SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
(Main)Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Areal - Part 73: Terms and definitions for surface defects on material measures (ISO 25178-73:2019)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Areal - Part 73: Terms and definitions for surface defects on material measures (ISO 25178-73:2019)
This part of ISO 25178 deals with geometrical defects that may be present on the surfaces of material measures and calibration specimens conforming to ISO 5436-1 and ISO 25178-70. It defines classes of these geometrical defects, and defines terms for ways of responding to these defects.
This part of ISO 25178 is applicable as follows:
a) to help customers and users of material measures for surface metrology specify their nominal features (ideal geometrical properties) when purchasing them from manufacturers and suppliers;
b) to enable users of material measures to formulate their own rules and policies for responding to the occurrence of defects in such a way as to minimise the uncertainty of their own measurements.
c) to enable calibration laboratories and their customers to agree a common policy on how to treat defects on a material measure that has been sent for calibration;
d) to educate users of material measures about the different significance and importance of different kinds of defect;
e) for other GPS standards which make reference to the issue of selection of measuring locations, or selection of areas to be measured or to be avoided in measurement.
Geometrische Produktspezifikation (GPS) - Oberflächenbeschaffenheit: Flächenhaft - Teil 73: Begriffe für Oberflächenfehler an Maßverkörperungen (ISO 25178-73:2019)
Dieses Dokument definiert Klassen geometrischer Fehler, die an den Oberflächen von Maßverkörperungen und Kalibrierkörpern nach ISO 5436 1 und ISO 25178 70 auftreten können und Begriffe für Arten des Umgangs mit diesen Fehlern.
Dieses Dokument gilt für Folgendes:
a) Kunden und Anwendern von Maßverkörperungen für die Oberflächenmesstechnik dabei zu helfen, ihre Nenngeometrieelemente (ideale geometrische Eigenschaften) festzulegen, wenn sie diese von Herstellern und Lieferanten erhalten;
b) Anwendern von Maßverkörperungen zu ermöglichen, ihre eigenen Regeln und Richtlinien zu formulieren, um mit auftretenden Fehler so umzugehen, dass die Unsicherheit ihrer eigenen Messungen minimiert wird;
ANMERKUNG Solche Richtlinien werden z. B. in ISO/IEC 17025:2017, 7.2.1.1, 7.2.1.3, 7.3.1 und 7.8.5 c) und d) gefordert.
c) Kalibrierlaboren und ihren Kunden zu ermöglichen, eine gemeinsame Richtlinie zum Umgang mit Fehlern an einer zu kalibrierenden Maßverkörperung zu vereinbaren;
d) Anwender von Maßverkörperungen über die unterschiedliche Bedeutung und Wichtigkeit von verschiedenen Fehlerarten aufzuklären;
e) für andere GPS Normen, die auf das Problem der Auswahl von Messorten oder der zu messenden oder bei der Messung zu vermeidenden Bereiche verweisen.
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) - État de surface: surfacique - Partie 73: Termes et définitions pour les défauts de surface sur les mesures matérialisées (ISO 25178-73:2019)
Le présent document traite des défauts géométriques pouvant être présents sur les surfaces des mesures matérialisées et des échantillons d'étalonnage conformes à l'ISO 5436-1 et à l'ISO 25178-70 et définit les termes désignant les manières de répondre à ces défauts.
Le présent document est applicable comme suit:
a) pour aider les clients et les utilisateurs de mesures matérialisées en métrologie de surface à spécifier leurs éléments nominaux (propriétés géométriques idéales) en cas d'obtention de ces mesures auprès des fabricants et des fournisseurs;
b) pour permettre aux utilisateurs de mesures matérialisées de formuler leurs propres règles et politiques pour répondre à l'occurrence de défauts de manière à réduire le plus possible l'incertitude de leurs propres mesurages;
NOTE Ces politiques sont par exemple requises dans l'ISO/IEC 17025:2017, 7.2.1.1, 7.2.1.3, 7.3.1 et 7.8.5 c) et d).
c) pour permettre aux laboratoires d'étalonnage et à leurs clients de convenir d'une politique commune sur la manière de traiter les défauts présents sur une mesure matérialisée ayant été envoyée en vue d'être étalonnée;
d) pour former les utilisateurs de mesures matérialisées à la signification et à l'importance variable des différents types de défauts;
e) pour les autres normes GPS qui font référence à la question du choix des emplacements de mesure ou du choix des zones à mesurer ou des zones à éviter lors du mesurage.
Specifikacija geometrijskih veličin izdelka (GPS) - Tekstura površine: ravna - 73. del: Izrazi in definicije za površinske napake pri meritvah materiala (ISO 25178-73:2019)
Ta del standarda ISO 25178 obravnava geometrijske napake, ki so lahko prisotne na površinah materialov in kalibracijskih preskušancev v skladu s standardoma ISO 5436-1 in ISO 25178-70. Opredeljuje razrede teh geometrijskih napak in določa načine odzivanja na te pomanjkljivosti.
Ta del standarda ISO 25178 se uporablja za:
a) pomoč kupcem in uporabnikom meritev materialov pri meroslovju površin, da pri nakupu od proizvajalcev in dobaviteljev določijo njihove nazivne lastnosti (idealne geometrijske lastnosti);
b) podporo uporabnikom meritev materialov, da oblikujejo svoja pravila in pravilnike za odzivanje na pojavljanje napak s tem, da zmanjšajo negotovost svojih lastnih meritev;
c) podporo laboratorijem za umerjanje in njihovim strankam, da se dogovorijo o skupni politiki ravnanja z napakami pri meritvah materialov, poslanih na umerjanje;
d) izobraževanje uporabnikov meritev materialov o različnem pomenu in pomenu različnih vrst napak;
e) druge standarde GPS, ki se sklicujejo na vprašanje izbire merilnih mest ali izbire območij, ki jih je treba izmeriti oziroma se jih pri merjenju izogibati.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
01-september-2019
Specifikacija geometrijskih veličin izdelka (GPS) - Tekstura površine: ravna - 73.
del: Izrazi in definicije za površinske napake pri meritvah materiala (ISO 25178-
73:2019)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Areal - Part 73: Terms and
definitions for surface defects on material measures (ISO 25178-73:2019)
Geometrische Produktspezifikation (GPS) - Oberflächenbeschaffenheit: Flächenhaft -
Teil 73: Begriffe für Oberflächenfehler an Maßverkörperungen (ISO 25178-73:2019)
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) - État de surface: surfacique - Partie 73:
Termes et définitions pour les défauts de surface sur les mesures matérialisées (ISO
25178-73:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 25178-73:2019
ICS:
01.040.17 Meroslovje in merjenje. Metrology and measurement.
Fizikalni pojavi (Slovarji) Physical phenomena
(Vocabularies)
17.040.40 Specifikacija geometrijskih Geometrical Product
veličin izdelka (GPS) Specification (GPS)
SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
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SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
EN ISO 25178-73
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
June 2019
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.17; 17.040.40
English Version
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Surface texture:
Areal - Part 73: Terms and definitions for surface defects
on material measures (ISO 25178-73:2019)
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) - État de Geometrische Produktspezifikation (GPS) -
surface: surfacique - Partie 73: Termes et définitions Oberflächenbeschaffenheit: Flächenhaft - Teil 73:
pour les défauts de surface sur les mesures Begriffe für Oberflächenfehler an Maßverkörperungen
matérialisées (ISO 25178-73:2019) (ISO 25178-73:2019)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 May 2019.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, North
Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 25178-73:2019 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
EN ISO 25178-73:2019 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
EN ISO 25178-73:2019 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 25178-73:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213
"Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification" in collaboration with Technical
Committee CEN/TC 290 “Dimensional and geometrical product specification and verification” the
secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2019, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 25178-73:2019 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 25178-73:2019 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
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SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 25178-73
First edition
2019-05
Geometrical product specifications
(GPS) — Surface texture: Areal —
Part 73:
Terms and definitions for surface
defects on material measures
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) — État de surface:
surfacique —
Partie 73: Termes et définitions pour les défauts de surface sur les
mesures matérialisées
Reference number
ISO 25178-73:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019
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SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
ISO 25178-73:2019(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
ISO 25178-73:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Terms and definitions for classes of defects . 2
3.3 Terms and definitions for ways of responding to defects . 3
Annex A (informative) Stains and discolorations . 5
Annex B (informative) Relation to the GPS matrix model . 6
Bibliography . 7
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
ISO 25178-73:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and geometrical product
specifications and verification.
A list of all parts in the ISO 25178 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
ISO 25178-73:2019(E)
Introduction
0.1 General
This document is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded as a general
GPS standard (see ISO 14638). It influences chain link F of the chain of standards on profile surface
texture, areal surface texture and surface imperfections.
The ISO GPS masterplan given in ISO 14638 gives an overview of the ISO GPS system of which this
document is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this document.
The default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to specifications made in accordance with this
document, unless otherwise stated.
For more detailed information on the relation of this document to the GPS matrix model, see Annex B.
This document is based on the premise that a material measure has a real geometrical surface which
is a realization of an ideal or nominal surface, which in turn can in most cases be regarded as a simple
mathematical concept: for example a plane, a sphere, a step function or a sinusoidal shape. In each
case there will be an associated precisely known quantity, which is used when the material measure is
measured by a surface texture-measuring instrument in one or more operations during the calibration
and set-up of that instrument.
Any portion of the measuring surface of the material measure at which the real surface deviates from
the ideal nominal surface is therefore more or less undesirable, and is here denoted by the term defect.
0.2 Relationship to ISO 8785
ISO 8785 was intended to apply to all types of surface, whether functional or otherwise. Examples
of functional surfaces are: brake disks, cylinder linings, optical lens and mirror surfaces, fluid pipe
couplings, marine propeller blades and artificial hip joints. In each case, the surface has to perform one
or more definite jobs and, consequently, the choice of method of manufacture and the type of surface
geometry, together with a certain range of parameter values which are specified for it, are usually a
compromise between conflicting requirements which might not all be perfectly fulfilled. The functional
surface can then be measured in order to find out how closely it matches the parameter values which
have been specified.
However, this is not the same as determining how well the surface functions. In many cases it is not
obvious exactly what the ideal profile shape from the point of view of best function would be. Therefore,
it is possible that a surface which deviates from the specified profile in some places actually performs
better than one which has no deviations. For this reason, ISO 8785 used the general term imperfections,
which does not suggest undesirability, in preference to the term defects, which does suggest this.
Unlike ISO 8785, this document does not deal with any classes of defect, other than geometrical, that
might appear upon the surfaces of material measures. Examples of other classes of defect are: unwanted
variations in such physical properties as:
— surface hardness;
— surface colour;
— electrical properties.
For the purposes of this document, no instance of such an unwanted variation in a physical property
is considered to be a defect unless it coincides spatially with the area of a geometrical defect. For
information on variations in surface colour, see Annex A.
0.3 Relationship to ISO 5436-1 and ISO 25178-70
The material measures and calibration specimens which are described in ISO 5436-1 and ISO 25178-70
are not functional surfaces as described in 0.2. Material measures exist only in order to be measured;
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 25178-73:2019
ISO 25178-73:2019(E)
there are no physical jobs which they have to do. They are physical representations of a mathematically
simple shape, which is therefore the ideal shape and which can be specified precisely.
Any deviation from this ideal shape is therefore undesirable, and so the term defect is preferable to the
term imperfection. It is possible for a single calibration specimen to be used in two or more different
applications, but for each application there exists a theoretically ideal shape, although certain features
of the ideal might be more important in one application than in the other.
For example, a sinusoidal roughness specimen can be used to check Ra or RSm parameter values. In
the first application it is more important that the sinusoidal specimen exhibits uniformity of amplitude
(peak height) than uniformity of wavelength (peak spacing), but in the second application it is the
other way around. The fact that the calibration specimen can be used in two different applications does
not make it a functional surface; it is still a measurement standard which exists only in order to be
measured.
0.4 Defining defects by reference to geometrical shape rather than cause
ISO 8785:1998, Clause 4, contains several descriptions of surface imperfections in terms which make
reference to the cause of the imperfection, instead of just their geometrical shape. This can create the
following difficulties when applying these descriptions in practice:
a) the possibility of confusion, in cases where a feature has the shape of one type of imperfection, but
has the cause of a different one;
b) in many cases, particularly with very small features at the limits of visibility, the cause might be
unknown and hard to discover;
c) it becomes more difficult to translate the terms into other languages.
In this document the emphasis is on geometrical shape, and three terms will be defined corresponding
to the cases in which the deviation is upwards from the surface (outward defect, 3.2.6), downwards into
the surface (inward defect, 3.2.7) or neither upward nor downward (neutral defect, 3.2.8). However,
there is one exception: it is necessary to define one special type of defect (negative defect, 3.2.9) which
sometimes appears on material measures that have been manufactured by one of the widely-used
methods of replication and which appears on such a replicated material measure as the result of a
corresponding defect on the surface of the mother mould (often called a negative), which produced the
replica.
0.5 Terms for ways of responding to defects
Consistent with the general idea that defects are undesirable, this document contains a section which
defines terms for all possible responses to the presence of defects. It does not specify which of these
responses should be applied in any particular situation, it simply defines terms and names for them, and
thus enables users, manufacturers, calibration metrologists and writers of other standards documents
to state their own policies and procedures clearly and unambiguously.
0.6 Defect as a portion of the surface rather than a property of the whole surface
A defect is a geometrical feature limited by natural boundaries (in the language of ISO 8015:2011, 5.4
and ISO 22432:2011, 3.2), that is non-ideal and real (ISO 22432:2011, 3.2.2). In this document a defe
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 25178-73:2018
01-oktober-2018
6SHFLILNDFLMDJHRPHWULMVNLKYHOLþLQL]GHOND *36 7HNVWXUDSRYUãLQH UDYQD
GHO 0HULWYHPDWHULDOD,]UD]LLQGHILQLFLMH]DSRYUãLQVNHQDSDNH ,62',6
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Areal - Part 73: Material
measures - Terms and definitions for surface defects (ISO/DIS 25178-73:2018)
Geometrische Produktspezifikation (GPS) - Oberflächenbeschaffenheit: Flächenhaft -
Teil 73: Maßverkörperungen - Begriffe für Oberflächenfehler (ISO/DIS 25178-73:2018)
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) - État de surface: surfacique - Partie 73:
Défauts sur les mesures matérialisées - Termes et définitions: (ISO/DIS 25178-73:2018)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 25178-73
ICS:
01.040.17 Meroslovje in merjenje. Metrology and measurement.
Fizikalni pojavi (Slovarji) Physical phenomena
(Vocabularies)
17.040.40 6SHFLILNDFLMDJHRPHWULMVNLK Geometrical Product
YHOLþLQL]GHOND *36 Specification (GPS)
oSIST prEN ISO 25178-73:2018 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 25178-73:2018
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oSIST prEN ISO 25178-73:2018
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 25178-73
ISO/TC 213 Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2018-05-16 2018-08-08
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface
texture: Areal —
Part 73:
Material measures — Terms and definitions for surface
defects
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) — État de surface: Surfacique —
Partie 73: Défauts sur les mesures matérialisées — Termes et définitions
ICS: 01.040.17; 17.040.40
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 25178-73:2018(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2018
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oSIST prEN ISO 25178-73:2018
ISO/DIS 25178-73:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 25178-73:2018
ISO/DIS 25178-73:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Terms and definitions for classes of defects . 2
3.3 Terms and definitions for ways of responding to defects . 3
Annex A (informative) Stains and discolorations . 5
Annex B (informative) Relation to the GPS matrix model . 6
Bibliography . 7
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved iii
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oSIST prEN ISO 25178-73:2018
ISO/DIS 25178-73:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and
geometrical product specifications and verification.
A list of all parts in the ISO 25178- series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 25178-73:2018
ISO/DIS 25178-73:2018(E)
Introduction
0.1 General
This document is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded as a general
GPS standard (see ISO 14638). It influences chain links F of the chain of standards on Profile surface
texture, Areal surface texture and Surface imperfections.
The ISO GPS Masterplan given in ISO 14638 gives an overview of the ISO GPS system of which this
document is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this document.
The default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to specifications made in accordance with this
document, unless otherwise stated.
For more detailed information on the relation of this document to the GPS matrix model, see Annex B.
This document is based on the premise that a material measure has a real geometrical surface which
is a realization of an ideal or nominal surface, which in turn can in most cases be regarded as a simple
mathematical concept: for example a plane, a sphere, a step function, or a sinusoidal shape. In each
case there will be an associated precisely-known quantity, which is used when the material measure is
measured by a surface texture-measuring instrument in one or more operations during the calibration
and set-up of that instrument.
Any portion of the measuring surface of the material measure at which the real surface deviates from
the ideal nominal surface is therefore more or less undesirable, and is here denoted by the term defect.
0.2 Relationship to ISO 8785:1999 Surface Imperfections — Terms, Definitions and Parameters
ISO 8785:1999 was intended to apply to all types of surface, whether functional or otherwise. Examples
of functional surfaces are: brake disks, cylinder linings, optical lens and mirror surfaces, fluid pipe
couplings, marine propeller blades, artificial hip joints. In each case, the surface has to perform one
or more definite jobs, and consequently the choice of method of manufacture, and the type of surface
geometry together with a certain range of parameter values which are specified for it, are usually a
compromise between conflicting requirements which may not all be perfectly fulfilled. The functional
surface can then be measured in order to find out how closely it matches the parameter values which
have been specified.
However, this is not the same as determining how well the surface functions. In many cases it is
not obvious exactly what the ideal profile shape from the point of view of best function, would be.
Therefore, it is possible that a surface which deviates from the specified profile in some places, actually
performs better than one which has no deviations. For this reason, ISO 8785:1999 used the general
term imperfections, which does not suggest undesirability, in preference to the term defects, which does
suggest it.
Unlike ISO 8785:1999, this document does not deal with any classes of defect other than geometrical,
that may appear upon the surfaces of material measures. Examples of other classes of defect are:
unwanted variations in physical properties such as surface hardness, or surface colour, or electrical
properties. For the purposes of this document, no instance of such an unwanted variation in a physical
property is considered to be a defect unless it coincides spatially with the area of a geometrical defect.
For information on variations in surface colour, see Annex A.
0.3 Relationship to ISO 5436-1:2000 and ISO 25178-70
The material measures and calibration specimens which are described in ISO 5436-1 and ISO 25178-70,
are not functional surfaces as described in 0.2. Material measures exist only in order to be measured,
there are no physical jobs which they have to do. They are physical representations of a mathematically
simple shape, which is therefore the ideal shape, and which can be specified precisely.
Any deviation from this ideal shape is therefore undesirable, and so the term defect is preferable to the
term imperfection. It is possible for a single calibration specimen to be used in two or more different
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applications, but for each application there exists a theoretically ideal shape, although certain features
of the ideal may be more important in one application than the other.
For example, a sinusoidal roughness specimen can be used to check Ra or RSm parameter values. In
the first application it is more important that the sinusoidal specimen exhibits uniformity of amplitude
(peak height) than uniformity of wavelength (peak spacing), but in the second application it is the
other way around. The fact that the calibration specimen can be used in two different applications does
not make it a functional surface, it is still a measurement standard which exists only in order to be
measured.
0.4 Defining defects by reference to geometrical shape, rather than to cause
ISO 8785:1999, Clause 4 contains several descriptions of surface imperfections in terms which make
reference to the cause of the imperfection, instead of just their geometrical shape. This can create the
following kinds of difficulties when applying these descriptions in practice:
a) the possibility of confusion, in cases where a feature has the shape of one type of imperfection, but
has the cause of a different one;
b) in many cases, particularly with very small features at the limits of visibility, the cause may be
unknown and hard to discover;
c) it makes it more difficult to translate the terms into other languages.
In this document the emphasis is on geometrical shape, and three terms will be defined corresponding
to the cases in which the deviation is upwards from the surface (outward defect, 3.2.6), or downwards
into the surface (inward defect, 3.2.7), or neither upward nor downward (neutral defect, 3.2.8).
However, there is one exception: it is necessary to define one special type of defect (negative defect,
3.2.9) which sometimes appears on material measures that have been manufactured by one of the
widely-used methods of replication and which appear on such a replicated material measure as the
result of a corresponding defect on the surface of the mother mould (often called a negative), which
produced the replica.
0.5 Terms for ways of responding to defects
Consistent with the general idea that defects are undesirable, this document contains a section which
defines terms for all possible responses to the presence of defects. It does not specify which of these
responses should be applied in any particular situation, it simply defines terms and names for them, and
thus enables users, manufacturers, calibration metrologists, and writers of other standards documents,
to state their own policies and procedures clearly and unambiguously.
0.6 A defect is a portion of the surface rather than a property of the whole surface
In the language of ISO 8015:2011, 5.4, and ISO 22432:2011, 3.2, a defect is a geometrical feature limited
by natural boundaries, that is non-ideal, and real (ISO 22432:2011, 3.2.2). In this document a defect
is considered to be a portion of the physical surface of a geometrical measurement standard, rather
than a property of the whole surface. This is necessary in order to distinguish between three common
responses to the presence of defects on a measurement standard, responses which are easily confused
with each other if they are not precisely defined. They are:
— first, to remove the defect (by either physically cutting it off the measuring area or else discarding
data points in the software);
— secondly, to avoid the defect (by redefining the limits of the measuring area);
— thirdly, to repair the defect (by either reworking or cleaning the specimen, or else retouching data
in the software).
In the absence of strict definitions for the terms remove, avoid, and repair, the widely-used term remove
is ambiguous. However, it is important to distinguish between repairing and removing defects as
defined in this document, because many users of specimens and writers of procedures and policies will
want to forbid one of these whilst allowing or requiring the other to be done.
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0.7 Inapplicability of the definitions presented in this document, to the case of functional
surfaces
The statements in 0.6 make it difficult to extend the application of the new definitions to
...
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