SIST-TS CEN/TS 13001-3-5:2010
(Main)Cranes - General design - Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks
Cranes - General design - Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks
This Technical Specification should be used together with the other relevant parts of the standard series. As such, they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent hazards in hooks as part of all types of cranes. This Technical Specification covers the following parts of hooks and types of hooks:
- bodies of any type of point hooks made of steel forgings;
- machined shanks of hooks with a thread/nut suspension.
This Technical Specification is applicable to hooks from materials with ultimate strength of no more than 800 N/mm2 and yield stress of no more than 600 N/mm2. The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 8 of this document are necessary to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with the following hazards:
a) Exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
b) Exceeding temperature limits of material; c) Unintentional disengagement of the load from the hook.
The requirements of this Technical Specification are stated in the main body of the document and are applicable to hook designs in general. The hook body and shank designs listed in Annexes A, B and G are only examples and should not be referred to as requirements of this Technical Specification. This Technical Specification is applicable to cranes, which are manufactured after the date of approval of this standard by CEN, and serves as a reference base for product standards of particular crane types.
Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-5: Grenzzustände und Sicherheitshinweise von geschmiedeten Haken
Diese Technische Spezifikation ist in Verbindung mit den anderen einschlägigen Teilen der Normenreihe zu
sehen. Insgesamt werden darin die allgemeinen Bedingungen, Anforderungen und Methoden zur
Verhinderung von Gefahren an Haken als Bestandteil sämtlicher Krantypen festgelegt.
Diese Technische Spezifikation gilt für folgende Hakenteile und Hakenarten:
⎯ alle Arten von geschmiedeten Spitzhakenkörpern
⎯ bearbeitete Hakenschäfte mit Gewinde-/Mutter-Aufhängung.
ANMERKUNG 1 Die Grundsätze der Technischen Spezifikation sind auch auf andere Arten von Gabelhaken sowie bei
der Ermittlung und Verwendung von Spannungskonzentrationsfaktoren, die für die betreffende Schaftkonstruktion von
Bedeutung sind, anwendbar. Lamellenhaken, die aus einem oder mehreren parallel angeordneten Blechen aus Walzstahl
zusammengesetzt sind, sind nicht Gegenstand dieser Technischen Spezifikation.
Die vorliegende Technische Spezifikation gilt für Haken aus Werkstoffen mit einer Bruchfestigkeit von
maximal 800 N/mm2 und einer Fließgrenze von maximal 600 N/mm2.
Im Folgenden sind signifikante Gefahrensituationen und Gefahrenereignisse aufgeführt, die zu Gefahren für
den Menschen während des normalen Gebrauchs und bei vorhersehbarem Missbrauch führen könnten.
Abschnitte 4 bis 8 dieses Dokuments sind wichtig, um Risiken, die mit nachfolgend genannten Gefahren
verbunden sind, zu minimieren oder zu verhindern:
a) Überschreiten der Festigkeitsgrenzwerte (Fließen, Bruch, Ermüdung);
b) Überschreiten der Temperaturgrenzwerte des Werkstoffs;
c) unbeabsichtigtes Aushängen der Last vom Haken.
Die Anforderungen dieser Technischen Spezifikation sind im Hauptteil des Dokuments beschrieben und
gelten für Hakenkonstruktionen allgemein. Die in den Anhängen A, B und G aufgeführten Bemessungen von
Hakenkörpern und Hakenschäften dienen nur als Beispiel und sind nicht als Anforderungen dieser
Technischen Spezifikation zu verstehen.
Appareils à levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-5: Etats limites et vérification d'aptitude des crochets forgés
La présente partie 3-5 de la série de normes EN 13001 doit être utilisée conjointement avec les autres parties correspondantes de la série de normes. En tant que telles, elles spécifient les conditions, prescriptions et méthodes générales permettant d’éviter les phénomènes dangereux dus aux crochets faisant partie intégrante de tous les types d’appareils de levage à charge suspendue.
La présente spécification technique couvre les composants de crochets et types de crochets suivants :
- corps de tout type de crochets à bec en acier forgé ;
- tiges usinées de crochets à suspension par vis/écrou.
NOTE 1 Les principes de la présente Spécification Technique peuvent s‘appliquer à d’autres types de crochets à tige et lorsque les facteurs de concentration des contraintes correspondant à cette construction de tige sont déterminés et utilisés. Les crochets pour tôle forte constitués de l’assemblage d’un ou de plusieurs éléments parallèles de tôles en acier laminé ne sont pas couverts par la présente Spécification Technique.
La liste suivante spécifie les situations et les évènements dangereux significatifs susceptibles d’entraîner des risques pour les personnes lors d’une utilisation normale ou d’une mauvaise utilisation prévisible. Les Articles 4 à 8 du présent document sont nécessaires pour réduire ou éliminer les risques associés aux phénomènes dangereux suivants :
a) dépassement des limites de résistance (élasticité, rupture, fatigue) ;
b) dépassement des limites de température du matériau ;
c) décrochage intempestif de la charge du crochet.
Les prescriptions de la présente Spécification Technique sont spécifiées dans le corps du texte du document et s’appliquent aux conceptions de crochet en général. Les conceptions de corps et de tige de crochet énumérées dans les Annexes A, B et G ne sont fournies qu’à titre d’exemple et ne doivent pas être citées comme des prescriptions de la présente spécification technique.
Dvigala (žerjavi) - Konstrukcija, splošno - 3-5. del: Mejna stanja in dokaz varnosti za kovane kavlje
Ta tehnična specifikacija se mora uporabljati skupaj z drugimi ustreznimi deli serije standardov. Kot takšni ti določajo splošne pogoje, zahteve in metode za preprečevanje nevarnosti kavljev, ki so del vseh vrst žerjavov. Ta tehnična specifikacija zajema naslednje dele kavljev in vrste kavljev:
- vsakovrstna telesa jeklenih kovanih koničastih kavljev;
- strojno obdelane osi kavljev z obešalom z navojem/matico.
Ta tehnična specifikacija velja za kavlje iz materialov s končno trdnostjo ne več kot 800 N/mm2 in napetostjo tečenja ne več kot 600 N/mm2. Spodaj sledi seznam bistvenih nevarnih situacij in nevarnih dogodkov, ki lahko privedejo do tveganja za osebe med normalno uporabo in predvidljivo napačno uporabo. Klavzule 4 do 8 tega dokumenta so potrebne za zmanjševanje ali odpravo tveganj, povezanih z naslednjimi nevarnostmi:
a) Preseganje mejnih vrednosti trdnosti (napetosti, končne trdnosti, utrujenosti);
b) Preseganje temperaturnih omejitev materiala; c) Nenamerno snetje bremena s kavlja.
Zahteve te tehnične specifikacije so navedene v glavnem delu dokumenta in veljajo za splošno načrtovanje kavljev. Modeli telesa in osi kavlja, navedeni v Dodatkih A, B in G, so le primeri in ne veljajo kot zahteve te tehnične specifikacije. Ta tehnična specifikacija velja za žerjave, izdelane po datumu, ko je CEN ta standard odobril, in se uporablja kot referenčna podlaga za standarde za proizvode določenih vrst žerjavov.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 13001-3-5:2010
01-oktober-2010
Dvigala (žerjavi) - Konstrukcija, splošno - 3-5. del: Mejna stanja in dokaz varnosti
za kovane kavlje
Cranes - General design - Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged
hooks
Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-5: Grenzzustände und Sicherheitshinweise von
geschmiedeten Haken
Appareils à levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-5: Etats limites
et vérification d'aptitude des crochets forgés
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 13001-3-5:2010
ICS:
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
SIST-TS CEN/TS 13001-3-5:2010 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TS CEN/TS 13001-3-5:2010
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SIST-TS CEN/TS 13001-3-5:2010
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 13001-3-5
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
January 2010
ICS 53.020.20; 53.020.30
English Version
Cranes - General design - Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of
competence of forged hooks
Appareils à levage à charge suspendue - Conception Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-5: Grenzzustände
générale - Partie 3-5: Etats limites et vérification d'aptitude und Sicherheitshinweise von geschmiedeten Haken
des crochets forgés
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 31 August 2009 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 13001-3-5:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents page
Foreword .5
Introduction .6
1 Scope .7
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations .8
3.1 Terms and definitions .8
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations .9
4 General requirements . 11
4.1 Materials . 11
4.2 Workmanship . 12
4.3 Manufacturing tolerances . 13
4.4 Heat treatment . 13
4.5 Proof loading . 13
4.6 Hook body geometry . 13
4.7 Hook shank machining . 15
4.8 Nut . 15
4.9 Hook suspension . 16
5 Static strength . 16
5.1 General . 16
5.2 Vertical design load . 16
5.3 Horizontal design force . 17
5.4 Bending moment of the shank . 18
5.4.1 General . 18
5.4.2 Bending moment due to horizontal force . 18
5.4.3 Bending moment due to inclination of hook suspension . 18
5.4.4 Bending moment due to eccentricity of vertical force . 20
5.4.5 Special case for a ramshorn hook . 20
5.4.6 Design bending moment of the shank . 21
5.5 Hook body, design stresses . 21
5.5.1 Loadings . 21
5.5.2 Stress calculation methods . 22
5.5.3 Design stresses . 22
5.6 Hook shank, design stresses . 23
5.7 Hook, proof of static strength . 24
5.7.1 General for hook body and shank. 24
5.7.2 The use of static limit design force for verification of the hook body . 24
6 Fatigue strength . 25
6.1 General . 25
6.2 Vertical fatigue design force . 25
6.3 Horizontal fatigue design force . 25
6.4 Fatigue design bending moment of shank . 26
6.4.1 Bending moment due to horizontal force . 26
6.4.2 Bending moment due to inclination of hook suspension . 26
6.4.3 Bending moment due to eccentricity of vertical force . 26
6.5 Proof of fatigue strength, hook body. 27
6.5.1 Design stress calculation . 27
6.5.2 Stress history in general . 27
2
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6.5.3 Stress history based upon classified duty . 28
6.5.4 Limit fatigue design stress . 29
6.5.5 Execution of the proof . 30
6.5.6 The use of fatigue limit design force for verification of the hook body . 31
6.6 Proof of fatigue strength, hook shank . 31
6.6.1 General . 31
6.6.2 Design stress calculation . 32
6.6.3 Applied stress cycles . 32
6.6.4 Basic fatigue strength of material . 33
6.6.5 Stress concentration effects from geometry . 33
6.6.6 Fatigue strength of notched shank . 34
6.6.7 Mean stress influence . 35
6.6.8 Transformation of stresses to a constant mean stress . 36
6.6.9 Stress history parameter in general . 36
6.6.10 Stress history parameter based upon classified duty . 37
6.6.11 Execution of the proof . 38
6.7 Fatigue design of hook shanks for serially produced hooks . 38
7 Verification of conformity with the requirements . 39
7.1 General . 39
7.2 Verification of manufacture . 39
7.3 Test loading . 39
7.4 Test sampling . 40
8 Information for use . 40
8.1 Maintenance and inspection . 40
8.2 Marking . 41
8.3 Safe use . 41
Annex A (informative) Sets of single hooks . 43
A.1 A series of single hooks of type RS/RSN, dimensions of forgings . 43
A.2 A series of single hooks of type RF/RFN, dimensions of forgings . 45
A.3 A series of single hooks of type B, dimensions of forgings. 47
Annex B (informative) A series of ramshorn hooks of type RS/RSN and RF/RFN, dimensions of
forgings . 49
Annex C (normative) Static limit design forces of hook bodies . 51
C.1 Static limit design forces of hook bodies for hooks of type RS and RF . 51
C.2 Static limit design forces of hook bodies for a series of hooks of type B, with additional
materials . 52
Annex D (normative) Fatigue limit design forces of hook bodies . 53
D.1 Fatigue limit design forces of hook bodies for hooks of type RS and RF . 53
D.2 Fatigue limit design forces of hook bodies for a series of hooks of type B, with additional
materials . 54
Annex E (normative) Hook body calculation and specific spectrum ratio factors . 55
E.1 Conversion factor for hook body calculation, when classified duty is utilized . 55
E.2 Specific spectrum ratio factors . 56
E.3 Underlying spectra for the specific spectrum ratio factors . 57
Annex F (normative) A selection of material qualities for hooks of type RS and RF . 60
Annex G (informative) Sets of hook shank and thread designs . 61
G.1 A series of hook shank and thread designs, a knuckle thread . 61
G.2 A series of hook shank and thread designs, a metric thread . 63
G.3 A series of hook shank and thread designs, a modified metric thread . 65
G.4 Hook shank and thread designs for hooks of type B . 67
Annex H (normative) Bending of curved beams . 69
Annex I (normative) Calculation of hook suspension tilting resistance, articulation by a hinge or a
rope reeving system . 72
3
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Annex J (informative) Guidance for the selection of a hook size using the Annexes C to E . 76
Annex K (normative) Information to be provided by the hook manufacturer . 78
Annex L (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application . 79
Bibliography . 80
4
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Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 13001-3-5:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes -
Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This Technical Specification is one part of the EN 13001 series. The other parts are as follows:
Part 1: General principles and requirements
Part 2: Load effects
Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures
Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in reeving systems
Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts
According to the CEN/CENELEC International Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
5
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Introduction
This Technical Specification has been prepared to provide a means for the mechanical design and theoretical
verification of cranes to conform with essential health and safety requirements. This specification also
establishes interfaces between the user (purchaser) and the designer, as well as between the designer and
the component manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components.
This Technical Specification is a type C standard.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in the scope of this
standard.
6
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1 Scope
This Technical Specification should be used together with the other relevant parts of the standard series. As
such, they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent hazards in hooks as part of all
types of cranes.
This Technical Specification covers the following parts of hooks and types of hooks:
bodies of any type of point hooks made of steel forgings;
machined shanks of hooks with a thread/nut suspension.
NOTE 1 Principles of this Technical Specification can be applied to other types of shank hooks and also where stress
concentration factors relevant to that shank construction are determined and used. Plate hooks, which are those,
assembled of one or several parallel parts of rolled steel plates are not covered in this Technical Specification.
This Technical Specification is applicable to hooks from materials with ultimate strength of no more than
2 2
800 N/mm and yield stress of no more than 600 N/mm .
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to
persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 8 of this document are necessary to reduce
or eliminate the risks associated with the following hazards:
a) Exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
b) Exceeding temperature limits of material;
c) Unintentional disengagement of the load from the hook.
The requirements of this Technical Specification are stated in the main body of the document and are
applicable to hook designs in general. The hook body and shank designs listed in Annexes A, B and G are
only examples and should not be referred to as requirements of this Technical Specification.
This Technical Specification is applicable to cranes, which are manufactured after the date of approval of this
standard by CEN, and serves as a reference base for product standards of particular crane types.
NOTE 2 This CEN/TS 13001-3-5 deals only with the limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 10002-1, Metallic materials ― Tensile testing ― Part 1: Method of test at ambient temperature
EN 10045-1, Metallic materials ― Charpy impact test ― Part 1: Test method
EN 10025-3:2004, Hot rolled products of structural steels ― Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for
normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
EN 10222-4:1998, Steel forgings for pressure purposes ― Part 4: Weldable fine grain steels with high proof
strength
EN 10228-3:1998, Non-destructive testing of steel forgings ― Part 3: Ultrasonic testing of ferritic or
martensitic steel forgings
7
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EN 10243-1:1999, Steel die forgings ― Tolerances on dimensions ― Part 1: Drop and vertical press forgings
EN 10250-2:1999, Open die steel forgings for general engineering purposes ― Part 2: Non-alloy quality and
special steels
EN 10250-3:1999, Open die steel forgings for general engineering purposes ― Part 3: Alloy special steels
EN 10254, Steel closed die forgings ― General technical delivery conditions
EN 13001-1:2004, Cranes - General design ― Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001-2, Crane safety ― General design ― Part 2: Load effects
CEN/TS 13001-3-2, Cranes ― General design ― Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes
in reeving systems
EN ISO 4287:1998, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) ― Surface texture: Profile method ― Terms,
definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 4287:1997)
EN ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery ― Basic concepts, general principles for design ― Part 1: Basic
terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003)
ISO 965-1:1998, ISO general purpose metric screw threads ― Tolerances ― Part 1: Principles and basic data
ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes ― Vocabulary ― Part 1: General
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100-1:2003 and
ISO 4306-1:2007 and the following apply.
3.1.1
hook shank
upper part of the hook, from which the hook is suspended to the hoist media of the crane
3.1.2
hook body
lower, curved part of the hook below the shank
3.1.3
hook seat
bottom part of the hook body, where the load lifting attachment is resting
3.1.4
hook suspension articulation
feature of the hook suspension, allowing the hook to tilt along the inclined load line
3.1.5
serially produced hook
hook which is designed, manufactured and released to the market as a stand alone component or as part of a
hook block, without connection to a specific crane or application
8
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3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations
Symbols, Description
abbreviations
Cross section area of the forged, shank
A
d1
A Cross section area of the critical section of hook shank
d4
A Minimum impact toughness of material
v
Acceleration
a
Seat circle diameter
a
1
a Throat opening
2
a Height of the hook point
3
Maximum width in the critical hook body section
b
max
Reference width
b
ref
C Total number of working cycles during the design life of crane
C Relative tilting resistance of the hook suspension
t
Coefficient for load eccentricity
c
e
Cumulative damage in fatigue (Palmgren-Miner hypothesis)
D
d Diameter of the forged shank
1
d Principal diameter of thread
3
Diameter of the undercut section of the shank
d
4
Thread core diameter
d
5
e Distance of the vertical load line from the centre line of the shank
R
F Vertical force
Vertical force on hook due to occasional or exceptional loads
F
H
Limit design forces, static / fatigue
F , F
Rd,s Rd,f
F Vertical design force for the proof of static strength
Sd,s
F Vertical design force for the proof of fatigue strength
Sd,f
Factors of further influences
f f , f
1, 2 3
Limit design stress
f
Rd
f Yield stress
y
f Ultimate strength
u
2
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9,81 m/s
g
Horizontal design force of hook
H
Sd,s
H Horizontal design force for the proof of fatigue strength
Sd,f
h , h Section heights of the hook body
1 2
Vertical distance from the seat bottom of the hook body to the centre of the
h
articulation
h Vertical distance from the seat bottom of the hook body to critical section of hook
s
shank
i Index for a lifting cycle or a stress cycle
I Reference moment of inertia for curved beam
I Moment of inertia of the forged shank
d1
Moment of inertia of the critical section of hook shank
I
d4
k Conversion factor for stress spectrum and classified duty
C
k ,k Stress spectrum factors
h s
9
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Table 1 (continued)
Load spectrum factor, in accordance with EN 13001-1
kQ
k * , k * Specific spectrum ratio factors, m = 5 / 6
5 6
lg Log to the base of 10
Bending moments of hook shank
M , M , M , M
1 2 3 4
Bending moments of hook shank for the proof of fatigue strength, lifting cycle i
M , M , M
1,f,i 2,f,i 3,f,i
M Static design bending moment
Sd,s
m Slope parameter of the characteristic fatigue design curve
Mass of rated hoist load
m
RC
Mass of the hook load in a lifting cycle i
m
i
N Total number of stress cycles / lifting cycles
6
N Reference number of stress cycles, ND =2 × 10
D
Pitch of thread
p
Average number of accelerations related to one lifting cycle
p
a
R Radius of hook body curvature
R Average depth of surface profile according to EN ISO 4287:1998
a
Maximum depth of surface profile according to EN ISO 4287:1998
R
z
Relief radius of the undercut
r
9
r Thread bottom radius
th
s Length of undercut
Stress history parameters
s , s
h s
Load history parameter
s
Q
t Depth of thread
T Operation temperature
Depths of notches
u , u
S T
Angle
α
Stress concentration factors
α , α
S T
Angle or direction of hook inclination
β
Notch effect factors
β ,β , β
n���nS nT
Dynamic factor for hoisting an unrestrained grounded load
φ
2
Dynamic factor for changes of acceleration of a movement
φ
5
Risk coefficient
γ
n
Partial safety factor
γ
p
General resistance coefficient
γ
m
Specific resistance coefficient
γ
sm
Fatigue strength specific resistance factors
γ ,γ
Hf Sf
Edge distance of a hook body section
η
1
Factor for load component
ν
Relative numbers of stress cycles
νh ,νs
Factor for mean stress influence
µ
Shank stress due to axial force
σ
a
Shank stress due to bending moment
σ
b
Mean stress in a stress cycle
σ
m
Stress amplitude in a stress cycle
σ
A
Design stress
σ
Sd
10
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Table 1 (continued)
Basic fatigue strength amplitude, un-notched piece
σ
M
Total stress range in a pulsating stress cycle
σ
p
Fatigue strength amplitude, notched piece
σ
W
Transformed stress amplitudes
σ , σ , σ
Tmax T1 T2
Characteristic fatigue strength
∆σ
c
Limit fatigue design stress
∆σ
Rd
Stress range in a lifting cycle i
∆σ
Sd,i
Maximum stress range
∆σ
Sd,max
4 General requirements
4.1 Materials
The hook material in the finished product shall have sufficient ductility to permanently deform before losing the
ability to carry the load, at the temperatures specified for the use of the hook. Hook material
...
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