Composites made from cellulose-based materials and thermoplastics (usually called wood-polymer composites (WPC) or natural fibre composites (NFC)) - Part 5: Specifications for cladding profiles and tiles

This standard specifies the characteristics of cladding profiles and tiles made from cellulose-based materials and thermoplastics, usually called wood-polymer composites (WPC) or natural fibre composites (NFC), for external use.
This document is applicable to extruded profiles but also to tiles manufactured by other plastics processing techniques, e.g. injection moulding.
It is not applicable to support rail profiles, cover strip profiles and fastener devices.
This document also specifies assessment methods, provisions for the assessment and verification of constancy of performance (AVCP) of these products and includes requirements for marking.

Verbundwerkstoffe aus cellulosehaltigen Materialien und Thermoplasten (üblicherweise Holz-Polymer-Werkstoffe (WPC) oder Naturfaserverbundwerkstoffe (NFC) genannt) - Teil 5: Anforderungen an Profile und Formteile für Wandbekleidungen

Dieses Dokument legt die Eigenschaften von Profilen und Formteilen für Wandbekleidungen, die aus cellulosehaltigen Materialien und Thermoplasten hergestellt sind, üblicherweise Holz-Polymer-Werkstoffe (WPC, en: wood-polymer composites) oder Naturfaserverbundwerkstoffe (NFC, en: natural fibre composites) genannt, für Anwendungen im Außenbereich fest.
Dieses Dokument gilt für extrudierte Profile sowie für Formteile, die durch andere Kunststoffverarbeitungsverfahren, z. B. Spritzguss, hergestellt wurden.
Es gilt nicht für Unterkonstruktionen, Profile für Deckleisten und Beschläge.
Dieses Dokument legt darüber hinaus Bewertungsverfahren sowie Vorschriften für die Bewertung und Überprüfung der Leistungsbeständigkeit (AVCP) dieser Produkte fest und enthält Anforderungen an die Kennzeichnung.
Wiederverarbeitete und/oder wiederverwendete Werkstoffe können zur Herstellung von Erzeugnissren, die die Anforderungen dieses Teils von EN 15534 erfüllen, verwendet werden.
ANMERKUNG 1 WPC-Werkstoffe sind wiederverwendbare Werkstoffe, die in einem Werkstoffrückgewinnungsprozess aufbereitet werden können, um Rohstoffe einzusparen und gleichzeitig Emissionen von Schadstoffen in Luft, Wasser und in den Boden sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit zu minimieren.
ANMERKUNG 2 EN 15347 enthält ein Schema zur Charakterisierung von Kunststoffabfällen und ISO 15270 gibt Anleitungen zur Verwertung von Kunststoffabfällen.

Composites à base de matières cellulosiques et de thermoplastiques (communément appelés composites bois-polymères (WPC) ou composites fibres d'origine naturelle (NFC)) - Partie 5: Spécifications relatives aux lames et plaques pour bardage et lambris

Le présent document spécifie les caractéristiques des lames et des plaques pour bardage et lambris à
base de matières cellulosiques et de thermoplastiques, communément appelées composites boispolymères
(WPC) ou composites fibres d’origine naturelle (NFC), destinées à être utilisées à l’extérieur.
Le présent document s’applique aux lames extrudées, mais aussi aux plaques fabriquées par d’autres
techniques de transformation des plastiques, par exemple le moulage par injection.
Il n’est pas applicable aux lames pour barres d’appui, couvre-joints et éléments de fixation.
Le présent document spécifie également les méthodes d’évaluation, ainsi que les dispositions relatives à
l’évaluation et à la vérification de la constance des performances (EVCP) de ces produits, et il inclut des
exigences pour le marquage.
Des matériaux retraités et/ou recyclés peuvent être utilisés pour la fabrication des composants à
condition qu’ils satisfassent aux exigences de la présente partie de l’EN 15534.
NOTE 1 Les matériaux WPC sont des matériaux recyclables qui peuvent être traités par un procédé de
valorisation des matériaux destiné à économiser les ressources tout en réduisant au minimum les émissions de
substances dangereuses dans l’air, l’eau et le sol ainsi que leurs impacts sur la santé humaine.
NOTE 2 Un cadre relatif à la caractérisation des déchets de plastiques est donné dans l’EN 15347 et des lignes
directrices pour la valorisation et le recyclage sont données dans l’ISO 15270.

Kompoziti iz materialov na osnovi celuloze in plastomerov (navadno imenovani lesno-polimerni kompoziti (WPC) ali kompoziti iz naravnih vlaken (NFC)) - 5. del: Specifikacije za profile in ploščice stenskih oblog

General Information

Status
Not Published
Public Enquiry End Date
27-Mar-2019
Current Stage
4020 - Public enquire (PE) (Adopted Project)
Start Date
17-Jan-2019
Due Date
06-Jun-2019
Completion Date
26-Mar-2019

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 15534-5:2019
01-marec-2019
.RPSR]LWLL]PDWHULDORYQDRVQRYLFHOXOR]HLQSODVWRPHURY QDYDGQRLPHQRYDQL
OHVQRSROLPHUQLNRPSR]LWL :3& DOLNRPSR]LWLL]QDUDYQLKYODNHQ 1)& GHO
6SHFLILNDFLMH]DSURILOHLQSORãþLFHVWHQVNLKREORJ
Composites made from cellulose-based materials and thermoplastics (usually called
wood-polymer composites (WPC) or natural fibre composites (NFC)) - Part 5:
Specifications for cladding profiles and tiles
Verbundwerkstoffe aus cellulosehaltigen Materialien und Thermoplasten (üblicherweise
Holz-Polymer-Werkstoffe (WPC) oder Naturfaserverbundwerkstoffe (NFC) genannt) -
Teil 5: Anforderungen an Profile und Formteile für Wandbekleidungen
Composites à base de matières cellulosiques et de thermoplastiques (communément
appelés composites bois-polymères (WPC) ou composites fibres d'origine naturelle
(NFC)) - Partie 5: Spécifications relatives aux lames et plaques pour bardage et lambris
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 15534-5
ICS:
79.080 Polizdelki iz lesa Semi-manufactures of timber
83.140.99 Drugi izdelki iz gume in Other rubber and plastics
polimernih materialov products
oSIST prEN 15534-5:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN 15534-5:2019

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oSIST prEN 15534-5:2019


DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 15534-5
NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

January 2019
ICS 79.080; 83.080.01; 83.140.99 Will supersede EN 15534-5:2014
English Version

Composites made from cellulose-based materials and
thermoplastics (usually called wood-polymer composites
(WPC) or natural fibre composites (NFC)) - Part 5:
Specifications for cladding profiles and tiles
Composites à base de matières cellulosiques et de Verbundwerkstoffe aus cellulosehaltigen Materialien
thermoplastiques (communément appelés composites und Thermoplasten (üblicherweise Holz-Polymer-
bois-polymères (WPC) ou composites fibres d'origine Werkstoffe (WPC) oder Naturfaserverbundwerkstoffe
naturelle (NFC)) - Partie 5: Spécifications relatives aux (NFC) genannt) - Teil 5: Anforderungen an Profile und
lames et plaques pour bardage et lambris Formteile für Wandbekleidungen
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 249.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.


EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 15534-5:2019 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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prEN 15534-5:2019 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Products characteristics . 6
4.1 Reaction to fire . 6
4.2 Mechanical properties . 6
4.2.1 Flexural tensile strength . 6
4.2.2 Modulus of elasticity in bending . 6
4.2.3 Resistance to fixings . 6
4.2.4 Impact resistance . 6
4.2.5 Peel strength (profiles with laminated foil) . 6
4.3 Durability . 6
4.3.1 Resistance to artificial weathering . 6
4.3.2 Moisture resistance . 7
4.3.3 Swelling and water absorption . 7
4.4 Thermal properties . 7
4.4.1 Linear thermal expansion . 7
4.4.2 Heat reversion (applicable to profiles) . 7
4.4.3 Heat build up . 7
4.5 General characteristics . 7
4.6 Release of dangerous substances (leaching) . 7
5 Testing, assessment and sampling methods . 8
5.1 Reaction to fire . 8
5.2 Mechanical properties . 8
5.2.1 Flexural tensile strength . 8
5.2.2 Modulus of elasticity in bending . 8
5.2.3 Resistance to fixings . 8
5.2.4 Falling mass impact resistance . 8
5.2.5 Peel strength (profiles with laminated foil) . 8
5.3 Durability . 9
5.3.1 Resistance to artificial weathering . 9
5.3.2 Moisture resistance under cyclic conditions . 9
5.3.3 Swelling and water absorption . 9
5.4 Thermal properties . 9
5.4.1 Linear thermal expansion . 9
5.4.2 Heat reversion (applicable to profiles) . 9
5.4.3 Heat build up . 9
5.5 Release of dangerous substances (leaching) . 9
6 Assessment and verification of constancy of performance - AVCP . 10
6.1 General . 10
6.2 Type testing . 10
6.2.1 General . 10
6.2.2 Test samples, testing and compliance criteria . 11
6.2.3 Test reports . 12
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6.2.4 Shared other party results . 12
6.2.5 Cascading determination of the product type results . 13
6.3 Factory production control (FPC) . 14
6.3.1 General . 14
6.3.2 Requirements . 14
6.3.3 Product specific requirements . 17
6.3.4 Initial inspection of factory and of FPC . 18
6.3.5 Continuous surveillance of FPC [only for products covered by AVCP system 1+, 1 and
2+] . 18
6.3.6 Procedure for modifications . 19
6.3.7 One-off products, pre-production products (e.g. prototypes) and products produced
in very low quantity . 19
7 Marking and labelling . 20
Annex A (normative) General characteristics . 21
A.1 Appearance . 21
A.2 Physical characteristics . 21
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship of this European Standard with Regulation (EU)
No.305/2011 . 22
ZA.1 Scope and relevant characteristics . 22
ZA.2 System of Assessment and Verification of Constancy of Performance (AVCP) . 23
ZA.3 Assignment of AVCP tasks . 24
Bibliography . 27

3

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European foreword
This document (prEN 15534-5:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 249
“Plastics”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association. For relationship with EU Regulation, see informative Annex ZA,
which is an integral part of this document.
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1 Scope
This document specifies the characteristics of cladding profiles and tiles made from cellulose-based
materials and thermoplastics, usually called wood-polymer composites (WPC) or natural fibre
composites (NFC), for external use.
This document is applicable to extruded profiles but also to tiles manufactured by other plastics
processing techniques, e.g. injection moulding.
It is not applicable to support rail profiles, cover strip profiles and fastener devices.
This document also specifies assessment methods, provisions for the assessment and verification of
constancy of performance (AVCP) of these products and includes requirements for marking.
Reprocessed and/or recycled materials can be used for manufacturing the components which comply
with the requirements of this part of EN 15534.
NOTE 1 WPC materials are recyclable materials which can be treated in a material recovery process intended
to save resources while minimizing harmful emissions into air, water and soil as well as their impacts on human
health.
NOTE 2 A scheme for the characterization of plastics waste is given in EN 15347 and guidelines for the
recovery and recycling are given in ISO 15270.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, Composites made from cellulose-based materials and thermoplastics (usually
called wood-polymer composites (WPC) or natural fibre composites (NFC)) - Part 1: Test methods for
characterisation of compounds and products
EN 16472, Plastics - Method for artificial accelerated photoageing using medium pressure mercury vapour
lamps
CEN/TS 16637-2:2014, Construction products - Assessment of release of dangerous substances - Part 2:
Horizontal dynamic surface leaching test
EN ISO 4892-2, Plastics - Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps (ISO
4892-2)
EN ISO 4892-3:2016, Plastics - Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 3: Fluorescent UV
lamps (ISO 4892-3:2016)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15534 1:2014+A1:2017 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
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4 Products characteristics
4.1 Reaction to fire
When decided to declare the reaction to fire performance of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or tile shall be
expressed as the reaction to fire class, as specified in EN 13501-1, based on results of the test(s),
relevant for the claimed class, according to 5.1.
NOTE The reaction to fire indicates the degree of contribution of the material to the behaviour of the
construction product in the event of fire.
4.2 Mechanical properties
4.2.1 Flexural tensile strength
When declared, the flexural tensile strength of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or tile shall be evaluated by:
a) determining the deflection under a load of 250 N according to 5.2.1 and expressed as “compliant”
when the mean value of the deflection under a load of 250 N is ≤ 5,0 mm, and
b) determining the bending strength according to 5.2.1 and expressed as the value of the bending
strength in megapascals.
4.2.2 Modulus of elasticity in bending
When declared, the modulus of elasticity in bending of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or tile shall be
evaluated according to 5.2.2 and expressed as value in megapascals.
4.2.3 Resistance to fixings
When declared, the resistance to fixings of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or WPC/NFC tile shall be
evaluated by:
a) determining the withdrawal capacity of nails and screws in accordance with 5.2.3.1, and expressed
as the value of the withdrawal parameter, in newtons per square millimetre, and
b) determining the pull through resistance in accordance with 5.2.3.2 and expressed as the value of
the pull through parameter, in newtons per square millimetre.
4.2.4 Impact resistance
When declared, the impact resistance of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or a WPC/NFC tile shall be
evaluated by determining the falling mass impact resistance in accordance with 5.2.4 and expressed as
“compliant” when no more than one test specimen out of 10 test specimens shows a failure.
4.2.5 Peel strength (profiles with laminated foil)
When declared, the peel strength of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or WPC/NFC tile shall be evaluated
according to 5.2.5 and expressed in Newtons per millimetre (N/mm) or if the foil breaks, the tensile
strength at break of the foil in Newtons (N) or as the peeled length in millimetres (mm).
4.3 Durability
4.3.1 Resistance to artificial weathering
When declared, the resistance of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or a WPC/NFC tile to artificial weathering
shall be evaluated in accordance with 5.3.1, and expressed as the value of ΔL*, Δa*, Δb* and the
appearance criteria.
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4.3.2 Moisture resistance
When declared, the moisture resistance of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or a WPC/NFC tile shall be
evaluated by determining the moisture resistance under cyclic conditions in accordance with 5.3.2, and
expressed as “compliant” when the mean value of the deflection under a load of 250 N is ≤ 6 mm.
4.3.3 Swelling and water absorption
When declared, the swelling and water absorption of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or a WPC/NFC tile
shall be evaluated in accordance with 5.3.3 and expressed as “compliant” when:
1) the mean values of swelling are:
i) ≤ 10 % in thickness direction,
ii) ≤ 1,5 % in the width direction,
iii) ≤ 0,6 % in the length direction;
2) the individual values of swelling are:
i) ≤ 12 % in thickness direction,
ii) ≤ 2 % in the width direction,
iii) ≤ 1,2 % in the length direction;
3) the mean value of the water absorption is ≤ 8 % in weight, and
4) the individual values of the water absorption is ≤ 9 % in weight.
4.4 Thermal properties
4.4.1 Linear thermal expansion
When declared, the linear thermal expansion of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or a WPC/NFC tile shall be
evaluated in accordance with 5.4.1 and expressed as “compliant” when the linear thermal coefficient
−6 −1
K .
is ≤ 50⋅10
4.4.2 Heat reversion (applicable to profiles)
When declared, the heat reversion of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or a WPC/NFC tile shall be evaluated
in accordance with 5.4.2 and expressed as a percentage (%).
4.4.3 Heat build up
When declared, the heat build-up of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or a WPC/NFC tile shall be evaluated
in accordance with 5.4.3 and expressed in centigrade (°C).
4.5 General characteristics
The general characteristics of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or a WPC/NFC tile shall be evaluated in
accordance with Annex A
4.6 Release of dangerous substances (leaching)
When declared, the leaching of dangerous substances of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or a WPC/NFC tile
shall be evaluated in accordance with 5.5 and expressed as a percentage (%).
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5 Testing, assessment and sampling methods
5.1 Reaction to fire
The WPC/NFC cladding profile or tile shall be tested in accordance with the test method(s) given in
EN 13501-1 and EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, 9.6, for the referred class of the reaction to fire
performance.
When tested in accordance with EN 13823, the mounting and fixing of the WPC/NFC cladding profile or
tile shall conform to EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, 9.6.2 and the indication on this method, as given
therein, shall also be declared.
5.2 Mechanical properties
5.2.1 Flexural tensile strength
The deflection under a load of 250 N and the bending strength shall be determined according to
EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, Annex A, using 4 test specimens per side.
5.2.2 Modulus of elasticity in bending
The modulus of elasticity in bending shall be determined according to the EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017,
Annex A, using 8 specimens and on both faces of the profile/tile if relevant.
5.2.3 Resistance to fixings
5.2.3.1 Withdrawal capacity of nails and screws
The withdrawal capacity of nails and screws shall be determined according to
EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2014, 7.6 using 10 test specimens.
5.2.3.2 Pull through resistance
The pull through resistance shall be determined according to EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, 7.7 using 10
test specimens.
5.2.4 Falling mass impact resistance
The falling mass impact resistance of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or tile made from non-cellular
material shall be determined according to EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, 7.1.2.2.1, on 10 test specimens
using the following parameters:
— H = (1 000 ± 5) mm;
— M = (500 ± 2) g.
s
The falling mass impact resistance of a WPC/NFC cladding profile or tile made from cellular material
shall be determined according to EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, 7.1.2.2.2, on 10 test specimens using the
following parameters:
— H = (1 000 ± 5) mm;
— M = (500 ± 2) g.
s
5.2.5 Peel strength (profiles with laminated foil)
The peel strength shall be determined according to EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, 10.3 using 4 test
specimens.
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5.3 Durability
5.3.1 Resistance to artificial weathering
The resistance to artificial weathering shall be determined after an exposure of the WPC/NFC cladding
profile or tile according to EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, 8.1, using one specimen per colour, during:
— 300 h for an exposure to xenon-lamps (EN ISO 4892-2); or
— 2 016 h for an exposure to fluorescent UV (EN ISO 4892-3:2016, Method A, Cycle 1); or
— 750 h for an exposure to medium pressure mercury lamps (EN 16472).
Five measurements shall be performed on each specimen.
The difference of colour, ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, ΔE* shall be determined according to EN 15534-
1:2014+A1:2017, 8.1.3 .
The appearance criteria shall be defined by the manufacturer.
5.3.2 Moisture resistance under cyclic conditions
The moisture resistance under cyclic conditions shall be determined according to
EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, 8.3.2.
The deflection under a load of 250 N shall be determined according to EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017,
Annex A, using 3 test specimens mounted to the test apparatus in the same way as for the bending test
according to EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, 4.5.2, giving the lower mean value for the maximum force; the
test shall be performed on both faces of the profile/tile, if relevant.
5.3.3 Swelling and water absorption
The swelling and water absorption shall be determined according to EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, 8.3.1,
using 5 test specimens.
5.4 Thermal properties
5.4.1 Linear thermal expansion
The linear thermal expansion (use class 3, only) shall be determined according to EN 15534-
1:2014+A1:2017, 9.2, using 3 test specimens.
5.4.2 Heat reversion (applicable to profiles)
The linear heat reversion shall be determined according to EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, 9.3, using 3 test
specimens.
5.4.3 Heat build up
The heat build-up shall be determined according to EN 15534-1:2014+A1:2017, 9.4, using 3 test
specimens.
5.5 Release of dangerous substances (leaching)
The leaching of dangerous substances shall be determined according to CEN/TS 16637-2:2014,
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6 Assessment and verification of constancy of performance - AVCP
6.1 General
The compliance of cladding profiles and tiles made of WPC or NFC with the requirements of this
standard and with the performances declared by the manufacturer in the DoP shall be demonstrated
by:
— determination of the product type;
— factory production control by the manufacturer, including product assessment.
The manufacturer shall always retain the overall control and shall have the necessary means to take
responsibility for the conformity of the product with its declared performance(s).
6.2 Type testing
6.2.1 General
All performances related to characteristics included in this standard shall be determined when the
manufacturer intends to declare the respective performances unless the standard gives provisions for
declaring them without performing tests (e.g. use of previously existing data, CWFT and conventionally
accepted performance).
Assessment previously performed in accordance with the provisions of this standard, may be taken into
account provided that they were made to the same or a more rigorous test method, under the same
AVCP system on the same product or products of similar design, construction and functionality, such
that the results are applicable to the product in question.
For the purposes of assessment, the manufacturer's products may be grouped into families, where it is
considered that the results for one or more characteristics from any one product within the family are
representative for that same characteristics for all products within that same family
NOTE 1 Products may be grouped in different families for different characteristics.
NOTE 2 Reference to the assessment method standards should be made to allow the selection of a suitable
representative sample.
In addition, the determination of the product type shall be performed for all characteristics included in
the standard for which the manufacturer declares the performance:
— at the beginning of the production of a new or modified cladding profiles and tiles made of WPC or
NFC(unless a member of the same product range), or
— at the beginning of a new or modified method of production (where this may affect the stated
properties); or
they shall be repeated for the appropriate characteristic(s), whenever a change occurs in the cladding
profiles and tiles made of WPC or NFC design, in the raw material or in the supplier of the components,
or in the method of production (subject to the definition of a family), which would affect significantly
one or more of the characteristics.
Where components are used whose characteristics have already been determined, by the component
...

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