlich für metallische Laufrad/Schiene-Kontakte.
Rollenlager fallen nicht in den Anwendungsbereich dieser Europäischen Norm.
Das Überschreiten der Festigkeitsgrenzen stellt eine signifikante Gefährdungssituation und ein signifikantes Gefährdungsereignis dar, die/das zu einem Risiko für Personen während des normalen Gebrauchs und des vorhersehbaren Missbrauchs führen kann. Abschnitt 5 und Abschnitt 6 dieser Europäischen Norm sind erforderlich, um die Risiken in Verbindung mit dieser Gefährdung zu verringern oder zu beseitigen.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Krane, die nach dem Datum der Annahme dieser Europäischen Norm durch das CEN hergestellt werden und dient als Referenzgrundlage für Produktnormen für bestimmte Krantypen.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt ausschließlich für Entwurfszwecke und sollte nicht als Garantie für die tatsächliche Leistung angesehen werden.
FprEN 13001-3-3 befasst sich nur mit der Grenzzustandsmethode nach EN 13001-1.
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-3 : Etats limites et vérification d'aptitude des contacts galet/rail
La présente Norme européenne est à utiliser conjointement avec les EN 13001-1 et EN 13001-2 pour spécifier les conditions, prescriptions et méthodes générales permettant, par la conception et la vérification théorique, d’éviter les risques mécaniques dus aux contacts galet/rail des appareils de levage à charge suspendue. La présente Norme européenne traite des galets en acier et en fonte et est applicable uniquement aux contacts galet/rail métalliques.
Les roulements à rouleaux ne sont pas couverts par le domaine d’application de la présente Norme européenne.
Le dépassement des limites de résistance est une situation dangereuse significative ainsi qu’ un événement dangereux significatif susceptible d'entraîner des risques pour les personnes lors d'une utilisation normale ou d'une mauvaise utilisation prévisible. Les Articles 5 à 6 de la présente Norme européenne sont nécessaires pour réduire ou éliminer les risques associés à ce phénomène dangereux.
La présente Norme européenne s'applique aux appareils de levage à charge suspendue construits après la date d'approbation par le CEN de la présente norme, et sert de référence pour les normes produits de types particuliers d’appareils de levage à charge suspendue.
La présente Norme européenne a seulement pour objet la conception ; il convient de ne pas la considérer comme une garantie de performance réelle.
Le FprEN 13001-3-3 traite uniquement de la méthode des états limites selon l’EN 13001-1.
Žerjavi - Konstrukcija, splošno - 3-3. del: Mejna stanja in dokaz varnosti stika kolo-tirnica
Ta evropski standard je namenjen uporabi s standardoma EN 13001-1 in EN 13001-2. Ti standardi skupaj določajo splošne pogoje, zahteve in metode za preprečevanje mehanskih nevarnosti stika kolo-tirnica pri žerjavih s preverjanjem konstrukcije in teoretičnih predpostavk. Ta evropski standard obravnava zahteve za jeklena in litoželezna kolesa ter se uporablja le za kovinske stike kolo-tirnica.
Področje uporabe tega standarda ne zajema kotalnih ležajev.
Preseganje omejitev moči je pomembna nevarna situacija in nevaren dogodek, zaradi katerih bi lahko prišlo do ogroženosti oseb med običajno uporabo in predvideno nepravilno uporabo. Točki 5 in 6 v tem evropskem standardu sta potrebni za omejitev ali odpravo tveganj, povezanih s to nevarnostjo.
Ta evropski standard se uporablja za žerjave, ki so proizvedeni po datumu, ko je CEN sprejel ta evropski standard, in se uporablja kot referenčna osnova standardom za proizvode za posamezne vrste žerjavov. Ta evropski standard je namenjen le za potrebe konstrukcije in naj ne bi veljal za jamstvo dejanskega delovanja. Standard EN 13001-3-3 v skladu s standardom EN 13001-1 obravnava le metodo mejnega stanja.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Žerjavi - Konstrukcija, splošno - 3-3. del: Mejna stanja in dokaz varnosti stika kolo-tirnicaKrane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-3: Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweis von Laufrad/Schiene-KontaktenAppareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-3 : Etats limites et vérification d'aptitude des contacts galet/railCranes - General design - Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts53.020.20DvigalaCranesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13001-3-3:2014SIST EN 13001-3-3:2014en,fr,de01-december-2014SIST EN 13001-3-3:2014SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 13001-3-3:2014
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13001-3-3
October 2014 ICS 53.020.20 English Version
Cranes - General design - Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-3 : Etats limites et vérification d'aptitude des contacts galet/rail
Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-3: Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweis von Laufrad/Schiene-Kontakten This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 August 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13001-3-3:2014 ESIST EN 13001-3-3:2014
EN 13001-3-3:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3 Introduction .4 1 Scope .5 2 Normative references .5 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations .5 3.1 Terms and definitions .5 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations .6 4 General .7 4.1 General principles.7 4.2 Line and point contact cases .8 4.3 Hardness profile below contact surface .9 4.4 Equivalent modulus of elasticity . 10 5 Proof of static strength . 10 5.1 General . 10 5.2 Design contact force . 10 5.3 Static limit design contact force . 11 5.3.1 General . 11 5.3.2 Calculation of the limit design force . 11 5.3.3 Edge pressure in line contact . 12 5.3.4 Non-uniform pressure distribution in line contact . 12 6 Proof of fatigue strength . 13 6.1 General . 13 6.2 Design contact force . 13 6.3 Limit design contact force . 13 6.3.1 Basic formula . 13 6.3.2 Reference contact force . 14 6.3.3 Contact force history parameter . 14 6.3.4 Contact force spectrum factor . 15 6.3.5 Counting of rolling contacts . 15 6.3.6 Relative total number of rolling contacts . 16 6.3.7 Classification of contact force history parameter . 16 6.4 Factors of further influences . 17 6.4.1 Basic formula . 17 6.4.2 Edge pressure for fatigue . 17 6.4.3 Non-uniform pressure distribution for fatigue . 17 6.4.4 Skewing . 17 6.4.5 Mechanical drive factor . 18 Annex A (informative)
Strength properties for a selection of wheel and rail materials . 19 Annex B (informative)
Conversion table of hardnesses . 20 Annex C (informative)
Examples for wheel/rail material pairs and their wear behaviour . 21 Annex D (informative)
Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application . 22 Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC . 23 Bibliography . 24
SIST EN 13001-3-3:2014
EN 13001-3-3:2014 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 13001-3-3:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes — Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. This European Standard is one part of EN 13001, Cranes — General design. The other parts are as follows: — Part 1: General principles and requirements — Part 2: Load actions — Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structure — Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in reeving systems — Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery — Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks For the relationship with other European Standards for cranes, see Annex D. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 13001-3-3:2014
EN 13001-3-3:2014 (E) 4 Introduction This European Standard has been prepared to provide a means for the mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform with the essential health and safety requirements. This European Standard also establishes interfaces between the user (purchaser) and the designer, as well as between the designer and the component manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components. This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100. The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in the Scope of this European Standard. When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard. SIST EN 13001-3-3:2014
EN 13001-3-3:2014 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard is to be used together with EN 13001-1 and EN 13001-2 and as such they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent mechanical hazards of wheel/rail contacts of cranes by design and theoretical verification. This European Standard covers requirements for steel and cast iron wheels and is applicable for metallic wheel/rail contacts only. Roller bearings are not in the scope of this European Standard. Exceeding the limits of strength is a significant hazardous situation and hazardous event that could result in risks to persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clause 5 to Clause 6 of this European Standard are necessary to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with this hazard. This European Standard is applicable to cranes, which are manufactured after the date of approval of this European Standard by CEN, and serves as a reference base for product standards of particular crane types. This European Standard is for design purposes only and should not be seen as a guarantee of actual performance. EN 13001-3-3 deals only with limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13001-1, Cranes - General design - Part 1: General principles and requirements EN 13001-2, Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions EN ISO 6506-1, Metallic materials - Brinell hardness test - Part 1: Test method (ISO 6506-1) EN ISO 12100, Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100) ISO 4306-1, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General ISO 12488-1:2012, Cranes — Tolerances for wheels and travel and traversing tracks — Part 1: General 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100, ISO 4306-1 and the following apply. 3.1.1 wheel rolling component in a rolling contact enabling relative movement between two crane parts EXAMPLE Crane travel wheels, trolley traverse wheels, guide rollers and wheels/rollers supporting slewing structures. Note 1 to entry: Roller elements in rolling bearings are not considered as wheels. SIST EN 13001-3-3:2014
EN 13001-3-3:2014 (E) 6 3.1.2 unit-conform hardness Brinell hardness HBW of the material given with the unit of the modulus of elasticity EXAMPLE A Brinell hardness HBW of 300 results in a unit-conform hardness HB = 300 N/mm2. Note 1 to entry: Annex B provides a table of hardness conversion for different methods of hardness measurements. 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviations given in Table 1 apply. Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations Symbols, abbreviations Description b Effective load-bearing width Dw Wheel diameter Em Equivalent modulus of elasticity Er Modulus of elasticity of the rail material Ew Modulus of elasticity of the wheel material F Wheel load FRd,s Limit design contact force FSd,s Design contact force FRd,f Limit design contact force for fatigue FSd,f Maximum design contact force for fatigue FSd,f,i Design contact force for fatigue in contact (i) FSd0,s Non-factored design contact force (calculated with partial safety factors set to 1) Fu Reference contact force ff Factors of further influences in fatigue ff1 Decreasing factor for edge pressure in fatigue ff2 Decreasing factor for non-uniform pressure distribution in fatigue ff3 Decreasing factor for skewing in fatigue ff4 Decreasing factor for driven wheels in fatigue f1 Decreasing factor for edge pressure f2 Decreasing factor for non-uniform pressure distribution fy Yield stress or 0,2 % proof stress of the material, prior to surface hardening when this process is applied. In the text of the standard only the term yield stress is used to denote either. HBW Brinell hardness HB Unit-conform hardness, [N/mm2] i Index of a rolling contact SIST EN 13001-3-3:2014
EN 13001-3-3:2014 (E) 7 Symbols, abbreviations Description iD Number of rolling contacts at reference point itot Total number of rolling contacts during the design life of wheel or rail m Slope constant of log F/log N-curve for rolling contacts kc Contact force spectrum factor rk Radius of the crowned rail head or the second wheel radius r3 Radius of the wheel or rail edge sc Contact force history parameter Sc Classes of contact force history parameter w Width of projecting, non-contact area zml, zmp Depth of maximum shear stress for line and point contact case, respectively .=Skew angle .g=Part of the skew angle . due to the slack of the guide .t=Part of the skew angle . due to tolerances .w Part of the skew angle . due to wear cf Contact resistance factor m General resistance coefficient; m = 1,1 n Risk coefficient p Partial safety factors =Radial strain coefficient ( = 0,3 for steel) c Relative total number of rolling contacts Ûi Dynamic factors (see EN 13001-2) 4 General 4.1 General principles The proof of competence for static strength and fatigue strength shall be fulfilled for the selection of wheel and rail combination. In the proof of competence for static strength the material properties of the weaker party (wheel or rail) shall be applied, whereas the proof of competence for fatigue strength (rolling contact fatigue, RCF) shall be conducted separately to each party, applying its specific material property and number of rolling contacts. The proof shall be applied to all arrangements in cranes, where a wheel/rail type of rolling contact occurs, e.g. crane travel wheels, trolley traverse wheels, guide rollers and wheels/rollers supporting slewing structures. The term wheel is used throughout the document for the rolling party in a contact. NOTE For recommendations on dimensions of wheel flanges, refer to EN 13135, Annex B. The proof of competence criteria in Clause 5 and Clause 6 are based upon Hertz pressure on the contact surface and the shear stress below the surface due to the wheel/rail contact. SIST EN 13001-3-3:2014
EN 13001-3-3:2014 (E) 8 Some formulae used for calculations within this document refer to a so called “unit-conform hardness” HB based on the Brinell hardness HBW given as a value without unit according to EN ISO 6506-1. The unit of HB shall match with the unit of the modulus of elasticity used in the calculation. Using SI-units, the unit-conform hardness is given by: 2mmNHBWHB⋅= (1) where HB is the unit-conform hardness; HBW is the value of the Brinell hardness. 4.2 Line and point contact cases There are principally two different contact cases in typical designs of crane wheels and rails: a line contact and a point contact (see Figure 1). With the crown radius rk relatively large in relation to width of the wheel and rail, as is the case for cranes, point contact even for new installations will be rapidly transformed into line contact. Figure 1 shows the conditions of the point contacts, which can be considered as line contacts, for the proof of both static and fatigue strength.
a) Line contact b) Point contact
Point contact cases, where []wrk;min5bbr×≤ are outside the scope of this standard. In cases, where []wrk;min200bbr×[, the requirements given for line contact shall be applied. The effective contact widths (bw, br) are determined by deducting from the material width of wheel/rail the effect of corner radius equal to 2 × r3. Figure 1 — Contact cases SIST EN 13001-3-3:2014
EN 13001-3-3:2014 (E) 9 4.3 Hardness profile below contact surface It shall be ensured that the hardness achieved extends into the material deeper than the depth of maximum shear, preferably twice this depth. The hardness value can be obtained using the ultimate strength of the material and appropriate conversion tables. For commonly used materials, see Annex B. Special care shall be taken with surface hardening and the depth zone, to ensure that the hardness profile does not drop below the shear profile (see Figure 2).
Key z depth zml, zmp depths of maximum shear stress for line and point contact case respectively HB unit-conform hardness 1 hardness, the surface hardened zone 2 hardness, the natural hardness of the material 3 shear stress 2 due to contact force Figure 2 — Hardness and shear stress versus depth The depth of maximum shear for line contact cases shall be calculated as: ()m2wsSd0,ml10,50EbDFz×−××π××=ν (2) and for point contact cases this shall be calculated as: 3kw2msSd0,mp1210,68+−××=rDEFzν (3) where FSd0,s is the maximum, non-factored design contact force within the Load Combinations A to C in accordance with EN 13001-2; Em is the equivalent modulus of elasticity, see 4.4. SIST EN 13001-3-3:2014
EN 13001-3-3:2014 (E) 10 The contact surface of the wheel rim on hardened wheels should be finished to a surface quality Ra 6,3 better in accordance with EN ISO 4287. 4.4 Equivalent modulus of elasticity The equivalent modulus of elasticity shall be calculated by Formula (4), which covers also the case where the elastic modulus of wheel and rail are different: rwrwm2EEEEE+⋅⋅= (4) where Em is the equivalent modulus of elasticity; Ew is the modulus of elasticity of the wheel; Er is the modulus of elasticity of the rail. Values of the elastic moduli for selected materials are given in Table 2. Table 2 — Values of elastic modulus Wheel/rail material Modulus of elasticity N/mm2 Steel 210 000 Cast iron 176 000 Steel/cast iron-combination Em = 191 500 5 Proof of static strength 5.1 General For the proof of static strength of wheel/rail contacts, it shall be proven that for all relevant load combinations of EN 13001-2: FSd,s ≤ FRd,s (5) where FSd,s is the design contact force; FRd,s is the limit design contact force. 5.2 Design contact force The design c
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