27.140 - Hydraulic energy engineering
ICS 27.140 Details
Hydraulic energy engineering
Wasserkrafttechnik
Énergie hydraulique
Vodna energija
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IEC TS 62600-103:2024 is available as IEC TS 62600-103:2024 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC TS 62600-103:2024 is concerned with the sub-prototype scale development of wave energy converters (WECs). It includes wave tank test programmes, where wave conditions are controlled so they can be scheduled, and first sea trials, where sea states occur naturally and the programmes are adjusted and flexible to accommodate the conditions. Commercial-scale prototype tests are not covered in this document.
This document addresses:
- Planning an experimental programme, including a design statement, technical drawings, facility selection, site data and other inputs as specified in Clause 5.
- Device characterisation, including the physical device model, PTO components and mooring arrangements where appropriate.
- Environment characterisation, concerning either the tank testing facility or the sea deployment site, depending on the stage of development.
- Specification of specific test goals, including power conversion performance, device motions, device loads and device survival.
This document prescribes the minimum test programmes that form the basis of a structured technology development schedule. For each testing campaign, the prerequisites, goals and minimum test plans are specified. This document serves a wide audience of wave energy stakeholders, including device developers and their technical advisors; government agencies and funding councils; test centres and certification bodies; private investors; and environmental regulators and NGOs.
- Technical specification66 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification135 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 63461:2024 applies to laboratory model tests of any type of Pelton hydraulic turbine with unit power greater than 5 MW. It contains the rules governing test conduct and provides measures to be taken if any phase of the tests is disputed.
The main objectives of this document are:
- to define the terms and quantities used;
- to specify methods of testing and of measuring the quantities involved, in order to ascertain the hydraulic performance of the model;
- to specify the methods of computation of results and of comparison with guarantees;
- to determine if the contract guarantees that fall within the scope of this document have been fulfilled;
- and to define the extent, content and structure of the final report.
Full application of the procedures herein described is not generally justified for machines with smaller power. Nevertheless, this document can be used for such machines by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.
- Standard350 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 63132-6:2023 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for the installation of Pelton vertical turbines. This document presents a typical assembly and whenever the word "turbine" is used in this document, it refers to a vertical Pelton turbine. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machine, the design of the machine, the layout of the powerhouse or the delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, or the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The purpose of this guide is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for the installation of bulb turbine and generator. This guide presents a typical assembly and whenever the words "turbine" and "generator" are used in this part, it refers to bulb turbine and generator. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machine, the design of the machine, the layout of the powerhouse, the sequence of concreting or the delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, or the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences.
It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both contracting parties have agreed upon it.
The guide excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound up with the conduct of installation. It also excluded to specifications of the civil works but this aspect of the work should be taken into consideration during the assembly of the units.
Wherever the guide specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a manufacturer (or by manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate information for their own supply only.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The purpose of this guide is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for the installation of bulb turbine and generator. This guide presents a typical assembly and whenever the words "turbine" and "generator" are used in this part, it refers to bulb turbine and generator. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machine, the design of the machine, the layout of the powerhouse, the sequence of concreting or the delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, or the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences. It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both contracting parties have agreed upon it. The guide excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound up with the conduct of installation. It also excluded to specifications of the civil works but this aspect of the work should be taken into consideration during the assembly of the units. Wherever the guide specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a manufacturer (or by manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate information for their own supply only.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 63132-6:2023 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for the installation of Pelton vertical turbines. This document presents a typical assembly and whenever the word "turbine" is used in this document, it refers to a vertical Pelton turbine. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machine, the design of the machine, the layout of the powerhouse or the delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, or the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 63132-5:2023 to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for the installation of hydroelectric turbines and generators. This guide presents a typical assembly. It should be recognized that there are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machines, design of the machines, layout of the powerhouse and delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences.
- Standard71 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 63132-6:2023 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for the installation of Pelton vertical turbines. This document presents a typical assembly and whenever the word "turbine" is used in this document, it refers to a vertical Pelton turbine. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machine, the design of the machine, the layout of the powerhouse or the delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, or the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences.
- Standard53 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC/IEEE 63198-2775:2023 describes the integrated control and management of smart hydroelectric power plants and groups of plants using the latest proven and widely accepted digital equipment. The descriptions are applicable to all types of hydroelectric power plants except tidal and ocean power plants.
Based on internationally standardized communication models, this document incorporates guidelines for communication networks, sensors, local monitoring and control equipment, Integrated Control and Management Platform (ICAMP) as well as intelligent applications. In addition, special attention is also given to cyber security.
This document considers the future structure of completely digitalized power plants equipped with digitalized sensors and actuators as well as the intelligent control and management of power plants with existing instrumentation.
- Standard158 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This document applies to laboratory models of any type of impulse or reaction hydraulic turbine, storage pump or pump-turbine. This document applies to models of prototype machines either with unit power greater than 5 MW or with reference diameter greater than 3 m. Full application of the procedures herein prescribed is not generally justified for machines with smaller power and size. Nevertheless, this document may be used for such machines by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. In this document, the term "turbine" includes a pump-turbine operating as a turbine and the term "pump" includes a pump-turbine operating as a pump. This document excludes all matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound up with the conduct of the tests. This document is concerned with neither the structural details of the machines nor the mechanical properties of their components, so long as these do not affect model performance or the relationship between model and prototype performances. This document covers the arrangements for model acceptance tests to be performed on hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines to determine if the main hydraulic performance contract guarantees (see 4.2) have been satisfied. It contains the rules governing test conduct and prescribes measures to be taken if any phase of the tests is disputed. The main objectives of this document are: - to define the terms and quantities used; - to specify methods of testing and of measuring the quantities involved, in order to ascertain the hydraulic performance of the model; - to specify the methods of computation of results and of comparison with guarantees; - to determine if the contract guarantees that fall within the scope of this document have been fulfilled; - to define the extent, content and structure of the final report. The guarantees can be given in one of the following ways: - guarantees for prototype hydraulic performance, computed from model test results considering scale effects; - guarantees for model hydraulic performance. Moreover, additional performance data (see 4.4) can be needed for the design or the operation of the prototype of the hydraulic machine. Contrary to the requirements of Clauses 4 to 6 related to main hydraulic performance, the information of these additional data given in Clause 7 is considered only as recommendation or guidance to the user (see 7.1). It is particularly recommended that model acceptance tests be performed if the expected field conditions for acceptance tests (see IEC 60041:1991) would not allow the verification of guarantees given for the prototype machine. A transposition method taking into account the model and prototype wall surface roughness for the performance conversion on pump-turbines, Francis turbines, and axial machines is described in IEC 62097. This method requires model and prototype surface roughness data and is takes into account the shift in nED, QED and PED factors for determining the transposition of efficiency between model and prototype. However, in the case of Francis machines with semispiral casing and axial machines, the transposition method has not been fully validated due to a lack of data. In addition, IEC 62097 does not apply to storage pumps, Pelton turbines, and Dériaz. Therefore, for these and otherwise specifically agreed upon cases where hydraulically smooth flow conditions are assumed on the model and the prototype, the transposition formula and procedure given in Annex D and Annex I can be applied. Applications and limitations of both this document and IEC 62097 transposition methods are discussed in Annex E. The method for performance conversion from model to prototype needs to be clearly defined in the main hydraulic performance contract.
- Standard314 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC TS 62600-202:2022 specifies the development stages of Tidal Energy Converters up to the pre-prototype scale (Stages 1 to 3). It includes the hydraulic laboratory test programs, where environmental conditions are controlled so they can be scheduled, and the first scaled system open-water trials, where combinations of tidal currents, wind and waves occur naturally and the programs are adjusted and flexible to accommodate these conditions. This document describes the minimum test programs that form the basis of a structured technology development schedule. For each testing campaign, the prerequisites, goals and minimum test plans are specified. This document addresses:
a: Planning an experimental program, including a design statement, technical drawings, selection of scale and facility based on physical laws, site data and other inputs; b: Device representation and characterization, including the physical device model, power-take-off components, foundation and mooring arrangements where appropriate; c: Energy resource and environment characterization, concerning either the tank testing facility or the open-water deployment site, depending on the stage of development; d: Specification of explicit test goals, including power conversion performance and device loads.
- Technical specification63 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 60050-417:2022 gives the general terminology used in the domain of marine energy conversion systems for wave, tidal and other water current converters, as well as general terms pertaining to specific applications and associated technologies. It has the status of a horizontal publication in accordance with IEC Guide 108. This terminology is consistent with the terminology developed in the other specialized parts of the IEV.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 62364:2019 is available as IEC 62364:2019 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 62364:2019 gives guidelines for: a) presenting data on hydro-abrasive erosion rates on several combinations of water quality, operating conditions, component materials, and component properties collected from a variety of hydro sites; b) developing guidelines for the methods of minimizing hydro-abrasive erosion by modifications to hydraulic design for clean water. These guidelines do not include details such as hydraulic profile shapes which are determined by the hydraulic design experts for a given site; c) developing guidelines based on “experience data” concerning the relative resistance of materials faced with hydro-abrasive erosion problems; d) developing guidelines concerning the maintainability of materials with high resistance to hydro-abrasive erosion and hardcoatings; e) developing guidelines on a recommended approach, which owners could and should take to ensure that specifications communicate the need for particular attention to this aspect of hydraulic design at their sites without establishing criteria which cannot be satisfied because the means are beyond the control of the manufacturers; f) developing guidelines concerning operation mode of the hydro turbines in water with particle materials to increase the operation life. It is assumed in this document that the water is not chemically aggressive. Since chemical aggressiveness is dependent upon so many possible chemical compositions, and the materials of the machine, it is beyond the scope of this document to address these issues. It is assumed in this document that cavitation is not present in the turbine. Cavitation and hydro-abrasive erosion can reinforce each other so that the resulting erosion is larger than the sum of cavitation erosion plus hydro-abrasive erosion. The quantitative relationship of the resulting hydro-abrasive erosion is not known and it is beyond the scope of this document to assess it, except to suggest that special efforts be made in the turbine design phase to minimize cavitation. Large solids (e.g. stones, wood, ice, metal objects, etc.) traveling with the water can impact turbine components and produce damage. This damage can in turn increase the flow turbulence thereby accelerating wear by both cavitation and hydro-abrasive erosion. Hydro-abrasive erosion resistant coatings can also be damaged locally by impact of large solids. It is beyond the scope of this document to address these issues. This document focuses mainly on hydroelectric powerplant equipment. Certain portions can also be applicable to other hydraulic machines. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2013. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) the formula for TBO in Pelton reference model has been modified; b) the formula for calculating sampling interval has been modified; c) the chapter in hydro-abrasive erosion resistant coatings has been substantially modified; d) the annex with test data for hydro-abrasive erosion resistant materials has been removed; e) a simplified hydro-abrasive erosion evaluation has been added. Key words: Hydraulic Machines, Hydro-Abrasive Erosion, Kaplan, Francis, Pelton T
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62097:2019 establishes the prototype hydraulic machine efficiency from model test results, with consideration of scale effect including the effect of surface roughness. This document is intended to be used for the assessment of the results of contractual model tests of hydraulic machines. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2009. This edition constitutes an editorial and technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) In introduction, clarifications have been brought such as addition of a sentence which declares the precedence of IEC 62097 over IEC 60193 if any mismatch is found between them b) In Clauses 3 and 4, corrections of the typographical errors c) In Clause 3: changes to be in accordance with presentation of the terms and structure of IEC 60193 (except for the water temperature) d) In Clause 4: – Deletion of the clause providing the direct step-up procedures for a whole turbine – Introduction of a global view by using turbine A and turbine B instead of model turbine, reference model turbine and prototype turbine – Move of section dealing with “surface roughness of model and prototype” in a new Clause 5 e) In Clause 5: – Introduction of additional chapters to answer comments raised at the CDV stage and to clarify the subject of surface roughness of model and prototype – Introduction of new tables for minimum recommended prototype roughness for new radial or diagonal machines and for new axial turbines – Addition of the explanation about roughness measurement of heavily rusted surface f) In Clause 7 (former Clause 6): – Introduction of a new subclause for clarifications about the assumed maximum hydraulic efficiency, hhAmax – Deletion of the requirement of mutual agreement for the application of the step-up formula for very high efficiency machines exceeding hhAmax – Clarifications of the equations from 22 to 33 by doubling the equations for suiting the “two step method g) In Clauses 6 and 7, correction of typographical errors h) In Clause 8 (former Clause 7), introduction of new figures for clarifying the “2 step” method and the alternative method i) In Annex A, modification of the flux diagram to be in compliance with IEC 60193 j) In Annex B: – Correction of the equation to obtain ΔECO – Deletion of the clause which describes the direct step-up procedures for radial flow machines k) In Annex C, deletion of the clause which describes the direct step-up procedures for axial flow machines l) In Annex D: – notes become main text – change of variable names in Subclause D.1 for clarifications m) Addition of Annex E, about comparison of IEC standards dealing with models: 60193 and 62097 n) In Annex F, clarifications of equations by adding more subscripts o) The Excel sheets attached to the standard are revised as itemized below – Deletion of the routine regarding the direct step-up procedures for a whole turbine – Deletion of the notice which requires mutual agreement when the step-up is applied to high efficiency machines exceeding hhAmax – Addition of the routine to process the normalization of test data ob
- Standard129 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC TS 62600-10:2021 provide uniform methodologies for the design and assessment of mooring systems for floating Marine Energy Converters (MECs) (as defined in the TC 114 scope). It is intended to be applied at various stages, from mooring system assessment to design, installation and maintenance of floating Marine Energy Converters plants.
This document is applicable to mooring systems for floating Marine Energy Converters units of any size or type in any open water conditions. Some aspects of the mooring system design process are more detailed in existing and well-established mooring standards. The intent of this document is to highlight the different requirements of Marine Energy Converters and not duplicate existing standards or processes. This document defines rules and assessment procedures for the design, installation and maintenance of mooring system with respect to technical requirements for floating marine energy converters.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2015. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a. Added specific Design Load Cases in alignment with 62600-2.
b. Added additional robustness check requirements.
c. Rearranged document for ease of use and alignment with 62600-2.
d. Added additional informative clauses on mooring materials.
- Technical specification66 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the general principles and basic requirements of design for small hydropower (SHP) projects up to 30 MWe, mainly including hydrology, geology, energy calculations, project layout, hydraulics, electromechanical equipment selection, construction planning, project cost estimates, economic appraisal, social and environmental assessments. Application of this document is intended to be site specific, with the principles and requirements of design applied in accordance with the needs of proposed hydropower plant.
- Standard80 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standardization document80 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC TS 62600-4:2020 specifies the requirements of the technology qualification process for marine renewable technologies. Technology Qualification is a process of providing evidence and arguments to support claims that the technology under assessment will function reliably in a target operating environment within specific limits and with an acceptable level of confidence.
The Technology Qualification process is also assumed in IEC TS 62600-2:2019.
The objective of this document is to provide the necessary practices and technical requirements, regarding technology qualification methodology, to support the needs of the IECRE certification process for marine renewables energy systems. Technology Qualification may be performed at the beginning of the certification process to identify the uncertainties, novelties, and modes of failure, mechanisms of failure, risks and risk control measures. In addition, Technology Qualification will identify the standards that are applicable, to what extent and what adaptation to the technology is required to address the risks. The Technology Qualification Plan is the deliverable arising from this process and it will provide all necessary actions to achieve certification.
- Technical specification24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC/TS 62882:2020(E) which is a Technical Specification, provides pressure fluctuation transposition methods for Francis turbines and pump-turbines operating as turbines, including:
- description of pressure fluctuations, the phenomena causing them and the related problems;
- characterization of the phenomena covered by this document, including but not limited to inter-blade vortices, draft tube vortices rope and rotor-stator interaction;
- demonstration that both operating conditions and Thoma numbers (cavitation conditions) are primary parameters influencing pressure fluctuations;
- recommendation of ways to measure and analyse pressure fluctuations;
- identification of potential resonances in test rigs and prototypes;
- identification of methods, to transpose the measurement results from model to prototype or provide ways to predict pressure fluctuations in prototypes based on statistics or experience;
- recommendation of a data acquisition system, including the type and mounting position of model and prototype transducers and to define the similitude condition between model and prototype;
- presentation of pressure fluctuation measurements comparing the model turbine and the corresponding prototype;
- discussion of parameters used for the transposition from model to prototype, for example, the peak to peak value at 97 % confidence interval, the RMS value or the standard deviation in the time domain and the relation of main frequency and the rotational frequency in the frequency domain obtained by FFT;
- discussion of the uncertainty of the pressure fluctuation transposition from model to prototype;
- discussion of factors which influence the transposition, including those which cannot be simulated on the model test rig such as waterway system and mechanical system;
- establishment of the transposition methods for different types of pressure fluctuations;
- suggestion of possible methods for mitigating pressure fluctuation;
- definition of the limitations of the specification.
This document is limited to normal operation conditions. Hydraulic stability phenomena related to von Karman vortices, transients, runaway speed and speed no load are excluded from this document.
This document provides means to identify potential resonances in model test rigs and prototype turbines. Scaling-up resonance conditions are not treated in this document. When resonance exists, the transposition methods identified in this document do not apply. Under these conditions, the relationship between model and prototype pressure fluctuations cannot be determined.
This document is concerned neither with the structural details of the machines nor the mechanical properties of their components, so long as these characteristics do not affect model pressure fluctuations or the relationship between model and prototype pressure fluctuations.
- Technical specification152 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The purpose of this this part of IEC 63132 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures
and tolerances for the installation of a vertical Francis turbine or pump-turbine. This document
presents a typical assembly and whenever the word “turbine” is used in this document, it refers
to a vertical Francis turbine or a pump-turbine. There are many possible ways to assemble a
unit. The size of the machine, design of the machine, layout of the powerhouse or delivery
schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, the
elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences.
It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both
contracting parties have agreed upon it.
This document excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound
up with the conduct of installation.
The tolerances in this document have been established upon best practices and experience,
although it is recognized that other standards specify different tolerances.
Wherever this document specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a
manufacturer (or by manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate
information for their own supply only.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The purpose of this this part of IEC 63132 is to establish, in a general way, suitable
procedures and tolerances for the installation of a vertical Kaplan or propeller turbine. This
document presents a typical assembly and whenever the word “turbine” is used in this
document, it refers to a vertical Kaplan or propeller turbine. There are many possible ways to
assemble a unit. The size of the machine, design of the machine, layout of the powerhouse or
delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional
steps, the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences.
It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that,
both contracting parties have agreed upon it.
This document excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably
bound up with the conduct of installation.
The tolerances in this document have been established upon best practices and experience,
although it is recognized that other standards specify different tolerances.
Wherever this document specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a
manufacturer (or by manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate
information for their own supply only.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
NEW!IEC 62256:2017 is available as IEC 62256:2017 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 62256:2017 covers turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines of all sizes and of the following types: Francis; Kaplan; propeller; Pelton (turbines only) and bulb turbines. This document also identifies without detailed discussion, other powerhouse equipment that could affect or be affected by a turbine, storage pump, or pump-turbine rehabilitation. The object of this document is to assist in identifying, evaluating and executing rehabilitation and performance improvement projects for hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines. This document can be used by owners, consultants, and suppliers to define: needs and economics for rehabilitation and performance improvement; scope of work; specifications and evaluation of results. This document is intended to be: an aid in the decision process; an extensive source of information on rehabilitation; an identification of the key milestones in the rehabilitation process; and identification of the points to be addressed in the decision processes. This document is not intended to be a detailed engineering manual nor a maintenance document. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2008. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: Tables 2 to 23 modified, completed and moved to Annex A; 7.3.2: subclauses moved with text changes; new subclauses on temperature, noise, galvanic corrosion, galling and replacement of components without assessment; 7.3.3: complete new subclause on residual life; Tables 29 to 32 moved to Annex C; New Annex B with assessment examples. Key words: Turbines, Storage pump, Pump turbines, Rehabilitation, Performance.
- Standard160 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 63132-4:2020 The purpose of this this part of IEC 63132 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for the installation of a vertical Kaplan or propeller turbine. This document presents a typical assembly and whenever the word “turbine” is used in this document, it refers to a vertical Kaplan or propeller turbine. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machine, design of the machine, layout of the powerhouse or delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences. It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both contracting parties have agreed upon it. This document excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound up with the conduct of installation. The tolerances in this document have been established upon best practices and experience, although it is recognized that other standards specify different tolerances. Wherever this document specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a manufacturer (or by manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate information for their own supply only.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 63132-3:2020: The purpose of this this part of IEC 63132 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for the installation of a vertical Francis turbine or pump-turbine. This document presents a typical assembly and whenever the word “turbine” is used in this document, it refers to a vertical Francis turbine or a pump-turbine. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machine, design of the machine, layout of the powerhouse or delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences. It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both contracting parties have agreed upon it. This document excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound up with the conduct of installation. The tolerances in this document have been established upon best practices and experience, although it is recognized that other standards specify different tolerances. Wherever this document specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a manufacturer (or by manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate information for their own supply only.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The purpose of this part of IEC 63132 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and
tolerances for installation of generator. This document presents a typical assembly. There are
many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machines, design of the machines,
layout of the powerhouse or delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that
could result in additional steps, the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences.
It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both
contracting parties have agreed upon it.
This document excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound
up with the conduct of installation.
This document applies to vertical generators according to IEC 60034-7 1.
The tolerances in this document have been established upon best practices and experience,
although it is recognized that other standards specify different tolerances.
Brushless excitation system is not included in this document.
Wherever this document specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a
manufacturer (or by manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate
information for their own supply only.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The purpose of this part of IEC 63132 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and
tolerances for the installation of hydroelectric turbines and generators. This document presents
a typical assembly. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machines,
design of the machines, layout of the powerhouse and delivery schedule of the components are
some of the elements that could result in additional steps, the elimination of some steps and/or
assembly sequences.
It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both
contracting parties have agreed upon it.
Installations for refurbishment projects or for small hydro projects are not in the scope of this
document. An agreement between all parties is necessary.
This document excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound
up with the conduct of installation.
The tolerances in this document have been established upon best practices and experience,
although it is recognized that other standards specify different tolerances.
Wherever this document specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a
manufacturer (or manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate
information for their own supply only.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 63132-2:2020: The purpose of this this part of IEC 63132 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for installation of generator. This document presents a typical assembly. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machines, design of the machines, layout of the powerhouse or delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences. It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both contracting parties have agreed upon it. This document excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound up with the conduct of installation. This document applies to vertical generators according to IEC 60034-7. The tolerances in this document have been established upon best practices and experience, although it is recognized that other standards specify different tolerances. Brushless excitation system is not included in this document. Wherever this document specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a manufacturer (or by manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate information for their own supply only.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 63132-1:2020 The purpose of this part of IEC 63132 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for the installation of hydroelectric turbines and generators. This document presents a typical assembly. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machines, design of the machines, layout of the powerhouse and delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences. It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both contracting parties have agreed upon it. Installations for refurbishment projects or for small hydro projects are not in the scope of this document. An agreement between all parties is necessary. This document excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound up with the conduct of installation. The tolerances in this document have been established upon best practices and experience, although it is recognized that other standards specify different tolerances. Wherever this document specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a manufacturer (or manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate information for their own supply only.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC TS 62600-3:2020 describes the measurement of mechanical loads on hydrodynamic marine energy converters such as wave, tidal and other water current converters (including river current converters) for the purpose of load simulation model validation and certification. This document contains the requirements and recommendations for the measurement of mechanical loads for such activities as site selection, measurand selection, data acquisition, calibration, data verification, measurement load cases, capture matrix, post-processing, uncertainty determination and reporting.
This document also defines the requirements for full-scale structural testing of subsystems or parts with a special focus on full-scale structural testing of marine energy converter rotor blades and for the interpretation and evaluation of achieved test results. This document focuses on aspects of testing related to an evaluation of the structural integrity of the blade. The purpose of the tests is to confirm to an acceptable level of probability that the whole installed production of a blade type fulfils the design assumptions.
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The purpose of IEC 63132-4:2020 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for the installation of a vertical Kaplan or propeller turbine. This document presents a typical assembly and whenever the word “turbine” is used in this document, it refers to a vertical Kaplan or propeller turbine. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machine, design of the machine, layout of the powerhouse or delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences. It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both contracting parties have agreed upon it. This document excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound up with the conduct of installation. The tolerances in this document have been established upon best practices and experience, although it is recognized that other standards specify different tolerances. Wherever this document specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a manufacturer (or by manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate information for their own supply only.
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The purpose of IEC 63132-3:2020 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for the installation of a vertical Francis turbine or pump-turbine. This document presents a typical assembly and whenever the word “turbine” is used in this document, it refers to a vertical Francis turbine or a pump-turbine. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machine, design of the machine, layout of the powerhouse or delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences. It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both contracting parties have agreed upon it. This document excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound up with the conduct of installation. The tolerances in this document have been established upon best practices and experience, although it is recognized that other standards specify different tolerances. Wherever this document specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a manufacturer (or by manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate information for their own supply only.
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This document focuses on recommended condition monitoring techniques for detecting and diagnosing developing machine faults associated with the most common potential failure modes for hydro unit components. It is intended to improve the reliability of implementing an effective condition monitoring approach for hydroelectric generating units (hydro units). It is also intended to help create a mutual understanding of the criteria for successful hydro unit condition monitoring and to foster cooperation between the various hydropower stakeholders. This document is intended for end-users, contractors, consultants, service providers, machine manufacturers and instrument suppliers. This document is machine-specific and is focused on the generator, shaft/bearing assembly, runner (and impeller for pumped storage applications), penstock (including the main inlet valve), spiral case and the upper draft tube of hydro units. It is primarily intended for medium to large sized hydro units with more than 50 MVA installed capacity, but it is equally valid for smaller units in many cases. It is applicable to various types of turbines such as Francis, Kaplan, Pelton, Bulb and other types. Generic auxiliary systems such as for lubrication and cooling are outside the scope, with the exception of some monitoring techniques that are related to condition monitoring of major systems covered by this document, such as oil analysis. Transmission systems, civil works and the foundation are outside the scope. This document covers online (permanently installed) and portable instrument condition monitoring and diagnostic techniques for operational hydro units. Offline machine testing, i.e. that which is only done during shutdown, although very important, is not part of the scope of this document. Nor is one-time acceptance and performance testing within the scope. The condition monitoring techniques presented in this document cover a wide range of continuous and interval-based monitoring techniques under generalized conditions for a wide range of applications. Therefore, the actual monitoring approach required for a specific application can be different than that which is recommended in this generalized document.
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The purpose of IEC 63132-1:2020 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for the installation of hydroelectric turbines and generators. This document presents a typical assembly. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machines, design of the machines, layout of the powerhouse and delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences. It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both contracting parties have agreed upon it. Installations for refurbishment projects or for small hydro projects are not in the scope of this document. An agreement between all parties is necessary. This document excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound up with the conduct of installation. The tolerances in this document have been established upon best practices and experience, although it is recognized that other standards specify different tolerances. Wherever this document specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a manufacturer (or manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate information for their own supply only.
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The purpose of IEC 63132-2:2020 is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures and tolerances for installation of generator. This document presents a typical assembly. There are many possible ways to assemble a unit. The size of the machines, design of the machines, layout of the powerhouse or delivery schedule of the components are some of the elements that could result in additional steps, the elimination of some steps and/or assembly sequences. It is understood that a publication of this type will be binding only if, and to the extent that, both contracting parties have agreed upon it. This document excludes matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably bound up with the conduct of installation. This document applies to vertical generators according to IEC 60034-7. The tolerances in this document have been established upon best practices and experience, although it is recognized that other standards specify different tolerances. Brushless excitation system is not included in this document. Wherever this document specifies that documents, drawings or information is supplied by a manufacturer (or by manufacturers), each individual manufacturer will furnish the appropriate information for their own supply only.
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This document specifies the general principles of site selection planning for small hydropower (SHP) projects, and the methodologies, procedures and outcome requirements of SHP plant site selection.
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This document defines the professional technical terms and definitions commonly used for small hydropower (SHP) plants.
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IEC TS 62600-2:2019 provides design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of wave, ocean, tidal and river current energy converters, collectively referred to as marine energy converters. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards that may lead to catastrophic failure of the MEC structural, mechanical, electrical or control systems.
This document provides requirements for MEC main structure, appendages, seabed interface, mechanical systems and electrical systems as they pertain to the viability of the device under site-specific environmental conditions. This document applies to MECs that are either floating or fixed to the seafloor or shore and are unmanned during operational periods.
In addition to environmental conditions, this document addresses design conditions (normal operation, operation with fault, parked, etc.); design categories (normal, extreme, abnormal and transport); and limit states (serviceability, ultimate, fatigue and accidental) using a limit state design methodology. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2016.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) The second edition sets forth design conditions unique to marine energy converters.
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IEC TS 62600-300:2019 provides:
· A systematic methodology for evaluating the power performance of river current energy converters (RECs) that produce electricity for utility scale and localized grids;
· A definition of river energy converter rated capacity and rated water speed;
· A methodology for the production of power curves for the river energy converters in consideration; and
· A framework for the reporting of results.
Exclusions from the scope of this document are as follows:
· RECs that provide forms of energy other than electrical energy unless the other form is an intermediary step that is converted into electricity by the river energy converter;
· Resource assessment, that will be addressed separately in the River Energy Resource Assessment Technical Specification;
· Scaling of any measured or derived results;
· Power quality issues;
· Any type of performance other than power and energy performance; and
· The combined effect of multiple river energy converter arrays.
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IEC TS 62600-301:2019 provides:
· Methodologies that ensure consistency and accuracy in the determination of the theoretical river energy resource at sites that may be suitable for the installation of River Energy Converters (RECs);
· Methodologies for producing a standard current speed distribution based on measured, historical, or numerical data, or a combination thereof, to be used in conjunction with an appropriate river energy power performance assessment;
· Allowable data collection methods and/or modelling techniques; and
· A framework for reporting results.
The document explicitly excludes:
· Technical or practical resource assessments;
· Resource characterisation;
· Power performance assessment of river energy converters; and
· Environmental impact studies, assessments, or similar.
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This document applies to laboratory models of any type of impulse or reaction hydraulic turbine,
storage pump or pump-turbine.
This document applies to models of prototype machines either with unit power greater than
5 MW or with reference diameter greater than 3 m. Full application of the procedures herein
prescribed is not generally justified for machines with smaller power and size. Nevertheless,
this document may be used for such machines by agreement between the purchaser and the
supplier.
In this document, the term "turbine" includes a pump-turbine operating as a turbine and the
term "pump" includes a pump-turbine operating as a pump.
This document excludes all matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably
bound up with the conduct of the tests.
This document is concerned with neither the structural details of the machines nor the
mechanical properties of their components, so long as these do not affect model performance
or the relationship between model and prototype performances.
This document covers the arrangements for model acceptance tests to be performed on
hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines to determine if the main hydraulic
performance contract guarantees (see 4.2) have been satisfied.
It contains the rules governing test conduct and prescribes measures to be taken if any phase
of the tests is disputed.
The main objectives of this document are:
– to define the terms and quantities used;
– to specify methods of testing and of measuring the quantities involved, in order to ascertain
the hydraulic performance of the model;
– to specify the methods of computation of results and of comparison with guarantees;
– to determine if the contract guarantees that fall within the scope of this document have been
fulfilled;
– to define the extent, content and structure of the final report.
The guarantees can be given in one of the following ways:
– guarantees for prototype hydraulic performance, computed from model test results
considering scale effects;
– guarantees for model hydraulic performance.
Moreover, additional performance data (see 4.4) can be needed for the design or the operation
of the prototype of the hydraulic machine. Contrary to the requirements of Clauses 4 to 6 related
to main hydraulic performance, the information of these additional data given in Clause 7 is
considered only as recommendation or guidance to the user (see 7.1).
It is particularly recommended that model acceptance tests be performed if the expected field
conditions for acceptance tests (see IEC 60041:1991) would not allow the verification of
guarantees given for the prototype machine.
A transposition method taking into account the model and prototype wall surface roughness for
the performance conversion on pump-turbines, Francis turbines, and axial machines is
described in IEC 62097. This method requires model and prototype surface roughness data and
is takes into account the shift in nED, QED and PED factors for determining the transposition of
efficiency between model and prototype. However, in the case of Francis machines with semispiral
casing and axial machines, the transposition method has not been fully validated due to
a lack of data. In addition, IEC 62097 does not apply to storage pumps, Pelton turbines, and
Dériaz. Therefore, for these and otherwise specifically agreed upon cases where hydraulically
smooth flow conditions are assumed on the model and the prototype, the transposition formula
and procedure given in Annex D and Annex I can be applied. Applications and limitations of
both this document and IEC 62097 transposition methods are discussed in Annex E.
The method for performance conversion from model to prototype needs to be clearly defined in
the main hydraulic performance contract.
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IEC TS 62600-20:2019 establishes general principles for design assessment of OTEC plants. The goal is to describe the design and assessment requirements of OTEC plants used for stable power generation under various conditions. This electricity may be used for utility supply or production of other energy carriers. The intended audience is developers, engineers, bankers, venture capitalists, entrepreneurs, finance authorities and regulators.
This document is applicable to land-based (i.e. onshore), shelf-mounted (i.e. nearshore seabed mounted) and floating OTEC systems. For land-based systems the scope of this document ends at the main power export cable suitable for connection to the grid. For shelf-mounted and floating systems, the scope of this document normally ends at the main power export cable where it connects to the electrical grid.
This document is general and focuses on the OTEC specific or unique components of the power plant, particularly the marine aspects of the warm and cold water intake systems. Other established standards are referenced to address common components between the OTEC system and other types of power plants and floating, deep water oil and gas production vessels, such as FPSOs and FLNG systems. Relevant standards are listed within this document as appropriate.
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IEC TS 62600-40:2019 provides uniform methodologies to consistently characterize the sound produced by the operation of marine energy converters that generate electricity, including wave, current, and ocean thermal energy conversion. This document does not include the characterization of sound associated with installation, maintenance, or decommissioning of these converters, nor does it establish thresholds for determining environmental impacts. Characterization refers to received levels of sound at particular ranges, depths, and orientations to a marine energy converter.
The scope of this document encompasses methods and instrumentation to characterize sound near marine energy converters, as well as the presentation of this information for use by regulatory agencies, industry, and researchers. Guidance is given for instrumentation calibration, deployment methods around specific types of marine energy converters, analysis procedures, and reporting requirements.
This document is applicable to characterization of sound from individual converters and arrays. This document primarily describes measurement procedures for individual converters, with extension to arrays discussed in informative Annex.
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This International Standard establishes the prototype hydraulic machine efficiency from model
test results, with consideration of scale effect including the effect of surface roughness.
This document is intended to be used for the assessment of the results of contractual model
tests of hydraulic machines.
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This document gives guidelines for:
a) presenting data on hydro-abrasive erosion rates on several combinations of water quality, operating conditions, component materials, and component properties collected from a variety of hydro sites;
b) developing guidelines for the methods of minimizing hydro-abrasive erosion by modifications to hydraulic design for clean water. These guidelines do not include details such as hydraulic profile shapes which are determined by the hydraulic design experts for a given site;
c) developing guidelines based on “experience data” concerning the relative resistance of materials faced with hydro-abrasive erosion problems;
d) developing guidelines concerning the maintainability of materials with high resistance to hydro-abrasive erosion and hardcoatings;
e) developing guidelines on a recommended approach, which owners could and should take to ensure that specifications communicate the need for particular attention to this aspect of hydraulic design at their sites without establishing criteria which cannot be satisfied because the means are beyond the control of the manufacturers;
f) developing guidelines concerning operation mode of the hydro turbines in water with particle materials to increase the operation life.
It is assumed in this document that the water is not chemically aggressive. Since chemical aggressiveness is dependent upon so many possible chemical compositions, and the materials of the machine, it is beyond the scope of this document to address these issues.
It is assumed in this document that cavitation is not present in the turbine. Cavitation and hydro-abrasive erosion can reinforce each other so that the resulting erosion is larger than the sum of cavitation erosion plus hydro-abrasive erosion. The quantitative relationship of the resulting hydro-abrasive erosion is not known and it is beyond the scope of this document to assess it, except to suggest that special efforts be made in the turbine design phase to minimize cavitation.
Large solids (e.g. stones, wood, ice, metal objects, etc.) traveling with the water can impact turbine components and produce damage. This damage can in turn increase the flow turbulence thereby accelerating wear by both cavitation and hydro-abrasive erosion. Hydroabrasive erosion resistant coatings can also be damaged locally by impact of large solids. It isbeyond the scope of this document to address these issues.
This document focuses mainly on hydroelectric powerplant equipment. Certain portions can
also be applicable to other hydraulic machines.
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IEC/TS 62600-1:2011(E) defines the terms relevant to ocean and marine renewable energy. For the purposes of this Technical Specification, sources of ocean and marine renewable energy are taken to include wave, tidal current, and other water current energy converters. This Technical Specification is intended to provide uniform terminology to facilitate communication between organizations and individuals in the marine renewable energy industry and those who interact with them.
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IEC 62364:2019 is available as IEC 62364:2019 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 62364:2019 gives guidelines for:
a) presenting data on hydro-abrasive erosion rates on several combinations of water quality, operating conditions, component materials, and component properties collected from a variety of hydro sites;
b) developing guidelines for the methods of minimizing hydro-abrasive erosion by modifications to hydraulic design for clean water. These guidelines do not include details such as hydraulic profile shapes which are determined by the hydraulic design experts for a given site;
c) developing guidelines based on “experience data” concerning the relative resistance of materials faced with hydro-abrasive erosion problems;
d) developing guidelines concerning the maintainability of materials with high resistance to hydro-abrasive erosion and hardcoatings;
e) developing guidelines on a recommended approach, which owners could and should take to ensure that specifications communicate the need for particular attention to this aspect of hydraulic design at their sites without establishing criteria which cannot be satisfied because the means are beyond the control of the manufacturers;
f) developing guidelines concerning operation mode of the hydro turbines in water with particle materials to increase the operation life.
It is assumed in this document that the water is not chemically aggressive. Since chemical aggressiveness is dependent upon so many possible chemical compositions, and the materials of the machine, it is beyond the scope of this document to address these issues. It is assumed in this document that cavitation is not present in the turbine. Cavitation and hydro-abrasive erosion can reinforce each other so that the resulting erosion is larger than the sum of cavitation erosion plus hydro-abrasive erosion. The quantitative relationship of the resulting hydro-abrasive erosion is not known and it is beyond the scope of this document to assess it, except to suggest that special efforts be made in the turbine design phase to minimize cavitation. Large solids (e.g. stones, wood, ice, metal objects, etc.) traveling with the water can impact turbine components and produce damage. This damage can in turn increase the flow turbulence thereby accelerating wear by both cavitation and hydro-abrasive erosion. Hydro-abrasive erosion resistant coatings can also be damaged locally by impact of large solids. It is beyond the scope of this document to address these issues. This document focuses mainly on hydroelectric powerplant equipment. Certain portions can also be applicable to other hydraulic machines. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2013. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) the formula for TBO in Pelton reference model has been modified;
b) the formula for calculating sampling interval has been modified;
c) the chapter in hydro-abrasive erosion resistant coatings has been substantially modified;
d) the annex with test data for hydro-abrasive erosion resistant materials has been removed;
e) a simplified hydro-abrasive erosion evaluation has been added.
Key words: Hydraulic Machines, Hydro-Abrasive Erosion, Kaplan, Francis, Pelton Turbines.
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IEC TS 62600-30:2018(E) includes: definition and specification of the quantities to be determined for characterizing the power quality of a marine energy (wave, tidal and other water current) converter unit; measurement procedures for quantifying the characteristics of a marine energy (wave, tidal and other water current) converter.
The measurement procedures are valid for a single marine energy converter (MEC) unit (or farm) with three-phase grid or an off-grid connection. The measurement procedures are valid for any size of MEC unit.
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IEC TS 62600-103:2018(E) is concerned with the sub-prototype scale development of wave energy converters. It includes the wave tank test programmes, where wave conditions are controlled so they can be scheduled, and the first large-scale sea trials, where sea states occur naturally and the programmes are adjusted and flexible to accommodate the conditions. This document describes the minimum test programmes that form the basis of a structured technology development schedule. For each testing campaign, the prerequisites, goals and minimum test plans are specified.
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IEC 60709:2018 is applicable to nuclear power plant instrumentation and control (I&C) and electrical systems and equipment, whose functions are required to be independent due to their contribution to:
a redundant or diverse safety group;
different defence in depth levels;
different safety classes and also with non-classified (NC) systems. This standard is also applicable to temporary installations which are part of those I&C and *electrical systems important to safety (for example, auxiliary equipment for commissioning tests and experiments or mobile power supply systems).
This new edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
include requirements referring to the separation principle in electrical systems important to safety;
define separation criteria for I&C and electrical systems in a generic way;
align with the new revisions of IAEA documents and broaden the scope to include other aspects of separation.
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IEC TS 62903:2018, which is a Technical Specification,
a) establishes the free-field convergent spherical wave self-reciprocity method for ultrasonic transducer calibration,
b) establishes the measurement conditions and experimental procedure required to determine the transducer's electroacoustic parameters and acoustic output power using the self-reciprocity method,
c) establishes the criteria for checking the reciprocity of these transducers and the linear range of the focused field, and
d) provides guiding information for the assessment of the overall measurement uncertainties for radiation conductance.
This document is applicable to:
i) circular spherically curved concave focusing transducers without a centric hole working in the linear amplitude range,
ii) measurements in the frequency range 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz, and
iii) acoustic pressure amplitudes in the focused field within the linear amplitude range.
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