SIST EN 1645-1:2005
(Main)Leisure accommodation vehicles - Caravans - Part 1: Habitation requirements relating to health and safety
Leisure accommodation vehicles - Caravans - Part 1: Habitation requirements relating to health and safety
This document specifies requirements intended to ensure the safety and health of people when they use caravans for temporary or seasonal habitation.
It also specifies the corresponding test methods.
EN 1645 2 gives requirements relating to user payloads for caravans.
Requirements applicable to road safety are not included in the scope of this document.
This document is applicable exclusively to rigid and rigid folding caravans as defined in EN 13878.
Bewohnbare Freizeitfahrzeuge - Caravans - Teil 1: Anforderungen an den Wohnbereich hinsichtlich Gesundheit und Sicherheit
Dieses Dokument legt Anforderungen für die Sicherheit und Gesundheit von Personen fest, wenn diese die Caravans
zeitweilig oder saisonbedingt benutzen.
Es legt auch die entsprechenden Prüfverfahren fest.
EN 1645-2 enthält die Anforderungen an die Zuladung von Caravans.
Anforderungen an die Sicherheit im Straßenverkehr gehören nicht zum Anwendungsbereich dieses Dokuments.
Dieses Dokument gilt ausschließlich für starre Caravans und Klappcaravans nach den Begriffen in EN 13878.
Vehicules habitables de loisirs - Caravanes - Partie 1: Exigences d'habitation relatives a la santé et a la sécurité
Le présent document spécifie les prescriptions destinées a assurer la sécurité et la santé des personnes lorsque
celles-ci utilisent les caravanes comme logements temporaires ou saisonniers.
Il spécifie également les méthodes d'essais correspondantes.
L?EN 1645-2 donne les prescriptions relatives aux charges utiles pour les caravanes.
Les prescriptions du présent document n'incluent pas les exigences applicables a la sécurité routiere.
Le présent document s'applique exclusivement aux caravanes rigides et aux caravanes pliantes rigides telles que
définies dans l?EN 13878.
Bivalna počitniška vozila - Prikolice - 1. del: Zdravstvene in varnostne zahteve za bivanje
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 1645-1:2005
01-april-2005
%LYDOQDSRþLWQLãNDYR]LOD3ULNROLFHGHO =GUDYVWYHQHLQYDUQRVWQH]DKWHYH]D
ELYDQMH
Leisure accommodation vehicles - Caravans - Part 1: Habitation requirements relating to
health and safety
Bewohnbare Freizeitfahrzeuge - Caravans - Teil 1: Anforderungen an den Wohnbereich
hinsichtlich Gesundheit und Sicherheit
Vehicules habitables de loisirs - Caravanes - Partie 1: Exigences d'habitation relatives a
la santé et a la sécurité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1645-1:2004
ICS:
43.100 Osebni avtomobili. Bivalne Passenger cars. Caravans
prikolice in lahke prikolice and light trailers
SIST EN 1645-1:2005 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 1645-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2004
ICS 43.100 Supersedes EN 1645-1:1998
English version
Leisure accommodation vehicles - Caravans - Part 1: Habitation
requirements relating to health and safety
Vehicules habitables de loisirs - Caravanes - Partie 1: Bewohnbare Freizeitfahrzeuge - Caravans - Teil 1:
Exigences d'habitation relatives à la santé et à la sécurité Anforderungen an den Wohnbereich hinsichtlich
Gesundheit und Sicherheit
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 October 2004.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1645-1:2004: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
EN 1645-1:2004 (E)
Contents
Page
Foreword.3
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Testing .5
5 Design and construction.6
6 Internal equipment.8
7 Drinking water supply, storage and disposal of waste water .10
8 Appliances.11
9 Classification of thermal insulation and heating.11
10 Installations .12
11 Ventilation.12
12 Fire precautions.12
13 Warning notice.16
14 User's handbook.17
Annex A (normative) Rigidity test (See 5.2) .18
Annex B (normative) Grab handle test (see 5.4).19
Annex C (normative) Strength of Entrance Steps (see 5.5.3).21
Annex D (normative) Slip resistance test (see 5.5.4) .22
Annex E (normative) Separate entrance step stability test (see 5.5.4.2) .24
Annex F (normative) Clear height over bunks (see 6.1.2) .25
Annex G (normative) Strength of protection against falling out of bunks (see 6.1.3.3).26
Annex H (normative) Mechanical strength of bunks (see 6.1.4) .27
Annex I (normative) Security of folding bunks (see 6.1.5) .28
Annex J (normative) Safety of access to upper bunks (see 6.1.6) .29
Annex K (normative) Measurement of gaps (see 6.1.7).31
Annex L (normative) Thermal insulation – Method of calculation (see clause 9).32
Annex M (normative) Determination of the thermal transmittance for caravans – Test method
(see clause 9) .38
Annex N (normative) Test equipment.40
Bibliography .43
2
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
EN 1645-1:2004 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 1645-1:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 245 “Leisure
accommodation vehicles”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by June 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by
June 2005.
This document supersedes EN 1645—1:1998.
This standard is one of a series covering the habitation aspects of leisure accommodation vehicles. The standard
includes 14 normative Annexes.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
EN 1645-1:2004 (E)
4
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
EN 1645-1:2004 (E)
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements intended to ensure the safety and health of people when they use caravans
for temporary or seasonal habitation.
It also specifies the corresponding test methods.
EN 1645-2 gives requirements relating to user payloads for caravans.
Requirements applicable to road safety are not included in the scope of this document.
This document is applicable exclusively to rigid and rigid folding caravans as defined in EN 13878.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references,
only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
EN 3-7, Portable fire extinguishers — Part 7: Characteristics, performance requirements and test methods.
EN 721, Leisure accommodation vehicles – Safety ventilation requirements.
EN 722-1, Leisure accommodation vehicles – Liquid fuel heating systems – Part 1: Caravans and caravan holiday
homes.
EN 1645-2, Leisure accommodation vehicles – Caravans – Part 2: User payload.
EN 1648-1, Leisure accommodation vehicles – 12 V direct current extra low voltage electrical installations -
Part 1: Caravans.
EN 1949, Specification for the installation of LPG-systems for habitation purposes in leisure accommodation
vehicles and in other road vehicles.
EN 13878:2003, Leisure accommodation vehicles – Terms and definitions.
ISO 4649:1985, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of abrasion resistance using a rotating
cylindrical drum device.
IEC 60364.7.708, Electrical installations of buildings – Part 7: Requirements for special installations or locations –
Section 708: Electrical installations in caravan parks and caravans.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 13878:2003 apply.
4 Testing
The tests described in Annex A to N are intended to verify that a caravan representative of a given model, including
its fixtures and fittings, meets the requirements of this standard.
These tests are intended to simulate the most onerous conditions, for the relevant characteristics.
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
EN 1645-1:2004 (E)
5 Design and construction
5.1 Occupancy
The manufacturer shall designate the occupancy as the number of berths, both standard berths and additional
berths provided by the manufacturer and shall include it in the user's handbook and in his brochures. The
occupancy is also needed in order to determine the ventilation requirements (see EN 721).
5.2 Rigidity
When stationary, with the floor horizontal and all corner steadies extended to the ground, an upward thrust of
1 500 N applied to one corner steady for a duration of 15 min shall not cause the caravan to distort to an extent that
would make any door or window difficult to open.
Rigidity shall be tested in accordance with Annex A.
5.3 Corner steadies
Each caravan shall be equipped with four steadies, one at each of its four corners. Each steady shall be retractable
and adjustable in height. Each steady shall be capable, when extended, of carrying a load of not less than 25 % of
the maximum technically permissible laden mass of the caravan. An appropriate operating tool shall be provided.
A certificate, from the corner steady manufacturer or supplier shall accompany the caravan to be tested showing,
either by calculation or by test, the loading capability of each type of corner steady.
5.4 Grab handles
Four external grab handles for manoeuvring the caravan shall be located externally to the body work, one on each
side at the front and one on each side at the rear.
For those caravans with a maximum technically permissible laden mass not exceeding 750 kg, two grab handles at
the front of the caravan one on each side are sufficient.
The hand clearance aperture of each grab handle shall be not less than 30 mm × 120 mm.
The grab handles shall be tested according to Annex B.
There shall be no visible permanent deformation or loosening of the grab handle and/or of its fixings.
5.5 Entrance steps
5.5.1 Heights
When the entrance height of the caravan, measured at maximum technically permissible laden mass, and standing
on horizontal ground, exceeds 400 mm, the caravan shall either be fitted with an entrance step, attachable or
integral with the structure of the caravan, or a separate entrance step(s) shall be provided.
The rise of the first tread shall not exceed 400 mm. The rise of any other tread shall not exceed 300 mm.
It is recommended that all separate step(s) be attached to the caravan when in use to improve their stability.
It is recommended that the rise of the steps be equal.
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
EN 1645-1:2004 (E)
5.5.2 Minimum tread dimensions
The minimum tread dimensions shall be:
a) attachable or Integral entrance steps: 150 mm going x 320 mm wide;
b) separate steps: 270 mm going x 450 mm wide.
5.5.3 Mechanical strength
An entrance step and any fixing devices shall be capable of withstanding a force of 2 000 N applied to any surface
area of 100 mm × 150 mm of the tread.
After application of this force for a period of 5 min, any permanent deformation caused shall not exceed 5 mm.
The strength of each step shall be tested in accordance with Annex C.
5.5.4 Slip resistance test
5.5.4.1 Attachable or integral step
An attachable or integral step shall have a slip resistant surface. The slip resistance shall be tested in accordance
with Annex D.
5.5.4.2 Separate entrance step
A separate step shall have a slip resistant surface. The slip resistant surface shall be tested in accordance with
Annex D after having immobilised the feet or base of the step.
In addition a separate step shall remain stable when tested in accordance with Annex E.
5.6 Doors
5.6.1 Dimensions
Exterior door openings for rigid caravans shall have a minimum clear height of 1 590 mm and a minimum clear
width of 480 mm.
Exterior door openings for rigid folding caravans including caravans with an elevating roof shall have a minimum
clear height of 1 300 mm and a minimum clear width of 480 mm.
The measurements taken shall be clear from any protrusions or obstructions (for example fly screens, door
catches, hinges, etc.), except for a radius in each corner of not more than 90 mm.
NOTE Verification of compliance can be achieved by passing a rectangular test board with dimensions 1 590 mm by
480 mm (or 1 300 mm by 480 mm for rigid folding caravans), and with 90 mm radiused corners, through the open doorway,
parallel to the frame.
5.6.2 Securing doors
Each exterior door shall be fitted with a locking device capable of keeping it closed when subjected to all forces
caused by the movement of the vehicle in normal traffic conditions.
Interior doors shall be capable of being kept in a fixed position, open or closed, in the above conditions.
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
EN 1645-1:2004 (E)
6 Internal equipment
6.1 Bunks
6.1.1 Mattress and/or upholstery
Bunks shall be provided with mattresses or be upholstered.
6.1.2 Clearance
The clear width of a bunk shall be not less than 500 mm. The clear height over 2/3 of the surface area of the bunk
shall be not less than 500 mm when measured from the compressed surface of the mattress or upholstery in
accordance with the test in Annex F.
6.1.3 Protection against falling out
6.1.3.1 General
Any bunk where the uncompressed upper surface of the mattress or upholstery is placed at a height of more than
1 000 mm from the floor, shall be protected on all sides to prevent the occupant from falling out.
All protections shall be secured against unintentional loosening.
Upper bunks shall be provided with a label with the following wording:
"Not suitable for children under 6 years old without supervision"
6.1.3.2 Rigid protection
For rigid protection, the minimum height of the protection shall be at least 150 mm above the uncompressed upper
surface of the mattress or upholstery. The protection shall be continuous except for a section of 300 mm to 500 mm
to allow for means of access.
Where a rigid protection presents an apparent flexibility, its resistance shall be tested in accordance with Annex G.
A protection is considered as rigid if it is not bent more than 10 mm under a force of 100 N applied horizontally in
the middle of the protection.
6.1.3.3 Protection by curtains or nets
Alternatively, the protection may be obtained by means of curtains or nets. The minimum height of the protection
shall be at least 160 mm above the uncompressed upper surface of the mattress or upholstery, when the upper
edge is loaded with 100 N in vertical direction downward.
To allow access to the bunk, the curtains or nets on at least one side of the bunk may be detachable allowing an
opening at least 500 mm wide.
Means of emergency exit from the bunk shall be accessible from the upper surface of the bunk.
The curtains or nets shall be capable of resisting a force of 100 N applied horizontally towards the outside of the
bunk for 15 s to any point and this shall not result in any tearing nor detaching nor creating any gap larger than
60 mm at the lower edge of the protection.
The strength of the curtains or nets shall be tested in accordance with Annex G.
Any gap created during the resistance test shall be measured in accordance with Annex K.
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EN 1645-1:2004 (E)
6.1.4 Mechanical strength
A force of 1 000 N applied vertically downwards, for 1 h, from the midpoint of each side member of any bunk where
the upper surface of the compressed mattress or upholstery is placed at a height of more than 500 mm from the
floor, shall neither cause permanent deformation of more than 5 mm of the frame of the bunk nor damage the fixing
of the bunk to the structure of the caravan.
The mechanical strength shall be tested in accordance with Annex H.
6.1.5 Security of folding bunks
If a bunk is designed to fold away it shall be secured against unintentional folding away.
A folding bunk shall not unintentionally move from its stored position. Both conditions will be tested in accordance
with Annex I.
6.1.6 Access to upper bunks
A means of access to an upper bunk shall be provided, such as surfaces of furniture, footholes in a solid
component, handles or a ladder which shall be fixed or be able to be attached, to the bunk, in a safe manner.
The width of the treads between supports shall be at least 250 mm.
When a ladder is used, the upper surfaces of the treads shall be equally spaced within a tolerance of ± 12 mm, and
the unobstructed distance between consecutive treads shall be 225 mm ± 25 mm.
When tested in accordance with Annex J the ladder shall not move when subjected to a downward static load of
1 000 N and a horizontal static load of 500 N, nor shall the ladder or its treads break or deflect permanently by
more than 5 mm.
Where it is impractical to test the bunk ladder in the caravan, it is acceptable to test an identical configuration of the
ladder, its method of fixing and its range of positions of use, outside the caravan according to Annex J.
6.1.7 Protection against entrapment
When ready for use a bunk and its means of access shall not contain any open-ended tubing, nor shall there be
projections, holes, loose washers, speed fixing nuts or crevices on which clothing or any part of the body could
become snagged or trapped. Tension springs in the base structure are excluded. All edges, corners and projecting
parts that are accessible shall be free from burrs and sharp edges.
If the base of a bunk is not covered by permanently fixed upholstery, any gap in the base not covered by the
mattress shall not permit the passage of the cone (see K.1) beyond the point at which the diameter of the cone is
75 mm, when measured in accordance with K.2.
Any other gap or space within the structure of the bunk which is accessible from the upper surface of the bunk,
including mattress where applicable, shall be between12 mm and 25 mm or between 60 mm and 75 mm, (tested in
accordance with K.3) or equal to or larger than 200 mm.
When a gap cannot be tested because a constructional feature prevents proper positioning of the cone, the
constructional feature may be removed to the extent necessary to allow the tests to be carried out.
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
EN 1645-1:2004 (E)
6.2 Shelves and cupboards
Kitchen shelves and bases of cupboards and shelves at more than 1 000 mm from the floor of the vehicle at the
place of measurement shall be provided with means to prevent their contents from sliding off.
NOTE Work surfaces are not considered as shelves.
Protection shall be appropriate for the items likely to be stored in the cupboards. Where an up-stand or lip is used
as the method of protection, then this should be a minimum height of 5 mm.
For areas designed to accommodate large and/or heavy items, see clause 14.
6.3 Cooking appliance
A cooking appliance shall be installed.
7 Drinking water supply, storage and disposal of waste water
7.1 Couplings for drinking water supply
Couplings for drinking water supply shall be accessible on the outside of a caravan. A sealing off cover secured to
the coupling or adjacent to it shall be supplied for each coupling.
7.2 Drinking water
7.2.1 Tanks
Water tanks, whether or not permanently fitted, shall be capable of being completely drained and cleaned.
7.2.2 Materials
All materials in contact with drinking water shall be of food contact quality.
NOTE For materials made of plastics, attention is drawn to the requirements of Commission directive 90/128/EEC of
23 February 1990 relating to plastics materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs.
7.2.3 Marking
The drinking water filling points shall be clearly identified in black or blue.
7.3 Waste water disposal tank
When a drinking water tank is fixed in the caravan, one (or more) waste water tank(s) of total capacity at least
equal to 50 % of the drinking water tank capacity shall be provided. Any waste water tank shall be fixed or
moveable and it shall be capable of being flushed and cleaned. If moveable, a storage area shall be provided.
7.4 Toilet waste disposal
7.4.1 Discharge systems
Discharge from a toilet shall be collected in a closed system and shall not be discharged into a waste water
disposal system. Any fixed tank intended to receive discharge from a toilet shall be fitted with a level indicator or
early warning device that will indicate to the user that the tank will require emptying after a further three or four
uses.
7.4.2 Outlets and couplings from toilet waste holding tanks
The internal diameter of a coupling taking discharge from a toilet holding tank shall be a minimum of 70 mm. It shall
have a bayonet type fitting to receive a 75 mm minimum internal diameter hose and a 1,5 m minimum length of
such hose shall be provided.
These requirements do not apply to toilets with removable toilet waste holding tanks.
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
EN 1645-1:2004 (E)
8 Appliances
8.1 Installation of appliances
Appliances shall be installed in accordance with the appliance manufacturer’s instructions.
NOTE It is essential that the appliances as well as installation are in accordance with European directives and standards in
force for the corresponding appliance.
8.2 Restriction concerning the supply of appliances
Portable appliances producing heat and non room-sealed space heating appliances shall not be supplied with the
caravan by the caravan manufacturer.
9 Classification of thermal insulation and heating
The thermal insulation and heating levels for specific climatic conditions shall be classified as follows:
a) grade 1: a caravan, including windows, doors and rooflights in which the average thermal transmittance (U) of
.
2
the elements of construction shall not exceed 1,7 W/(m K).
There is no heating requirement for this grade.
b) grade 2: a caravan, including windows, doors and rooflights in which the average thermal transmittance (U) of
.
2
K).
the elements of construction shall not exceed 1,7 W/(m
An average temperature difference of at least 20 K between inside and outside temperatures shall be
achieved when the outside temperature is 0 °C.
c) grade 3: a caravan, including windows, doors and rooflights in which the average thermal transmittance (U) of
.
2
the elements of construction shall not exceed 1,2 W/(m K).
An average temperature difference of at least 35 K between inside and outside temperatures shall be
achieved when the outside temperature is – 15 °C.
Precautions shall be taken to ensure that the fresh-water supply can be filled at the end of the stabilizing time
of one hour according to Annex M. Then the fresh-water service shall operate when the outside temperature is
– 15 °C.
For the three grades, the average thermal transmittance coefficient (U) shall be calculated in accordance with
Annex L or, for grades 2 and 3, tested in accordance with the method of test given in Annex M, according to the
manufacturer's choice.
To ensure compliance with this clause it is sufficient to test only one caravan with the largest plan area of a
specified number of similar caravans. This caravan shall fulfil the following conditions:
1) the bodywork, materials used and cross sectional dimensions in similar positions for the walls, floor, roof and
windows are identical (except for colour);
2) the caravan tested shall have the largest total window area;
3) the space heater shall have the smallest output;
4) all caravans shall have the same space heating system (convected air, blown air, hot water, etc.);
5) the caravan shall have the least number of heating outlets (air outlets, heat exchangers, radiators, etc.) of the
smallest dimensions of the caravans;
6) all caravans shall have the same hot and cold water supply system and any tank(s) shall have the same
method of protection against freezing.
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
EN 1645-1:2004 (E)
10 Installations
10.1 Electricity
10.1.1 Low voltage
Low voltage electrical installations shall conform to IEC 60364.7.708.
10.1.2 Extra low voltage
12 V direct current extra low voltage installations shall conform to EN 1648-1.
10.2 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
LPG installations shall conform to EN 1949.
NOTE For LPG appliances, attention is drawn to the requirements of Council Directive 90/396/EEC of 29 June 1990 on the
approximation of the laws of the member states relating to appliances burning gaseous fuels.
10.3 Liquid fuel
Liquid fuel heating systems shall conform to EN 722-1.
11 Ventilation
Safety ventilation shall be provided and shall conform to EN 721.
12 Fire precautions
12.1 Means of escape
12.1.1 Emergency exits
Each separate living compartment, which can be closed off from the rest of a caravan other than by means of a
loose textile curtain, shall be provided with an emergency exit giving direct access to the outside of the caravan in
accordance with 12.1.4 or 12.1.6, as appropriate.
12.1.2 Escape path
It shall be possible to reach an emergency exit by means of an unobstructed escape path.
Objects such as drawers, doors, bunk ladders, etc that can be moved quickly and easily from the escape path,
emergency exit or door with a single movement shall not be considered as obstructions.
An escape path shall be at least 450 mm wide.
12.1.3 Toilet compartments
Toilet compartments shall be equipped with an emergency exit unless the compartment door is situated less than
2 000 mm from an emergency exit of the caravan This distance or sum of distances is measured from the door
handle of the toilet compartment to the nearest part of the emergency exit aperture passing through the escape
path.
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SIST EN 1645-1:2005
EN 1645-1:2004 (E)
12.1.4 Emergency doors
Emergency doors shall open outwards or slide horizontally, and shall provide a clear opening, free from
obstruction, of the sizes specified in 5.6.1. The door lock(s), even if locked from the outside, shall be capable of
being immediately opened from the inside. This requirement is considered as fulfilled if opening of the emergency
doors can be performed in not more than two operations, in addition to opening curtains blinds or fly screens. The
use of two hands for a simultaneous operation shall be considered as one operation. One operation is a train of
movements effected without removing the hand from the ele
...
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