SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
(Main)Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2019)
Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2019)
This document specifies a method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by
comparative visual analysis.
The purpose of this document is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It
is not intended to give information on the suitability of cast-iron types and grades for any particular
application.
The particular material grades are specified mainly by mechanical properties and, in the case of
austenitic and abrasion resistant cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation
of graphite form and size does not allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the
requirements specified in the relevant material standard.
Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1: Graphitklassifizierung durch visuelle Auswertung (ISO 945-1:2019)
Dieses Dokument legt ein Verfahren zur Klassifizierung der Mikrostruktur von Graphit in Gusseisen-werkstoffen durch vergleichende visuelle Auswertung fest.
Dieses Dokument bezweckt die Bereitstellung von Informationen zum Verfahren der Graphitklassifi-zierung. Es ist nicht beabsichtigt, Informationen hinsichtlich der Eignung von Gusseisenarten und sorten für eine bestimmte Anwendung zu geben.
Die speziellen Werkstoffsorten werden hauptsächlich bestimmt durch die mechanischen Eigenschaften und bei austenitischem und verschleißbeständigem Gusseisen durch die chemische Zusammensetzung. Die Bewertung der Graphitform und größe erlaubt keine statistisch gesicherte Aussage im Hinblick auf die Erfüllung der Anforderungen, die in der jeweiligen Werkstoffnorm festgelegt sind.
Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO 945-1:2019)
Le présent document spécifie une méthode de classification de la microstructure du graphite dans les fontes par analyse visuelle comparative.
L'objectif du présent document est d'apporter des informations sur la méthode de classification du graphite. Il n'est pas destiné à donner des informations sur l'aptitude des types et des nuances de fonte, pour une application particulière.
Les nuances particulières des matériaux sont spécifiées principalement par des propriétés mécaniques et, dans le cas des fontes austénitiques et des fontes résistant à l'usure par abrasion, par leur composition chimique. L'interprétation de la forme et de la taille du graphite ne permet pas de prévoir de manière statistiquement valable que les exigences spécifiées dans la norme de matériau concernée seront satisfaites.
Mikrostruktura železove litine - 1. del: Razvrščanje grafita z vizualno analizo (ISO 945-1:2019)
Ta dokument določa metodo razvrščanja mikrostrukture grafita v železovih litinah s primerjalno vizualno analizo.
Namen tega dokumenta je podati informacije o metodi razvrščanja grafita. Ne navaja podatkov o primernosti tipov in razredov železovih litin za nobeno posebno uporabo.
Posamezne razrede snovi določajo predvsem mehanske lastnosti in, če gre za avstenitne in na obrabo odporne litine, njihova kemična sestava. Razlaga grafitne oblike in velikosti ne omogoča statistično veljavne navedbe o izpolnjevanju zahtev, določenih v ustreznem standardu za material.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
01-oktober-2019
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018
Mikrostruktura železove litine - 1. del: Razvrščanje grafita z vizualno analizo (ISO
945-1:2019)
Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-
1:2019)
Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1: Graphitklassifizierung durch visuelle Auswertung
(ISO 945-1:2019)
Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO
945-1:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 945-1:2019
ICS:
77.080.10 Železo Irons
SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
EN ISO 945-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
July 2019
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 77.080.10 Supersedes EN ISO 945-1:2018
English Version
Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite
classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2019)
Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1:
graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO 945-1:2019) Graphitklassifizierung durch visuelle Auswertung (ISO
945-1:2019)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 June 2019.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 945-1:2019 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
EN ISO 945-1:2019 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
EN ISO 945-1:2019 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 945-1:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25 "Cast irons
and pig irons" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 “Foundry technology” the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2020, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by January 2020.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 945-1:2018.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 945-1:2019 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 945-1:2019 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 945-1
Third edition
2019-06
Microstructure of cast irons —
Part 1:
Graphite classification by visual
analysis
Microstructure des fontes —
Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle
Reference number
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General . 1
4.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons . 1
4.2 Form . 2
4.3 Distribution . 3
4.4 Size . 4
4.5 Visual classification of graphite .23
5 Sampling and sample preparation .23
5.1 Samples taken from a casting .23
5.2 Sample preparation .23
6 Procedure for graphite classification .23
6.1 Procedure for visual classification of graphite .23
6.2 Evaluation of the analysis results .24
7 Reference images .24
7.1 General .24
7.2 Reference images for graphite form .24
7.3 Reference images for the distribution of graphite (form I) .24
7.4 Reference images for graphite size .24
8 Designation of graphite by form, distribution and size .25
8.1 Designation system .25
8.2 Designation of different graphite sizes within a casting .25
8.3 Designation of mixed graphite forms, distributions and sizes .26
8.4 Designation of unclassified graphite forms .26
8.5 Nodule count .26
9 Report .27
Annex A (informative) Typical graphite forms in cast-iron materials — Examples of
photomicrographs .28
Annex B (informative) Distribution of flake (lamellar) graphite (form I) — Examples of
photomicrographs .29
Annex C (informative) Common terminology and main occurrences concerning graphite in
cast irons .30
Bibliography .32
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25, Cast irons and pig irons.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 945-1:2017), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The changes compared with the previous edition are as follows:
— Figures 3 and 4 have been corrected to a diameter of 120 mm to allow a direct comparison with the
microscope display screen;
— Figures 3 and 4 have been corrected so that the maximum graphite sizes conform with Table 1.
A list of all parts in the ISO 945 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
Introduction
Microstructure designation is a useful feature that provides a means of classifying the graphite form,
distribution and size in cast irons.
Graphite classification by visual analysis is a well-established method which is well recognized within
the foundry industry as a means of quickly determining the overall graphite microstructure of a cast
iron casting.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 945-1:2019(E)
Microstructure of cast irons —
Part 1:
Graphite classification by visual analysis
1 Scope
This document specifies a method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by
comparative visual analysis.
The purpose of this document is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It
is not intended to give information on the suitability of cast-iron types and grades for any particular
application.
The particular material grades are specified mainly by mechanical properties and, in the case of
austenitic and abrasion resistant cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation
of graphite form and size does not allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the
requirements specified in the relevant material standard.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
4 General
4.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons
When cast iron materials are examined under a microscope in accordance with this document, the
graphite shall be classified by the following:
a) its form, designated by Roman numbers I to VI (see Figure 1 and Annex A);
b) its distribution, designated by capital letters A to E (see Figure 2 and Annex B); the graphite
distribution designation is only specified for grey cast irons (form I);
c) its size, designated by numbers 1 to 8 (see Figures 3, 4 and 5 and Table 1).
NOTE Figures 1 to 5 show only the outlines and not the structure of the graphite.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
4.2 Form
Magnification × 100
Figure 1 — Reference images for principal graphite forms in cast irons
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
4.3 Distribution
Magnification × 100
Figure 2 — Reference images for graphite distribution (form I)
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 3
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
4.4 Size
Magnification × 100
a) Reference image for graphite size 1: ≥ 1 mm (form I)
4 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
b) Reference image for graphite size 2: 0,5 mm to < 1 mm (form I)
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 5
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
c) Reference image for graphite size 3: 0,25 mm to < 0,5 mm (form I)
6 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
d) Reference image for graphite size 4: 0,12 mm to < 0,25 mm (form I)
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 7
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
e) Reference image for graphite size 5: 0,06 mm to < 0,12 mm (form I)
8 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
f) Reference image for graphite size 6: 0,03 mm to < 0,06 mm (form I)
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 9
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
g) Reference image for graphite size 7: 0,015 mm to < 0,03 mm (form I)
10 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 22 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
h) Reference image for graphite size 8: < 0,0
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
01-maj-2019
0LNURVWUXNWXUDåHOH]RYHOLWLQHGHO 5D]YUãþDQMHJUDILWD]YL]XDOQRDQDOL]R
,62)',6
Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO/FDIS
945-1:2019)
Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle
(ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 945-1
ICS:
77.080.10 Železo Irons
oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 945-1
ISO/TC 25
Microstructure of cast irons —
Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on:
Part 1:
2019-02-22
Graphite classification by visual
Voting terminates on:
analysis
2019-05-17
Microstructure des fontes —
Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2019
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General . 1
4.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons . 1
4.2 Form . 2
4.3 Distribution . 3
4.4 Size . 4
4.5 Visual classification of graphite .23
5 Sampling and sample preparation .23
5.1 Samples taken from a casting .23
5.2 Sample preparation .23
6 Procedure for graphite classification .23
6.1 Procedure for visual classification of graphite .23
6.2 E valuation of the analysis results .24
7 Reference images .24
7.1 General .24
7.2 Reference images for graphite form .24
7.3 Reference images for the distribution of graphite (form I) .24
7.4 Reference images for graphite size .24
8 Designation of graphite by form, distribution and size .25
8.1 Designation system .25
8.2 Designation of different graphite sizes within a casting .25
8.3 Designation of mixed graphite forms, distributions and sizes .26
8.4 Designation of unclassified graphite forms .26
8.5 Nodule count .26
9 Report .27
Annex A (informative) Typical graphite forms in cast-iron materials — Examples of
photomicrographs .28
Annex B (informative) Distribution of flake (lamellar) graphite (form I) — Examples of
photomicrographs .29
Annex C (informative) Common terminology and main occurrences concerning graphite in
cast irons .30
Bibliography .32
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25, Cast irons and pig irons.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 945-1:2017), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The changes compared with the previous edition are as follows:
— Figures 3 and 4 have been corrected to a diameter of 120 mm to allow a direct comparison with the
microscope display screen;
— Figures 3 and 4 have been corrected so that the maximum graphite sizes conform with Table 1.
A list of all parts in the ISO 945 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Introduction
Microstructure designation is a useful feature that provides a means of classifying the graphite form,
distribution and size in cast irons.
Graphite classification by visual analysis is a well-established method which is well recognized within
the foundry industry as a means of quickly determining the overall graphite microstructure of a cast
iron casting.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Microstructure of cast irons —
Part 1:
Graphite classification by visual analysis
1 Scope
This document specifies a method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by
comparative visual analysis.
The purpose of this document is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It
is not intended to give information on the suitability of cast-iron types and grades for any particular
application.
The particular material grades are specified mainly by mechanical properties and, in the case of
austenitic and abrasion resistant cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation
of graphite form and size does not allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the
requirements specified in the relevant material standard.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
4 General
4.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons
When cast iron materials are examined under a microscope in accordance with this document, the
graphite shall be classified by the following:
a) its form, designated by Roman numbers I to VI (see Figure 1 and Annex A);
b) its distribution, designated by capital letters A to E (see Figure 2 and Annex B); the graphite
distribution designation is only specified for grey cast irons (form I);
c) its size, designated by numbers 1 to 8 (see Figures 3, 4 and 5 and Table 1).
NOTE Figures 1 to 5 show only the outlines and not the structure of the graphite.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 1
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
4.2 Form
Magnification × 100
Figure 1 — Reference images for principal graphite forms in cast irons
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
4.3 Distribution
Magnification × 100
Figure 2 — Reference images for graphite distribution (form I)
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 3
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
4.4 Size
Magnification × 100
1
100 mμ
a) Reference image for graphite size 1: ≥ 1 mm (form I)
4 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
2
100 mμ
b) Reference image for graphite size 2: 0,5 mm to < 1 mm (form I)
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 5
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
3
100 mμ
c) Reference image for graphite size 3: 0,25 mm to < 0,5 mm (form I)
6 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
4
100 mμ
d) Reference image for graphite size 4: 0,12 mm to < 0,25 mm (form I)
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 7
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
5
100 mμ
e) Reference image for graphite size 5: 0,06 mm to < 0,12 mm (form I)
8 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
6
100 mμ
f) Reference image for graphite size 6: 0,03 mm to < 0,06 mm (form I)
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 9
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
7
100 mμ
g) Reference image for graphite size 7: 0,015 mm to < 0,03 mm (form I)
10 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
8
100 mμ
h) Reference image for graphite size 8: < 0,015 mm (form I)
Figure 3 — Reference images for graphite sizes for form I
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
3
100 mμ
a) Reference image for graphite size 3: 0,25 mm to < 0,5 mm (forms IV to VI)
12 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
4
100 mμ
b) Reference image for graphite size 4: 0,12 mm to < 0,25 mm (forms IV to VI)
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 13
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
5
100 mμ
c) Reference image for graphite size 5: 0,06 mm to < 0,12 mm (forms IV to VI)
14 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
6
100 mμ
d) Reference image for graphite size 6: 0,03 mm to < 0,06 mm (forms IV to VI)
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 15
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
7
100 mμ
e) Reference image for graphite size 7: 0,015 mm to < 0,03 mm (forms IV to VI)
16 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2019
ISO/FDIS 945-1:2019(E)
Magnification × 100
8
100 mμ
f) Reference image for graphite size 8: < 0,015 mm (forms IV to VI)
Figure 4 — Reference images for graphite sizes for forms IV to VI
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 17
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