oSIST prEN 16903:2016
(Main)Plastics piping systems - Environmental product declarations - Product Category Rules (PCR) complementary to EN 15804, for buried plastics piping systems
Plastics piping systems - Environmental product declarations - Product Category Rules (PCR) complementary to EN 15804, for buried plastics piping systems
This European standard provides Europe wide product category rules (PCR) for
Type III environmental declarations for "buried plastics piping systems (pressure
and non-pressure)" subsequently named as "buried plastics piping systems". This
European Standard specifies the rules for the product category of construction
products as defined in and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 15804.
Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme - Umweltproduktdeklarationen - Produktkategorieregeln (PCR) ergänzend zu EN 15804 für erdverlegte Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme
Diese Europäische Norm liefert grundlegende Produktkategorieregeln (PCR) für Typ III Umweltdeklarationen für "erdverlegte Kunststoff Rohrleitungssysteme" für erdverlegte drucklose und Druckanwendungen außerhalb der Gebäudestruktur.
Diese PCR decken den gesamten Lebenszyklus "von der Wiege bis zur Bahre" ab.
ANMERKUNG 1 Beispiele von Normen, für die diese Norm angewendet werden könnte, sind in Anhang C aufgeführt.
Diese Europäische Norm legt die Regeln für die Produktkategorie sämtlicher Bauprodukte fest, wie in EN 15804 festgelegt, und ist für die Anwendung in Zusammenhang mit EN 15804 vorgesehen.
ANMERKUNG 2 Die Beurteilung der sozialen und ökonomischen Qualität auf der Produktebene ist nicht Gegenstand dieser Norm.
ANMERKUNG 3 Für die Anwendung dieser Norm wird der Begriff "Gebäude" stets ersetzt durch "erdverlegtes Kunststoff Rohrleitungssysteme" oder Anlagen.
ANMERKUNG 4 Wenn ein Vergleich durchgeführt wird, hat dieser auf der Grundlage der gleichen funktionalen Ein¬heit, der gleichen Anordnung mit der gleichen erforderlichen Mindest-Durchflusskapazität der Auslässe, der glei¬chen Verlegung, den gleichen Annahmen und den gleichen LCI Datensätzen zu erfolgen.
Die grundlegenden PCR: (wie EN 15804)
- legen die zu deklarierenden Parameter und die Art fest, wie sie auf Vollständigkeit überprüft und kommu¬ni-ziert werden;
- beschreiben, welche Phasen des Lebenszyklus eines Produkts in der EPD berücksichtigt werden und welche Prozesse in die Phasen des Lebenszyklus einzubeziehen sind;
- legen die Regeln für die Entwicklung von Szenarien fest;
- umfassen die Regeln zur Berechnung der Sachbilanz und der Wirkungsabschätzung, die einer EPD zu-grunde liegen, einschließlich der Festlegung der zu verwendenden Datenqualität;
- umfassen die Regeln für die Kommunikation vorgegebener Umwelt und Gesundheitsinformationen, die für ein Bauprodukt, einen Bauprozess oder eine Bauleistung nicht von einer Ökobilanz (LCA, en: Life Cycle Assessment) abgedeckt sind, soweit erforderlich;
- legen die Bedingungen fest, unter denen Bauprodukte auf der Basis der Informationen aus der EPD ver-glichen werden können.
Zusätzlich zu den allgemeinen Teilen der EN 15804 legt diese Europäische Norm zu erdverlegten Kunst-stoff Rohrleitungssystemen Folgendes fest:
- die funktionale Einheit;
- die Systemgrenzen;
- die Anlagenelemente;
- die Transportszenarien sowohl für die Ausgangsstoffe als auch für das vollständige System;
- die Grabenbedingungen;
- die Referenz Nutzungsdauer (RSL, en: Reference Service Life);
- Szenarien für das Ende der Nutzungsdauer;
- die Regeln zur Berechnung der Sachbilanz und der Wirkungsabschätzung, die einer EPD zugrunde liegen.
Diese Norm ist für die Anwendung zur Bewertung "von der Wiege bis zur Bahre" vorgesehen.
Systèmes de canalisations en plastique - Déclarations environnementales sur les produits - Règles de définition des Catégories de Produits (RCP) complémentaires à l'EN 15804, pour les systèmes enterrés de canalisations en plastique
La présente Norme européenne fournit les règles régissant les catégories de produits (RCP) pour les Déclarations environnementales de produits de Type III relatives aux « systèmes enterrés de canalisations en plastique » destinés à des applications enterrées, avec ou sans pression, à l’extérieur de la structure du bâtiment.
Ces RCP couvrent l’ensemble du cycle de vie du berceau à la tombe.
NOTE 1 L’Annexe C donne des exemples de normes de produits pour lesquelles la présente norme pourrait s’appliquer.
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les règles régissant les catégories de produits de construction définies dans l’EN 15804 et est destinée à être utilisée en association avec cette norme.
NOTE 2 L’évaluation des performances sociales et économiques au niveau d’un produit n’est pas couverte par la présente norme.
NOTE 3 Pour les besoins de la présente norme, le terme « bâtiment » est systématiquement remplacé par « systèmes enterrés de canalisations en plastique » ou « constructions ».
NOTE 4 Si une comparaison est faite, elle doit être basée sur la même unité fonctionnelle, la même configuration avec la même capacité hydraulique minimale nécessaire aux sorties, la même installation, les mêmes hypothèses et les mêmes ensembles de données d’ICV.
Ces règles : (comme dans l’EN 15804)
- définissent les paramètres à déclarer et la manière dont ils sont regroupés et consignés ;
- décrivent les étapes du cycle de vie d’un produit prises en compte dans la DEP ainsi que les processus devant être inclus dans les étapes du cycle de vie ;
- définissent les règles relatives à l’élaboration de scénarios ;
- intègrent les règles de calcul de l’inventaire du cycle de vie et de l’évaluation de l’impact du cycle de vie servant de base à la DEP, y compris la spécification de la qualité des données à appliquer ;
- intègrent les règles de communication d’informations environnementales et sanitaires prédéterminées, qui ne sont pas couvertes par l’analyse du cycle de vie, pour un produit, un processus de construction et un service de construction, si nécessaire ;
- définissent les conditions dans lesquelles les produits de construction peuvent être comparés, sur la base des informations fournies par la DEP.
En plus des parties communes avec l’EN 15804, la présente Norme européenne relative aux systèmes enterrés de canalisations en plastique définit :
- l’unité fonctionnelle ;
- les frontières du système ;
- les éléments d’installation ;
- les scénarios de transport à la fois pour les matières premières et le système complet ;
- les conditions relatives à la tranchée ;
- la durée de vie de référence (DVR) ;
- les scénarios de fin de vie ;
- les règles de calcul de l’inventaire du cycle de vie et de l’évaluation de l’impact du cycle de vie servant de base à la DEP.
La présente norme est destinée à être utilisée pour l’évaluation allant du berceau à la tombe.
Cevni sistemi iz polimernih materialov - Trajnostnost gradbenih objektov - Pravila za kategorije proizvodov (PCR) za podzemne cevne sisteme iz polimernih materialov Cevni sistemi iz polimernih materialov - Okoljske deklaracije za proizvode - Pravila za kategorije proizvodov (PCR), ki dopolnjujejo EN 15804, za podzemne cevne sisteme iz polimernih materialov
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 16903:2015
01-oktober-2015
Cevni sistemi iz polimernih materialov - Trajnostnost gradbenih objektov - Pravila
za kategorije proizvodov (PCR) za podzemne cevne sisteme iz polimernih
materialov
Plastics piping systems - Sustainability of construction works - Product Category Rules
(PCR) for buried plastics piping systems
Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme - Nachhaltigkeit von Bauwerken -
Produktkategorieregeln (PCR) für erdverlegte Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme
Systèmes de canalisations en plastique - Développement durable des ouvrages de
construction - Règles régissant les catégories de produits (RCP) pour les systèmes
enterrés de canalisations en plastique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 16903
ICS:
23.040.20 Cevi iz polimernih materialov Plastics pipes
oSIST prEN 16903:2015 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 16903
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2015
ICS 23.040.20; 23.040.45
English Version
Plastics piping systems - Sustainability of construction works -
Product Category Rules (PCR) for buried plastics piping systems
Systèmes de canalisations en plastique - Développement Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme - Nachhaltigkeit von
durable des ouvrages de construction - Règles régissant les Bauwerken - Produktkategorieregeln (PCR) für erdverlegte
catégories de produits (RCP) pour les systèmes enterrés de Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme
canalisations en plastique
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 155.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 16903:2015 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
European foreword .4
Introduction .5
1 Scope .6
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 Abbreviations .7
5 General aspects .7
5.1 Objective of the PCR for buried plastics piping systems .7
5.2 Types of EPD with respect to life cycle stages covered .8
5.3 Comparability of EPD for construction products .8
5.4 Additional information .8
5.5 Ownership, responsibility and liability for the EPD .9
5.6 Communication formats .9
6 Product Category Rules for LCA .9
6.1 Product category .9
6.2 Life cycle stages and their information modules to be included .9
6.2.1 General .9
6.2.2 A1-A3, Product stage, information modules .9
6.2.3 A4-A5, Construction process stage, information modules .9
6.2.4 B1-B5, Use stage, information modules related to the buried plastics piping systems .9
6.2.5 B6-B7, use stage, information modules related to the operation of the buried plastics
piping systems .9
6.2.6 C1-C4 End-of-life stage, information modules .9
6.2.7 D, Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary, information module .9
6.3 Calculation rules for the LCA . 10
6.3.1 Functional unit . 10
6.3.2 Declared unit . 10
6.3.3 Reference service life (RSL) . 10
6.3.4 System boundaries . 10
6.3.5 Criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs . 15
6.3.6 Selection of data . 15
6.3.7 Data quality requirements . 16
6.3.8 Developing product level scenarios . 16
6.3.9 Units . 16
6.4 Inventory analysis. 16
6.4.1 Collecting data . 16
6.4.2 Calculation procedures . 16
6.4.3 Allocation of input flows and output emissions . 16
6.5 Impact assessment . 16
7 Content of the EPD . 17
7.1 Declaration of general information . 17
7.2 As EN 15804.Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA . 17
7.2.1 General . 17
7.2.2 Rules for declaring LCA information per module . 17
7.2.3 Parameters describing environmental impacts . 17
7.2.4 Parameters describing resource use . 17
7.2.5 Other environmental information describing different waste categories and output flows . 17
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7.3 Scenarios and additional technical information . 17
7.3.1 General . 17
7.3.2 Construction process stage . 17
7.3.3 B1-B7 use stage . 18
7.3.4 End-of-life . 18
7.4 Additional information on release of dangerous substances to, soil and ground water
during the use stage . 18
7.4.1 Indoor air . 18
7.4.2 Soil and ground water . 18
7.5 Aggregation of information modules . 18
8 Project report . 18
8.1 General . 18
8.2 LCA-related elements of the project report . 18
8.3 Documentation on additional information . 18
8.4 Data availability for verification . 18
9 Verification and validity of an EPD . 19
Annex A (informative) Waste. 20
A.1 End-of-waste . 20
A.2 Properties of hazardous waste for Table 5 . 20
Annex B (informative) Formula for calculation of the different modules of the environmental
profile for Module D . 21
B.1 Introduction . 21
B.2 Modules A to C . 21
B.3 Module D. 21
Annex C (informative) List of standards . 24
Bibliography . 26
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European foreword
This document (prEN 16903:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 155 “Plastics piping
systems and ducting systems”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
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Introduction
The European Standard EN 15804 provides core product category rules for all construction products and
services. It provides a structure to ensure that all Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) of construction
products, construction services and construction processes are derived, verified and presented in a
harmonized way.
This European Standard, based on EN 15804, specifies the Product Category Rules for Environmental
Product Declarations (EPD) of buried plastics piping systems.
An EPD communicates verifiable, accurate, non-misleading environmental information for products and their
applications, thereby supporting scientifically based, fair choices and stimulating the potential for market-
driven continuous environmental improvement.
The standardization process has taken place in accordance with EN ISO 14025. All common issues are
covered horizontally for all product types in order to minimize vertical (branch specific) deviations.
EPD information is expressed in information modules as defined in EN 15804, which allow easy organization
and expression of data packages throughout the life cycle of the buried plastics piping systems
(constructions). The approach requires that the underlying data should be consistent, reproducible and
comparable.
The EPD is expressed in a form that allows aggregation (addition) to provide complete information for,
constructions. This standard does not deal with aggregation at the building level nor does this standard
describe the rules for applying EPD in a building assessment.
The standard deals with a limited number of quantifiable predetermined parameters defined in EN 15804.
Future revisions may incorporate additional predetermined parameters in line with the changes of EN 15804.
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1 Scope
This European standard provides product category rules (PCR) for Type III environmental product
declarations for “buried plastics piping systems” intended for buried pressure and non-pressure applications
outside building structure.
This PCR covers the entire life cycle from cradle to grave.
NOTE 1 Examples of standards for which this standard could be applied are listed in Annex C
This European Standard specifies the rules for the product category of construction products as defined in and
is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 15804.
NOTE 2 The assessment of social and economic performances at product level is not covered by this standard.
NOTE 3 For the purpose of this standard the word “building” is always replaced by “buried plastics piping systems” or
constructions.
NOTE 4 If a comparison is made it has to be based on the same functional unit, the same layout with same needed
minimum flow capacity of the outlets, the same installation, same assumptions and the same LCI data sets.
The core PCR: (as EN 15804)
— defines the parameters to be declared and the way in which they are collated and reported;
— describes which stages of a product’s life cycle are considered in the EPD and which processes are to be
included in the life cycle stages;
— defines rules for the development of scenarios;
— includes the rules for calculating the Life Cycle Inventory and the Life Cycle Impact Assessment
underlying the EPD, including the specification of the data quality to be applied;
— includes the rules for reporting predetermined, environmental and health information, that is not covered
by LCA for a product, construction process and construction service where necessary;
— defines the conditions under which construction products can be compared based on the information
provided by EPD.
In addition to the common parts of EN 15804 this European Standard for buried plastics piping systems
defines:
— the Functional Unit;
— the system boundaries;
— the elements of installation;
— the transport scenarios for both the raw material and the complete system;
— the trench conditions;
— reference service life (RSL);
— end of life scenarios;
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— the rules for calculating the Life Cycle Inventory and the Life Cycle Impact Assessment underlying the
EPD.
This standard is intended to be used for cradle to grave assessment.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 15804:2012+A1:2013, Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core
rules for the product category of construction products
EN ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines
(ISO 14044:2006)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions listed in EN 15804:2012+A1:2013 and the
following apply.
3.1
construction
buried plastics piping system
3.2
construction product
plastics piping system component manufactured or processed for incorporation in construction works
Note 1 to entry: Modification of 3.5 of EN 15804:2012 +A1:2013.
Note 2 to entry: Construction products are items supplied by a single responsible body.
Note 3 to entry: Adapted from the definition in ISO 6707-1:2014 according to the recommendation of ISO/TC 59/AHG
Terminology.
4 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the abbreviations listed in EN 15804:2012+A1:2013 apply.
5 General aspects
5.1 Objective of the PCR for buried plastics piping systems
An EPD according to this standard provides quantified environmental information for plastics piping systems
on a harmonized and scientific basis. It also provides information on health related emissions to soil and
ground water during the use stage of the construction. The purpose of an EPD in the construction sector is to
provide the basis for assessing buildings and other construction works, and identifying those, which cause
less stress to the environment.
Thus, the objective of the PCR for buried plastics piping systems is to ensure:
— the provision of verifiable and consistent data for an EPD, based on LCA;
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— the provision of verifiable and consistent product related technical data or scenarios for the assessment
of the environmental performance of plastics piping systems;
— the provision of verifiable and consistent product related technical data or scenarios potentially related to
the health of users for the assessment of the performance of buried plastics piping systems;
— the communication of the environmental information of buried plastics piping systems from business to
business;
— the basis, subject to additional requirements, for the communication of the environmental information of
buried plastics piping systems to consumers.
NOTE See definition 3.4 of EN 15804:2012+A1:2013 and EN ISO 14044:2006, 5.1 for more information concerning
LCA used for comparative assertion.
5.2 Types of EPD with respect to life cycle stages covered
The information in an EPD based on LCA shall cover all life cycle stages and information modules from A1 to
C4 and may also include module D (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 —Types of EPD with respect to life cycle stages covered
and life cycle stages and modules for the construction assessment
5.3 Comparability of EPD for construction products
As EN 15804.
5.4 Additional information
As EN 15804.
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5.5 Ownership, responsibility and liability for the EPD
As EN 15804.
5.6 Communication formats
As EN 15804.
6 Product Category Rules for LCA
6.1 Product category
The product category referred to in this standard includes all buried plastics piping systems and related
services of all life cycle stages.
6.2 Life cycle stages and their information modules to be included
6.2.1 General
As EN 15804.
6.2.2 A1-A3, Product stage, information modules
As EN 15804.
6.2.3 A4-A5, Construction process stage, information modules
As EN 15804.
6.2.4 B1-B5, Use stage, information modules related to the buried plastics piping systems
The use stage, related to the buried plastics piping systems only includes:
— B2, maintenance
As EN 15804 but only for
— Water use for cleaning;
— Energy use for cleaning.
6.2.5 B6-B7, use stage, information modules related to the operation of the buried plastics piping
systems
Not relevant.
6.2.6 C1-C4 End-of-life stage, information modules
As EN 15804.
6.2.7 D, Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary, information module
As EN 15804.
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6.3 Calculation rules for the LCA
6.3.1 Functional unit
As EN 15804, except
The Functional unit shall be a typical buried piping system (pressure according to EN 12007 and EN 805 or
non-pressure according to EN 476) over the distance of 100 m and with a RSL of 100 years calculated per
year
The piping systems used for the functional unit may consist of
— pipes;
— fittings;
— sealings;
— valves;
— manholes;
— inspection chambers;
— etc.
NOTE 1 The design and installation details for buried thermoplastic pipe systems can be found in CEN/TS 15223 and
CEN/TR 1046.
NOTE 2 The installation details for buried thermoset pipe systems can be found in CEN/TS 14578.
6.3.2 Declared unit
Not relevant.
6.3.3 Reference service life (RSL)
Buried plastics piping systems are regarded having 100 years RSL independent of their material.
6.3.4 System boundaries
6.3.4.1 General
As EN 15804.
6.3.4.2 Product stage
As EN 15804 except:
The product stage includes:
The product stage shall start with the definition of the composition of the material (recipe including recyclates if
appropriate) for all components of the piping system. Data of auxiliary components should be taken from their
producers or generic databases.
For sectorial LCA/EPD purposes generic databases should be used (e.g. electricity mix, etc.), for company
and project specific LCA/EPD specific data could also be used.
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The product stage includes modules:
— A1 Extraction and processing of raw materials (e.g. mining processes) and biomass production and
processing (e.g. agricultural or forestry operations);
• Generic database
— A1 Generation of electricity, steam and heat from primary energy resources, also including their
extraction, refining and transport;
• Generic database
• Determination of the electricity mix
— A1 Energy recovery and other recovery processes from secondary fuels, but not including those
processes that are part of waste processing in the previous product system;
— A2 Transportation up to the factory gate and internal transport;
• Transport distances
• Modes of transportation (water, rail, etc.)
• Type and size of transport vehicle
• Vehicle loads
— A3 Production of ancillary materials (e.g. lubricant for installation);
• The LCA data shall be case specific if available or generic
• Energy consumption (kWh/kg product)
3
• Water use (m /kg product)
• Packaging of raw materials (kg/kg product for all packaging materials)
• Lubricant (if applicable) (kg/kg product)
— A3 Manufacturing of products (pipe system components);
• Energy consumption (kWh/kg product)
• Water use (m3/kg product)
• Packaging of raw materials (kg/kg product for all packaging materials)
• Marking material (e.g. Ink, colour stripes, etc. as applicable) (kg/kg product)
• Marking stripes (if applicable) (kg/kg product)
— A3 Manufacturing of product Packaging;
• Quantity of packaging materials used by the pipe system components’ producers (kg/kg)
• Generic data sets for production of packaging
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— A1-A3 Processing up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues including any packaging not
leaving the factory gate with the product;
• Quantity of production waste generated by the pipe system components producers
• Generic, or specific country, regional or European scenarios for processing of waste
Regardless of the geographical coverage of a product system the rules for defining the end-of-waste state of
this European standard apply.
NOTE The output of waste during this life cycle stage may reach the end-of-waste state when it complies with the
conditions described in 6.3.4.5, end-of-life stage.
6.3.4.3 Construction stage
The construction process stage includes the optional information modules for:
— A4 Transportation of the complete system including ancillary materials from the production gate to the
construction site;
• Transport distances
• Modes of transportation (water, rail, etc.)
• Type and size of transport vehicle
• Vehicle loads
— A4-A5 Wastage of construction products (additional production processes to compensate for the loss of
wastage of products)
• Shall be considered under production stages
— A4-A5 Waste processing of the waste from product packaging and product wastage during the
construction processes up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues;
• Waste handling scenarios shall be developed consistent with the waste handling of other lifecycle
stages if relevant
• Generic, or specific country, regional or European scenarios for processing of waste
• Transportation to the waste handling sites shall be considered in accordance with C.3
— A5 Installation of the product into the building including manufacture and transportation of ancillary
materials and any energy or water required for installation or operation of the construction site. It also
includes on-site operations to the product.
• Preparation of the trench for the installation of the plastics piping system (dig out) according to
EN 1610. The trench supporting sheeting is out of the boundary of this PCR
• Installation of the pipe system into the trench
• Ancillary materials and products used in the installation process shall be considered for the
functional unit (e.g. lubricant for the sockets, etc.)
3
• Digging out the trench (m )
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• Transport the soil to the depot or (km)
o Transport distances
o Modes of transportation (water, rail, etc.)
o Type and size of transport vehicle
o Vehicle loads
3
• Bedding and backfilling material (m )
• Transport from the depot or mine (km)
o Modes of transport
o Transport distances
o Definition of vehicle (type and size)
• Determination of vehicle load
• Energy required for installation
o Digging out the trench (MJ)
o Bringing in the bedding, backfill (MJ)
o Compaction of bedding an
...
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