SIST ISO 16133:2006
(Main)Soil quality -- Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of monitoring programmes
Soil quality -- Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of monitoring programmes
ISO 16133:2004 gives general guidance on the selection of procedures for the establishment and maintenance of programmes for long-term monitoring of soil quality. It takes into account the large number of objectives for soil-monitoring programmes.
ISO 16133:2004 is intended to help provide a basis for dialogue between parties which might be involved in a monitoring scheme. Examples of soil-monitoring programmes from several countries are provided in Annex A.
Qualité du sol -- Lignes directrices pour l'établissement et l'entretien de programmes de surveillance
L'ISO 16133:2004 donne des lignes directrices générales pour la sélection de procédures visant à établir et entretenir des systèmes de surveillance à long terme de la qualité du sol. Elle tient compte du grand nombre d'objectifs visés par les programmes de surveillance du sol.
L'ISO 16133:2004 vise à fournir une aide à l'instauration d'une base de dialogue entre les parties susceptibles d'être impliquées dans un système de surveillance. Des exemples de programmes de surveillance du sol appliqués dans plusieurs pays sont donnés dans l'Annexe A.
Kakovost tal – Navodilo za vzpostavitev in vzdrževanje programov monitoringa
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16133
First edition
2004-03-15
Soil quality — Guidance on the
establishment and maintenance of
monitoring programmes
Qualité du sol — Lignes directrices pour l'établissement et l'entretien
de programmes de surveillance
Reference number
©
ISO 2004
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2004
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Terms and definitions. 1
3 Monitoring objectives. 3
3.1 General. 3
3.2 Examples of monitoring purposes. 4
4 Monitoring programme. 4
4.1 General considerations. 4
4.2 Elements of a monitoring programme . 5
4.2.1 Status of the monitoring sites . 5
4.2.2 Changes at the monitoring sites . 5
4.2.3 Interpretation of status and changes. 6
4.2.4 Selection of sites. 6
4.3 Sampling and measurement. 7
4.3.1 General. 7
4.3.2 Site design and identification . 7
4.3.3 Soil and site description. 7
4.3.4 Sampling. 7
4.3.5 Field and laboratory measurements . 7
4.3.6 Specimen banking. 7
4.3.7 Time interval between samplings. 8
5 Data quality and quantity . 8
Annex A (informative) Examples of monitoring programmes . 9
Bibliography . 33
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16133 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 7, Soil and site
assessment.
iv
Introduction
Monitoring is the process of repetitive observation, for defined purposes, of one or more components of the
environment according to pre-arranged schedules in space and time using comparable methods for
environmental sensing and data collection (see reference [1] in the Bibliography). Monitoring schemes are
used all over the world for a large number of purposes. Soil monitoring, particularly, is a long-term undertaking.
The quality and the utility of the information from the monitoring is to a large degree determined by the choice
of monitoring sites and by their maintenance over the years, and by appropriate quality control at all stages of
the process.
Monitoring associated with industrial (contaminated) sites can involve many specific considerations, including
legal requirements. The guidance in this International Standard is not designed or intended to cover such
situations.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16133:2004(E)
Soil quality — Guidance on the establishment and maintenance
of monitoring programmes
1 Scope
This International Standard gives general guidance on the selection of procedures for the establishment and
maintenance of programmes for long-term monitoring of soil quality. It takes into account the large number of
objectives for soil-monitoring programmes.
This International Standard is intended to help provide a basis for dialogue between parties which might be
involved in a monitoring scheme. Examples of soil-monitoring programmes from several countries are
provided in Annex A.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
accumulation
increase of the concentration of a substance in soil due to substance input being larger than substance output
NOTE Adapted from ISO 11074-1:1996
2.2
anthropogenic influence
changes in soil properties caused by human activities
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.3
background concentration
natural pedogeochemical content
geogeneous or pedogeneous average concentration of a substance in an examined soil
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.4
diffuse source input
non-point source input
input of a substance emitted from moving sources, from sources with a large area or from many sources
NOTE 1 The sources can be cars, application of substances through agricultural practices, emissions from town or
region, deposition of sediment through flooding of a river.
NOTE 2 Diffuse source input usually leads to sites that are relatively uniformly contaminated. At some sites, the input
conditions may nevertheless cause a higher local input near the source or where atmospheric deposition/rain is increased.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.5
leaching
movement of dissolved substances caused by the movement of water or other liquids in the soil
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.6
locally contaminated site
site with discrete areas of high concentrations of substances hazardous to soil
NOTE The extent of contamination is usually small and the gradient of concentration within the site is steep.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.7
monitoring
process of repetitive observation, for defined purposes, of one or more elements of the environment according
to pre-arranged schedules in space and time using comparable methods for environmental sensing and data
collection
2.8
monitoring site
area in which investigations will take place
NOTE Areas which are relatively homogeneous are usually chosen.
2.9
point-source input
input of a substance from a stationary discrete source of definite size
NOTE 1 The sources can be stack emissions, accidental spills, waste dumps, spills on industrial sites, major leaks
from sewers and other pipelines.
NOTE 2 Point-source input can cause both locally contaminated sites and relatively uniformly contaminated sites.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.10
risk assessment
assessment of damaging effects of a polluted site on man and the environment with respect to their nature,
extent and probability of occurrence
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.11
sample
portion of material selected from a large quantity of material
[ISO 11074-2:1998]
2.12
sampling
process of drawing or constituting a sample
[ISO 3534-1:1993]
2 © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved
NOTE For the purpose of soil investigation, “sampling” also relates to selection of locations for the purpose of in situ
testing carried out in the field without removal of material.
[ISO 11074-2:1998]
2.13
sampling point
location within the monitoring site at which physical sampling takes place
2.14
sampling procedure
operational requirements and/or instructions relating to the use of a particular sampling plan
[ISO 11074-2:1998]
2.15
soil damage
alteration of soil properties which cause negative effects on one or more soil functions, human health or
environment
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.16
substance input
movement of a substance from another environmental compartment into a soil
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.17
substance output
movement of a substance from the soil into another environmental compartment
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.18
uniformly contaminated site
site with a generally uniform concentration of a substance hazardous to soil
NOTE The extent of the contamination is usually large and the gradient of concentration within the site is rather
shallow.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
3 Monitoring objectives
3.1 General
Monitoring is an important tool for the early detection of environmental impact on soil and soil processes. It
thus has a major role in the prevention or minimization of environmental damage or the detection of
environmental improvement. By the early detection of environmental impact, or the potential for such impact, a
monitoring programme could help to reduce or remove the costs of reaching or maintaining a given level of
environmental management, protection or quality.
Monitoring programmes can also be used to evaluate the outcome of environmental policies, to assist in the
development of strategies for soil protection and environment management. They can also serve as research
platforms for the development and validation of field and analytical methods and of models of soil and related
environmental processes.
The range of purposes for which soil-monitoring programmes can be designed encompasses such a vast
range of time scales, variables and processes that it is not possible to give specific guidance on the design of
a monitoring programme to meet all the objectives which might be covered by this diversity. The selection of
sites, sampling schemes, etc. should be made from a consideration of the specific objectives of the particular
monitoring programme. This International Standard identifies the principles underlying such programmes.
3.2 Examples of monitoring purposes
The following list gives some examples of monitoring purposes:
short-, intermediate- and long-term environmental impacts varying in magnitude, importance, duration
and probability;
changes in chemical, biological and physical soil properties (e.g. pH, adsorption processes, toxic element
accumulation, radiation, compaction, erosion) and the dynamics of changes in such properties;
effects of human impacts;
differentiation of human impacts from inter-a
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2006
Kakovost tal – Navodilo za vzpostavitev in vzdrževanje programov monitoringa
Soil quality -- Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of monitoring
programmes
Qualité du sol -- Lignes directrices pour l'établissement et l'entretien de programmes de
surveillance
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 16133:2004
ICS:
13.080.01 Kakovost tal in pedologija na Soil quality and pedology in
splošno general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16133
First edition
2004-03-15
Soil quality — Guidance on the
establishment and maintenance of
monitoring programmes
Qualité du sol — Lignes directrices pour l'établissement et l'entretien
de programmes de surveillance
Reference number
©
ISO 2004
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2004
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Terms and definitions. 1
3 Monitoring objectives. 3
3.1 General. 3
3.2 Examples of monitoring purposes. 4
4 Monitoring programme. 4
4.1 General considerations. 4
4.2 Elements of a monitoring programme . 5
4.2.1 Status of the monitoring sites . 5
4.2.2 Changes at the monitoring sites . 5
4.2.3 Interpretation of status and changes. 6
4.2.4 Selection of sites. 6
4.3 Sampling and measurement. 7
4.3.1 General. 7
4.3.2 Site design and identification . 7
4.3.3 Soil and site description. 7
4.3.4 Sampling. 7
4.3.5 Field and laboratory measurements . 7
4.3.6 Specimen banking. 7
4.3.7 Time interval between samplings. 8
5 Data quality and quantity . 8
Annex A (informative) Examples of monitoring programmes . 9
Bibliography . 33
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16133 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 7, Soil and site
assessment.
iv
Introduction
Monitoring is the process of repetitive observation, for defined purposes, of one or more components of the
environment according to pre-arranged schedules in space and time using comparable methods for
environmental sensing and data collection (see reference [1] in the Bibliography). Monitoring schemes are
used all over the world for a large number of purposes. Soil monitoring, particularly, is a long-term undertaking.
The quality and the utility of the information from the monitoring is to a large degree determined by the choice
of monitoring sites and by their maintenance over the years, and by appropriate quality control at all stages of
the process.
Monitoring associated with industrial (contaminated) sites can involve many specific considerations, including
legal requirements. The guidance in this International Standard is not designed or intended to cover such
situations.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16133:2004(E)
Soil quality — Guidance on the establishment and maintenance
of monitoring programmes
1 Scope
This International Standard gives general guidance on the selection of procedures for the establishment and
maintenance of programmes for long-term monitoring of soil quality. It takes into account the large number of
objectives for soil-monitoring programmes.
This International Standard is intended to help provide a basis for dialogue between parties which might be
involved in a monitoring scheme. Examples of soil-monitoring programmes from several countries are
provided in Annex A.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
accumulation
increase of the concentration of a substance in soil due to substance input being larger than substance output
NOTE Adapted from ISO 11074-1:1996
2.2
anthropogenic influence
changes in soil properties caused by human activities
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.3
background concentration
natural pedogeochemical content
geogeneous or pedogeneous average concentration of a substance in an examined soil
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.4
diffuse source input
non-point source input
input of a substance emitted from moving sources, from sources with a large area or from many sources
NOTE 1 The sources can be cars, application of substances through agricultural practices, emissions from town or
region, deposition of sediment through flooding of a river.
NOTE 2 Diffuse source input usually leads to sites that are relatively uniformly contaminated. At some sites, the input
conditions may nevertheless cause a higher local input near the source or where atmospheric deposition/rain is increased.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.5
leaching
movement of dissolved substances caused by the movement of water or other liquids in the soil
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.6
locally contaminated site
site with discrete areas of high concentrations of substances hazardous to soil
NOTE The extent of contamination is usually small and the gradient of concentration within the site is steep.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.7
monitoring
process of repetitive observation, for defined purposes, of one or more elements of the environment according
to pre-arranged schedules in space and time using comparable methods for environmental sensing and data
collection
2.8
monitoring site
area in which investigations will take place
NOTE Areas which are relatively homogeneous are usually chosen.
2.9
point-source input
input of a substance from a stationary discrete source of definite size
NOTE 1 The sources can be stack emissions, accidental spills, waste dumps, spills on industrial sites, major leaks
from sewers and other pipelines.
NOTE 2 Point-source input can cause both locally contaminated sites and relatively uniformly contaminated sites.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.10
risk assessment
assessment of damaging effects of a polluted site on man and the environment with respect to their nature,
extent and probability of occurrence
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.11
sample
portion of material selected from a large quantity of material
[ISO 11074-2:1998]
2.12
sampling
process of drawing or constituting a sample
[ISO 3534-1:1993]
2 © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved
NOTE For the purpose of soil investigation, “sampling” also relates to selection of locations for the purpose of in situ
testing carried out in the field without removal of material.
[ISO 11074-2:1998]
2.13
sampling point
location within the monitoring site at which physical sampling takes place
2.14
sampling procedure
operational requirements and/or instructions relating to the use of a particular sampling plan
[ISO 11074-2:1998]
2.15
soil damage
alteration of soil properties which cause negative effects on one or more soil functions, human health or
environment
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.16
substance input
movement of a substance from another environmental compartment into a soil
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.17
substance output
movement of a substance from the soil into another environmental compartment
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.18
uniformly contaminated site
site with a generally uniform concentration of a substance hazardous to soil
NOTE The extent of the contamination is usually large and the gradient of concentration within the site is rather
shallow.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
3 Monitoring objectives
3.1 General
Monitoring is an important tool for the early detection of environmental impact on soil and soil processes. It
thus has a major role in the prevention or minimization of environmental damage or the detection of
environmental improvement. By the early detection of environmental impact, or the potential for such impact, a
monitoring programme could help to reduce or remove the costs of reaching or maintaining a given level of
environmental management, protection or quality.
Monitoring programmes can also be used to evaluate the outcome of environmental policies, to assist in the
development of strategies for soil protection and environment management. They can also serve as research
platforms for the development and validation of field and analytical methods and of models of soil and related
environmental processes.
The range of purposes for
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 16133
Première édition
2004-03-15
Qualité du sol — Lignes directrices pour
l'établissement et l'entretien de
programmes de surveillance
Soil quality — Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of
monitoring programmes
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2004
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© ISO 2004
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Web www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2004 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. iv
Introduction . v
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Termes et définitions . 1
3 Objectifs de la surveillance. 3
3.1 Généralités. 3
3.2 Exemples d'objectifs de surveillance . 4
4 Programme de surveillance . 4
4.1 Considérations générales . 4
4.2 Éléments d'un programme de surveillance. 5
4.2.1 État des sites de surveillance. 5
4.2.2 Modifications sur les sites de surveillance. 6
4.2.3 Interprétation de l'état et des modifications . 6
4.2.4 Sélection des sites. 6
4.3 Échantillonnage et mesurage . 7
4.3.1 Généralités. 7
4.3.2 Conception et identification des sites . 7
4.3.3 Description du site et du sol. 7
4.3.4 Échantillonnage . 7
4.3.5 Mesurages in situ et en laboratoire. 8
4.3.6 Banque de sols. 8
4.3.7 Échelonnement des échantillonnages dans le temps . 8
5 Qualité et quantité de données. 8
Annexe A (informative) Exemples de programmes de surveillance . 10
Bibliographie . 35
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 16133 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 7, Évaluation
des sols et des sites.
iv © ISO 2004 – Tous droits réservés
Introduction
La surveillance est le processus consistant à observer de façon répétée, pour répondre à des besoins définis,
un ou plusieurs composants environnementaux selon des planifications prédéfinies dans l'espace et dans le
temps, à l'aide de méthodes comparables de détection environnementale et de collecte des données (voir [1]
dans la Bibliographie). Des programmes de surveillance sont utilisés à travers le monde pour un grand
nombre d'applications. La surveillance du sol, notamment, est une action entreprise sur le long terme. La
qualité et l'utilité des informations recueillies par le biais de la surveillance dépendent, dans une large mesure,
du choix des sites de surveillance, de leur entretien au fil des ans et de l'existence d'un contrôle qualité
approprié à toutes les étapes du processus.
La surveillance des sites industriels (contaminés) peut donner lieu à de nombreuses considérations
spécifiques, notamment à des exigences légales. À cet égard, les lignes directrices du présent document ne
sont ni conçues pour de telles situations, ni destinées à y répondre.
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 16133:2004(F)
Qualité du sol — Lignes directrices pour l'établissement et
l'entretien de programmes de surveillance
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Norme internationale donne des lignes directrices générales pour la sélection de procédures
visant à établir et entretenir des systèmes de surveillance à long terme de la qualité du sol. Elle tient compte
du grand nombre d'objectifs visés par les programmes de surveillance du sol.
La présente Nome internationale vise à fournir une aide à l'instauration d'une base de dialogue entre les
parties susceptibles d'être impliquées dans un système de surveillance. Des exemples de programmes de
surveillance du sol appliqués dans plusieurs pays sont donnés dans l'Annexe A.
2 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s'appliquent.
2.1
accumulation
augmentation de la concentration d'une substance dans le sol due à des apports de substances supérieurs
aux pertes
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.2
influence anthropique
modifications des propriétés du sol provoquées par les activités humaines
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.3
concentration de fond
teneur pédogéochimique naturelle
concentration moyenne géogénique ou pédogénique d'une substance dans un sol étudié
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.4
apport dû à une source diffuse
apport dû à une source non ponctuelle
apport d'une substance émise par des sources mobiles, des sources de grande étendue ou de plusieurs
sources
NOTE 1 Les sources peuvent être des automobiles, des substances introduites par des pratiques agricoles, des
émissions venant d'une ville ou d'une région, un dépôt de sédiments par débordement d'une rivière.
NOTE 2 Les apports dus à une source diffuse conduisent habituellement à des sites à contamination relativement
uniforme. Pour certains sites, les conditions peuvent être des facteurs d'augmentation de l'apport local, à proximité de la
source ou à l'endroit où les dépôts atmosphériques/pluviaux sont intensifiés.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.5
lixivation
mouvement de substances dissoutes causé par la percolation de l'eau ou d'autres liquides dans le sol
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.6
site localement contaminé
site présentant ponctuellement ou en plusieurs endroits de hautes concentrations d'une substance
dangereuse pour le sol
NOTE L'étendue de la contamination est généralement faible et le gradient de concentration à l'intérieur du site est
élevé.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.7
surveillance
processus d'observation répétitive, répondant à des besoins définis, portant sur un ou plusieurs éléments
environnementaux suivant une planification prédéfinie dans l'espace et dans le temps et à l'aide de méthodes
comparables de détection environnementale et de collecte des données
2.8
site de surveillance
zone dans laquelle les recherches sont effectuées
NOTE Les zones sélectionnées sont généralement relativement homogènes.
2.9
apport dû à une source ponctuelle
apport d'une substance par une source ponctuelle fixe de taille définie
NOTE 1 Les sources peuvent être un conduit d'émissions, des déversements accidentels, des dépôts d'ordures, des
déversements sur sites industriels, des fuites importantes provenant des égouts et autres canalisations.
NOTE 2 L'apport dû à une source ponctuelle peut aussi bien être la cause de sites localement contaminés que de sites
contaminés de façon relativement uniforme.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.10
évaluation du risque
évaluation des effets préjudiciables d'un site pollué sur l'homme et l'environnement, en considérant leur
nature, leur étendue et leur probabilité
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.11
échantillon
quantité de matériau prélevée dans un volume plus important de matériau
[ISO 11074-2:1998]
2 © ISO 2004 – Tous droits réservés
2.12
échantillonnage
processus de prélèvement ou de constitution d'un échantillon
[ISO 3534-1:1993]
NOTE Pour les besoins de l'étude des sols, le terme «échantillonnage» s'applique également au choix des endroits
dans lesquels des essais in situ seront effectués sur le terrain sans enlèvement de matériau.
[ISO 11074-2:1998]
2.13
point d'échantillonnage
endroit d'un site de surveillance où est effectué le prélèvement physique des échantillons
2.14
procédure d'échantillonnage
exigences et/ou instructions opérationnelles concernant la mise en œuvre d'un plan d'échantillonnage
particulier
[ISO 11074-2:1998]
2.15
détérioration du sol
dégradation du sol
altération des propriétés du sol ayant des effets négatifs sur une ou plusieurs fonctions du sol, la santé
humaine ou l'environnement
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.16
apport de substance
migration vers un sol d'une substance venant d'un autre compartiment de l'environnement
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.17
exportation de substances
migration de substances du sol vers un autre compartiment de l'environnement
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.18
site uniformément contaminé
site présentant une concentration uniforme d'une substance dangereuse pour le sol
NOTE L'étendue de la contamination est généralement grande et le gradient de concentration à l'intérieur du site est
plutôt faible.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
3 Objectifs de la surveillance
3.1 Généralités
La surveillance est un outil fondamental pour permettre la détection précoce de l'impact environnemental sur
les sols et leurs fonctions. Elle tient donc un rôle majeur dans la prévention ou la réduction des dégradations
de l'environnement, ou dans la détection de l'amélioration de ce dernier. En permettant la détection précoce
de l'impact environnemental ou des potentialités liées à un tel impact, un programme de surveillance peut
favoriser la réduction ou la suppression des coûts nécessaires à l'obtention ou au maintien d'un niveau donné
de ma
...
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