SIST IEC 60609-2:1999
(Main)Cavitation pitting evaluation in hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines - Part 2: Evaluation in Pelton turbines
Cavitation pitting evaluation in hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines - Part 2: Evaluation in Pelton turbines
This standard serves as a basis for the formulation of guarantees on cavitation pitting on Pelton turbine runners. It also provides a basis for the measurement and evaluation of the amount of cavitation pitting on Pelton turbine runners of a given turbine, which is defined in the contract by power, specific hydraulic energy of machine (head), rotational speed, material, operation etc. Guarantees which restrict the extent of caviation pitting and drop erosion on Pelton turbies at the end of an operating period specified in the contract are necessary when the pitting is expected in all or in some operating ranges.
Evaluation de l'érosion de cavitation dans les turbines, les pompes d'accumulation et les pompes-turbines hydrauliques - Partie 2: Evaluation dans les turbines Pelton
La présente norme constitue la base de la formulation des garanties d'érosion de cavitation des roues des turbines Pelton. Elle traite aussi de la mesure et de l'évaluation de l'importance de cette érosion pour les roues d'une turbine donnée caractérisée contractuellement par sa puissance, son énergie hydraulique massique (chute), sa vitesse de rotation, la nature des matériaux, les conditions de fonctionnement, etc. Des garanties, qui limitent l'étendue de l'érosion par la cavitation et par l'impact de jet dans les turbines Pelton à la fin d'une période de fonctionnement précisée dans le contrat, sont à établir chaque fois que des dommages sont susceptibles de se produire dans tout ou une partie des fonctionnements envisagés.
Cavitation pitting evaluation in hydraulic turbines, storage pupms and pump-turbines - Part 2: Evaluation in Pelton turbines
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST IEC 60609-2:1999
01-april-1999
Cavitation pitting evaluation in hydraulic turbines, storage pupms and pump-
turbines - Part 2: Evaluation in Pelton turbines
Cavitation pitting evaluation in hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines -
Part 2: Evaluation in Pelton turbines
Evaluation de l'érosion de cavitation dans les turbines, les pompes d'accumulation et les
pompes-turbines hydrauliques - Partie 2: Evaluation dans les turbines Pelton
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: IEC 60609-2
ICS:
27.140 Vodna energija Hydraulic energy engineering
SIST IEC 60609-2:1999 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST IEC 60609-2:1999
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST IEC 60609-2:1999
NORME
CEI
INTERNATIONALE
IEC
60609-2
INTERNATIONAL
Première édition
STANDARD
First edition
1997-11
Evaluation de l'érosion de cavitation
dans les turbines, les pompes d'accumulation
et les pompes-turbines hydrauliques –
Partie 2:
Evaluation dans les turbines Pelton
Cavitation pitting evaluation
in hydraulic turbines, storage pumps
and pump-turbines –
Part 2:
Evaluation in Pelton turbines
IEC 1997 Droits de reproduction réservés Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
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CODE PRIX
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Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST IEC 60609-2:1999
60609-2 © IEC:1997 – 3 –
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
Clause
1 General . 9
1.1 Scope and object . 9
1.2 Excluded topics. 9
1.3 Normative reference. 11
2 Terms, symbols and definitions. 11
2.1 Units . 11
2.2 List of terms . 11
2.3 Location and type of damage to Pelton buckets. 17
3 Nature and extent of cavitation pitting guarantees . 19
3.1 Period of guarantee . 19
3.2 Definition of the amount of cavitation pitting . 19
3.3 Operating ranges and duration of operation. 21
3.3.1 Reference duration of operation . 21
3.3.2 Actual duration of operation. 21
3.3.3 Special conditions. 21
4 Test procedure. 23
4.1 Cavitation pitting repair during the guarantee period. 23
4.2 Measurement and calculation of the amount of cavitation pitting. 23
5 Computation of results. 25
5.1 Fulfilment of the guarantee . 25
Annexes
A Examples of amounts of cavitation pittings. 27
B Bibliography . 31
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST IEC 60609-2:1999
60609-2 © IEC:1997 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
_________
CAVITATION PITTING EVALUATION
IN HYDRAULIC TURBINES, STORAGE PUMPS
AND PUMP-TURBINES –
Part 2: Evaluation in Pelton turbines
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60609-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 4:
Hydraulic turbines.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
4/127/FDIS 4/139/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report of
voting indicated in the above table.
Annex A forms an integral part of this standard.
Annex B is for information only.
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SIST IEC 60609-2:1999
60609-2 © IEC:1997 – 7 –
INTRODUCTION
IEC 60609 (1978) treats cavitation pitting in reaction machines but does not refer to Pelton
(impulse) turbines. Appendix A of IEC 60609 states that Pelton turbines "usually are not
subjected to cavitation pitting".
However, experience shows that with increase of specific speed (especially of multijet turbines)
and of specific hydraulic energy (head) the probability of cavitation pitting and drop erosion on
Pelton turbines increases. Consequently weight loss guarantees on Pelton turbines may be
required.
Various types of damage are observed, each the result of different flow phenomena, such as
pitting due to:
– profile errors;
– unfavourable inflow conditions;
– erosion due to travelling droplets
(drop erosion, also called jet impingement);
and in some instances
– setting conditions
(e.g. setting of the runner referred to the tailwater level, or tailwater depression).
The causes of damage are often complex and have to be carefully investigated, taking into
account also conditions which are excluded in the cavitation guarantee (see 1.2). However it is
not the objective of this part of IEC 60609 to describe the requirements and measures needed
for avoiding cavitation pitting due to
– hydraulic shape and surface roughness of turbine parts (buckets, nozzles, etc.), or
– installation requirements (setting, inflow conditions).
Those requirements are part of the know-how of the turbine contractor.
The damage (i.e. pitting respective weight loss) due to these various causes (cavitation pitting
and drop erosion) is combined in the following clauses as the term "cavitation pitting".
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SIST IEC 60609-2:1999
60609-2 © IEC:1997 – 9 –
CAVITATION PITTING EVALUATION
IN HYDRAULIC TURBINES, STORAGE PUMPS
AND PUMP-TURBINES –
Part 2: Evaluation in Pelton turbines
1 General
1.1 Scope and object
This part of IEC 60609 serves as a basis for the formulation of guarantees on cavitation pitting
on Pelton turbine runners and also for the measurement and evaluation of the amount of
cavitation pitting on Pelton turbine runners of a given turbine, which is defined in the contract
by power, specific hydraulic energy of machine (head), rotational speed, material, operation,
etc.
The sequence of clauses in this part of IEC 60609 is the same as in IEC 60609 (1978). The
clauses on measurements and evaluation of the amount of cavitation pitting are practically
identical to those of IEC 60609. Evaluation has to be based on the loss of material during a
given time and under accurately defined operating conditions.
Guarantees which restrict the extent of cavitation pitting and drop erosion on Pelton turbines at
the end of an operating period specified in the contract are necessary when cavitation pitting is
expected in all or in some operating ranges. Such guarantees should include limits for
operation which are consistent with specified operating conditions.
1.2 Excluded topics
It is assumed in this part of IEC 60609 that the water is not chemically aggressive to a
significant degree and that it is essentially free from abrasive solids.
The cavitation guarantee shall, however, be given on the basis of an agreed water analysis. If it
becomes apparent in the course of later analysis that the water is in fact more aggressive than
the agreed analysis indicated, this shall be taken into consideration when judging whether the
given guarantees have been met.
In case of a distorted inflow condition at the inlet of the turbine due to irregularities upstream of
the turbine, hydraulic effects may be raised, which beyond the influence on hydraulic
performance also may cause cavitation pitting. Therefore it is claimed for the basis of
cavitation pitting guarantees that a satisfactorily uniform and vortex-free flow condition shall be
provided. In case of damage, the influence of improper inflow condition shall be taken into
account.
Abrasion due to water contaminated with solids (e.g. sand) cannot be considered as cavitation
pitting. The solids content of the water and also – if relevant – the type of minerals and size
and form of solid (sand) particles shall be stated in the water analysis and, if it reaches
significant proportion, shall be the subject of a special agreement. Aspects of abrasive wear by
sand erosion are dealt with in IEC 61366 (annex H).
Abrasion may cause a change of the geometry of the needle and/or the bucket and
subsequently cavitation pitting as secondary damage. Such damage shall be excluded from the
evaluation of cavitation.
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SIST IEC 60609-2:1999
60609-2 © IEC:1997 – 11 –
If cavitation pitting occurs in zones where damage can be separately attributable to abnormal
chemical or electrochemical corrosion, abrasion or mechanical impact, such damage shall be
excluded from the evaluation of cavitation.
If cavitation pitting occurs in zones where damage can be shown to have been increased by
chemical or electrochemical effects additional to those normal to cavitation in water of the
agreed analysis, then such zones shall be excluded from the evaluation of cavitation.
In this context, attention should be paid to the material selection in reference to abrasion by
sand erosion and/or chemical or electrochemical corrosion.
Material defects revealed by wear on the machine surfaces during operation are not taken into
account to verify a guarantee against cavitation pitting.
Special operating conditions such as discharging by means of deflector or cut-in deflector shall
be excluded from cavitation pitting guarantees.
1.3 Normative reference
The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this part of IEC 60609. At the time of publication, the edition indicated
was valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based
on this part of IEC 60609 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most
recent edition of the normative document indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
IEC 60609:1978, Cavitation pitting evaluation in hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-
turbines
2 Terms, symbols and definitions
2.1 Units
The International System of units (SI) has been used in this part of IEC 60609. Dimensions for
pitting are given in centimetres.
2.2 List of terms
1)
The terms, symbols and definitions adopted in this part of IEC 60609 are listed below :
2.2.1 cavitation Vapour bubbles which form when the level of local
pressure drops to approximately that of vapour pressure
and which collapse when the level of local pressure rises
above that of vapour pressure.
2.2.2 cavitation pitting Loss of material caused by cavitation.
2.2.3 drop erosion Loss of material caused by impact of travelling droplets
(liquid impact erosion, jet impingement).
___________
1)
They are also based, where relevant, on IEC 61364.
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST IEC 60609-2:1999
60609-2 © IEC:1997 – 13 –
2.2.4 abrasion Loss of material caused by suspended solids (e.g. sand)
eroding the material surface (abrasive wear, sand erosion).
2.2.5 cavitation guarantee Number of months or years of service of a machine during
which the period cavitation pitting guarantee is valid.
2.2.6 cavitation guarantee Number of machine operating hours during which the
duration of operation cavitation pitting guarantee is valid.
2.2.7 reference duration of Number of machine operating hours used as a reference
operation t (h) value for establishing cavitation pitting guarantees.
R
2.2.8 actual duration of The actual number of machine operating hours at the time
operation t (h) of cavitation pitting examination.
A
–1
2.2.9 E (Jkg ) Specific hydraulic energy of machine (turbine), E = gH, see
2)
2.2.11 and .
–2 1)
2.2.10 g (ms ) Acceleration due to gravity .
2.2.11 H (m) Head of turbine H = E/g.
2.2.12 P (W) Power, mechanical power of the turbine.
2.2.13 P Upper power limit for normal continuous operation specified
CU
for each specific hydraulic energy (see figure 1).
2.2.14 P Upper power limit for temporary abnormal operation
TU
specified for each specific hydraulic energy (see figure 1).
2.2.15 P Lower power limit for normal continuous operation specified
CL
3)
for each specific hydraulic energy (see figure 1).
2.2.16 Continuous normal Limited by P and P (see figure 1).
CU CL
operating range
2.2.17 High turbine load Lim
...
IEC 60709
®
Edition 3.0 2018-04
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
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Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation, control and electrical power systems
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Centrales nucléaires de puissance – Systèmes d’instrumentation, de contrôle-
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IEC 60709:2018-04(en-fr)
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---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
IEC 60709
®
Edition 3.0 2018-04
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation, control and electrical power systems
important to safety – Separation
Centrales nucléaires de puissance – Systèmes d’instrumentation, de contrôle-
commande et d'alimentation électrique importants pour la sûreté – Séparation
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 27.120.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-5582-7
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---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – IEC 60709:2018 IEC 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 10
1.1 General . 10
1.2 Application: new and pre-existing plants . 10
2 Normative references . 11
3 Terms and definitions . 12
4 Abbreviated terms . 15
5 Principles and requirements for separation . 16
5.1 Principles . 16
5.1.1 General . 16
5.1.2 Separation reasoning and boundaries . 16
5.1.3 Plant safety principles and requirements . 17
5.2 Safety class separation requirements . 17
5.3 Associated circuits . 18
5.3.1 General . 18
5.3.2 Criteria . 19
5.4 Separation issues at existing plants . 20
5.4.1 General . 20
5.4.2 Criteria . 20
6 Separation design basis . 20
6.1 Design inputs . 20
6.2 Environmental conditions and hazards . 21
6.2.1 General . 21
6.2.2 Environmental conditions . 21
6.2.3 External hazards. 21
6.2.4 Internal hazards . 21
6.2.5 Fire protection . 22
6.3 EMI/EMC . 22
6.4 Electrical fault . 22
6.5 Requirements from non-nuclear technical standards . 22
6.6 Requirements from special operating conditions . 22
7 Electrical isolation . 23
7.1 Principles . 23
7.1.1 General . 23
7.1.2 Overvoltage barrier . 23
7.1.3 Short circuit / Overcurrent protection . 23
7.1.4 Electrical nonreactive (retroaction free) . 24
7.1.5 Galvanic isolation (electrical insulation) . 24
7.2 Isolation devices . 24
7.2.1 General . 24
7.2.2 Isolation characteristics . 25
7.2.3 Actuation priority . 25
8 Physical separation . 26
8.1 Principles . 26
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
IEC 60709:2018 IEC 2018 – 3 –
8.1.1 General . 26
8.1.2 Separation by distance . 26
8.1.3 Structural separation . 26
8.2 Separation of cables and cable support structures . 26
8.2.1 General . 26
8.2.2 Divisional separation of redundant cables and cable support structures . 27
8.2.3 Separation of system cables and cable supporting structures of different
safety classes . 27
8.2.4 Separation of signal cables from power cables . 28
8.2.5 Reduced separation distances . 28
8.2.6 Associated circuits . 28
8.2.7 Separation of cables from tubes or pipes . 28
8.2.8 General routing considerations . 28
8.2.9 Identification . 28
8.3 Separation of components inside the I&C and electrical system important to
safety . 28
8.3.1 Divisional separation of redundant components inside the I&C and
electrical system important to safety . 28
8.3.2 Separation of components of different safety classes . 29
8.3.3 Installation of equipment of different voltage levels . 29
8.3.4 Reduced separation distances . 29
8.3.5 Associated circuits . 30
8.3.6 Separation of components from sources of hazards . 30
8.4 Control room cabinets, desks, panels and related cables . 30
9 Verification . 31
Annex A (normative) Relation to IAEA guidelines and IEC 61226 . 32
A.1 Object of this Annex . 32
A.2 Applicability of this document . 32
A.3 IAEA Guidelines, applicable for this document . 32
A.4 IEC standards, applicable for the safety categorization and classification . 32
A.5 Defence in Depth levels, simplified definitions . 33
Annex B (informative) Examples of separation realizations . 34
B.1 Object of this Annex . 34
B.2 Example of physical separation . 34
B.2.1 General . 34
B.2.2 Examples of physical separation by distance . 34
B.2.3 Examples of physical separation by structure . 36
B.3 Example of electrical isolation . 37
B.3.1 General . 37
B.3.2 Examples of overvoltage barriers . 37
B.3.3 Examples of short circuit / overcurrent protection . 38
B.3.4 Examples of galvanic isolation . 39
B.4 Example of EMC protection . 40
B.5 Associated circuits . 41
Annex C (informative) Examples of design errors and I&C and electrical failure events . 43
C.1 Object of this Annex . 43
C.2 Design errors . 43
C.3 I&C and electrical system failure events . 43
C.3.1 General . 43
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
– 4 – IEC 60709:2018 IEC 2018
C.3.2 Single random failure . 43
C.3.3 Multiple failures from a single common cause . 43
Annex D (informative) Functional independence and independence of communication . 44
D.1 Object of this Annex . 44
D.2 Functional independence . 44
D.2.1 General . 44
D.2.2 Independence from control system . 44
D.3 Independence of communication . 45
Bibliography . 46
Figure 1 – Physical separation by structure or distance . 17
Figure 2 – Separation by electrical isolation . 17
Figure 3 – Electrical Isolation measures and selection of components . 23
Figure B.1 – Separation of cable supporting structures by distance . 35
Figure B.2 – Separation of cable trays by distance. 35
Figure B.3 – Separation by structures . 36
Figure B.4 – Overvoltage barriers in I&C systems . 37
Figure B.5 – Overvoltage protection in electrical systems . 38
Figure B.6 – Short circuit protection in case of a cross-connection . 39
Figure B.7 – Galvanic isolation in I&C systems . 39
Figure B.8 – Galvanic isolation in electrical systems . 40
Figure B.9 – EMC protection of I&C cables . 41
Figure B.10 – Examples of associated circuits . 42
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
IEC 60709:2018 IEC 2018 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS –
INSTRUMENTATION, CONTROL AND ELECTRICAL
POWER SYSTEMS IMPORTANT TO SAFETY – SEPARATION
FOREWORD
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this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
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2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
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International Standard IEC 60709 has been prepared by subcommittee 45A: Instrumentation,
control and electrical power systems of nuclear facilities, of IEC technical committee 45:
Nuclear instrumentation.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2004. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) include requirements referring to the separation principle in electrical systems important to
safety;
b) define separation criteria for I&C and electrical systems in a generic way;
c) restructure the standard following the criteria;
d) consider interferences between I&C and electrical equipment from different safety
classes;
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– 6 – IEC 60709:2018 IEC 2018
e) align with the new revisions of IAEA documents and broaden the scope to include other
aspects of separation;
f) cover new technologies that either present unique separation issues or provide new
means of achieving separation;
g) enhance requirements and guidance for areas of cable congestion, e.g. control room,
cable spreading galleries, etc;
h) introduce the concept of “associated circuits” (from US practice) to deal with equipment
not important to safety and cables that are not separated from safety equipment and
cables;
i) address the implications of low energy circuits, such as the possible use of analysis to
reduce the minimum separation distance;
j) review existing requirements, update terminology and definitions;
k) provide guidance for the application of the standard to existing plants.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
45A/1185/FDIS 45A/1195/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
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IEC 60709:2018 IEC 2018 – 7 –
INTRODUCTION
a) Background, main issues and organization of the standard
I&C and electrical systems important to safety in nuclear power plants need to tolerate the
effects of plant / equipment faults as well as internal and external hazards. Various
techniques are available to increase the level of tolerability of I&C and electrical systems to
such effects, including the provision of independent systems, subsystems and equipment. For
claims to be made of independence between such systems and equipment, adequate
separation should be provided and maintained. This standard provides generic technical
requirements and recommendations for the implementation of separation in the design of I&C
and electrical systems.
The object of this standard is as follows:
– in Clause 5 to present the principles for separation of I&C and/or electrical systems.
Subclause 5.4 focuses on modernization of existing nuclear power plants;
– in Clause 6, to define the separation design basis, including inputs, and to identify a
certain number of possible causes of internal and external hazards;
– in Clause 7, to establish the electrical isolation measures for I&C and electrical systems
important to safety and also requirements referring isolation devices;
– in Clause 8, to give requirements to be fulfilled for cabling and component separation
within an I&C and electrical system important to safety.
b) Situation of the current standard in the structure of the SC 45A standard series
IEC 60709 is a document of the second level, directly referenced by IEC 61513 and
IEC 63046 in regard to physical separation and electrical isolation being required between
subsystems of different safety trains of I&C and electrical systems important to safety, and
between I&C and electrical systems important to safety and those that are not important to
safety and between different defence in depth levels.
IEC 61226, that is consistent with IAEA SSG-30, establishes the principles of categorization
of I&C and electrical functions and the classification of structures, systems and components
(SSC) according to their level of importance to safety. IEC 61226 refers to IEC 60709 as the
normative standard regarding requirements for separation.
For more details on the relation of this standard to IAEA guidelines and IEC 61226, see
Annex A to this standard.
c) Recommendations and limitations regarding the application of the Standard
IEC 60709 applies to I&C and electrical systems and equipment important to safety. It
establishes requirements for physical and electrical separation as one means to provide
independence between the functions performed in those systems and equipment. Other
aspects of independence that may be required to address concerns of common cause failure
are not included in this standard. Furthermore, separation criteria due to security
requirements are also not considered.
The requirements given in this standard for the separation of safety classes can be applied to
separation for other design constraints, such as the defence in depth concept.
...
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