SIST EN 1539:2010
(Main)Dryers and ovens, in which flammable substances are released - Safety requirements
Dryers and ovens, in which flammable substances are released - Safety requirements
This European Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events relevant to ovens and dryers in which flammable substances are released by evaporation from and curing of coating materials. This European Standard is only applicable to machines which are used as intended and under the conditions which are foreseeable as malfunction by the manufacturer (see Clause 4).
Trockner und Öfen, in denen brennbare Stoffe freigesetzt werden - Sicherheitsanforderungen
Diese Norm behandelt alle signifikanten Gefährdungen, Gefährdungssituationen und Gefährdungsereignisse von Öfen und Trocknern in denen brennbare Stoffe durch Verdampfen aus und Aushärten von Beschich-tungsstoffen freigesetzt werden.
Diese Norm gilt ausschließlich für Maschinen, die bestimmungsgemäß und unter Bedingungen, die vom Hersteller als Fehlanwendung vernünftigerweise vorhersehbar sind, verwendet werden (siehe Abschnitt 4).
Diese Norm gilt nicht für:
- Öfen und Trockner, in denen brennbare Stoffe durch Verdampfen aus und Aushärten von Beschich-tungsstoffen freigesetzt werden, in denen die Konzentration dieser brennbaren Stoffe unter keinen Umständen 3 % der UEG überschreitet,
ANMERKUNG 1 Für diese Maschinen sind EN 746 1 und EN 746 2 anzuwenden.
- kombinierte Spritz und Trocknungskabinen,
ANMERKUNG 2 Für kombinierte Spritz- und Trocknungskabinen ist EN 13355 anzuwenden.
- Öfen zum Härten von Metallen,
- Sinteröfen,
- Emaillieranlagen,
- ortsbewegliche Heizeinrichtungen zum Trocknen (z. B. Infrarot-Heizstrahler, Heißluft-Gebläse, Fön),
- Maschinen für die Produktion von pharmazeutischen Erzeugnissen,
- Maschinen für die Nahrungsmittelproduktion,
- Lösemittel Rückgewinnungsanlagen,
- Destillier- und/oder Refraktionsanlagen,
- Textilreinigungsmaschinen.
Diese Norm gilt nicht für Maschinen, die vor Veröffentlichung als EN hergestellt wurden.
Séchoirs et fours dans lesquels se dégagent des substances inflammables - Prescriptions de sécurité
La présente norme traite de tous les phénomènes dangereux significatifs, situations et événements dangereux engendrés par les fours et séchoirs dans lesquels des substances inflammables sont dégagées par l’évaporation et le durcissement de produits de revêtement.
La présente norme n’est applicable qu’aux machines utilisées conformément à l’usage prévu et dans les conditions de dysfonctionnement prévues par le fabricant (voir Article 4).
La présente norme ne s'applique pas aux :
- fours et séchoirs dans lesquels des substances inflammables sont dégagées par l’évaporation et le durcissement de produits de revêtement et dans lesquels la concentration de ces substances inflammables ne doit en aucun cas dépasser 3 % de la limite inférieure d’explosivité (LIE). Pour ces machines, l’EN 746-1 et l’EN 746-2 sont applicables ;
- les cabines mixtes d’application et de séchage conformes à l’EN 13355 ;
- les fours pour la trempe des métaux ;
- les fours de frittage ;
- les installations d’émaillage ;
- les systèmes de chauffage portatifs utilisés pour le séchage (par exemple les radiateurs à rayonnement infrarouge, les soufflantes d’air chaud, les séchoirs soufflants) ;
- les machines utilisées pour la fabrication de produits pharmaceutiques ;
- les machines utilisées pour la production alimentaire ;
- les installations de récupération de solvants ;
- les installations de distillation et/ou de réfraction ;
- les systèmes de nettoyage à sec de textiles.
La présente norme ne s'applique pas aux machines fabriquées avant sa date de publication en tant que norme EN.
Sušilniki in peči, v katerih se sproščajo vnetljive snovi - Varnostne zahteve
Ta evropski standard obravnava vse velike nevarnosti, nevarne situacije in primere, ki ustrezajo pečicam in sušilnikom, pri katerih se z izhlapevanjem in sušenjem premaznih materialov sproščajo vnetljive snovi. Ta evropski standard velja samo za stroje, ki se uporabljajo v skladu z namembnostjo in pod pogoji, ki jih je predvidel proizvajalec kot okvaro (glej Klavzulo 4).
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Trockner und Öfen, in denen brennbare Stoffe freigesetzt werden - SicherheitsanforderungenSéchoirs et fours dans lesquels se dégagent des substances inflammables - Prescriptions de sécuritéDryers and ovens, in which flammable substances are released - Safety requirements25.180.01Industrial furnaces in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1539:2009SIST EN 1539:2010en,fr,de01-junij-2010SIST EN 1539:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1539:20021DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 1539:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1539
November 2009 ICS 25.180.01 Supersedes EN 1539:2000English Version
Dryers and ovens, in which flammable substances are released - Safety requirements
Séchoirs et fours dans lesquels se dégagent des substances inflammables - Prescriptions de sécurité
Trockner und Öfen, in denen brennbare Stoffe freigesetzt werden - Sicherheitsanforderungen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 October 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1539:2009: ESIST EN 1539:2010
EN 1539:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .4Introduction .51Scope .62Normative references .63Terms and Definitions .84Significant hazards . 125Safety requirements and/or protective measures . 175.1General . 175.2Safety requirements against mechanical hazards . 185.2.1Shearing, crushing, drawing-in . 185.2.2Means of escape . 185.2.3Safety requirements against slip and fall hazards . 195.3Safety requirements against electrical hazards . 195.3.1General . 195.3.2Electrical equipment . 195.3.3External influences on the electrical equipment . 195.4Safety requirements against thermal hazards . 195.5Safety requirements against hazards from noise . 205.6Safety requirements against hazards from radiation. 205.7Safety requirements against hazards generated from hazardous substances . 215.8Fire protection and prevention . 215.8.1General . 215.9Explosion protection and prevention requirements . 225.9.1Type A-dryers . 225.9.2Type B-dryers . 295.10Control systems . 315.11Failure of energy supply . 316Verification of the safety requirements and/or measures . 317Information for use . 347.1General . 347.2Instruction handbook . 347.2.1General . 347.2.2Information related to installation . 357.2.3Information related to operation . 357.2.4Information related to maintenance and inspection . 367.3Marking . 37Annex A (normative)
Basis for air flow calculation of chamber dryers and continuous flow dryers . 38A.1Chamber dryers . 38A.1.1Calculation basis for chamber dryers . 38A.2Continuous flow dryers . 43A.2.1Calculation basis for continuous flow dryers . 43A.2.2Calculation basis for continuous flow dryers for powder coatings . 45Annex B (informative)
Examples of calculation . 46B.1Chamber dryers . 46B.1.1Example 1: Calculation of the required minimum exhaust flow (see 3.20). 46B.1.2Example 2: Calculation of the maximum admissible amount of varnish. 47B.2Continuous flow dryers . 48SIST EN 1539:2010
EN 1539:2009 (E) 3 B.2.1Examples for the calculation of the minimum exhaust flow rate . 48B.2.2Example for the calculation of the maximum admissible throughput of flammable substances . 50Annex C (normative)
Concentration measurement in dryers . 52C.1General . 52C.2Requirements for concentration measuring systems . 52C.3Calculation of the lower explosion limit at drying temperature . 53C.3.1Influence of temperature on the indicated value of concentration (physical influence) . 53C.3.2Influence of the temperature of mixture on the kinetics of reaction (chemical influence) . 54C.3.3Consideration of chemical and physical influences . 54Annex D (normative)
Explosion reliefs . 55Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive Machinery 98/37/EC . 56Annex ZB (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC . 57Bibliography . 58
Figures Figure 1 — Maximum admissible concentration of flammable substances and admissible operating ranges for dryers with limited concentration . 28Figure A.1 — Dependency of γγγγ versus ττττ . 42 Tables Table 1 — List of significant hazards . 12Table 2 — Requirements according to the operating ranges . 27Table 3 — Verification . 32 SIST EN 1539:2010
EN 1539:2009 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 1539:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 271 “Surface treatment equipment - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 1539:2000. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this document. This standard is part of a series of standards in the area of safety for development and construction of machines and plants for the coating of surfaces with organic substances (paints, lacquers and similar products). The following TCs participate in this joint-working group: TC 186 "Industrial thermoprocessing - Safety"; TC 198 "Printing and paper machinery - Safety"; TC 200 "Tannery machinery - Safety"; TC 202 "Foundry machinery". NOTE Although a dryer as a whole is not subject to the ATEX Directive 94/9/EC in a formal way, this document is based on a fundamental risk assessment according to this Directive.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 1539:2010
EN 1539:2009 (E) 5 Introduction This European Standard is a type C standard as defined in EN ISO 12100 (all parts). The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events are covered are indicated in the scope of this standard. When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard. SIST EN 1539:2010
EN 1539:2009 (E) 6
1 Scope This European Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events relevant to ovens and dryers in which flammable substances are released by evaporation from and curing of coating materials. This European Standard is only applicable to machines which are used as intended and under the conditions which are foreseeable as malfunction by the manufacturer (see Clause 4). This European Standard is not applicable to: ovens and dryers in which flammable substances are released by evaporation from and curing of coating materials, in which the concentration of these flammable substances shall not, under no circumstances, exceed 3 % of the LEL; NOTE 1 These machines are dealt with in EN 746-1 and EN 746-2. combined spraying and drying booths; NOTE 2 EN 13355
deals with combined spraying and drying booths. ovens for hardening metals; sintering furnaces; enamelling plants; portable heating systems for drying (for instance infrared radiant heaters, hot-air blowers, blow-dryers); machinery for production of pharmaceutical products; machinery for production of food; solvent recovery plants; distillation and/or refraction plants; textile dry-cleaning systems. This European Standard is not applicable to machinery manufactured before the date of its publication as EN. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 619, Continuous handling equipment and systems — Safety and EMC requirements for equipment for mechanical handling of unit loads EN 746-1, Industrial thermoprocessing equipment — Part 1: Common safety requirements for industrial thermoprocessing equipment SIST EN 1539:2010
EN 1539:2009 (E) 7 EN 746-2, Industrial thermoprocessing equipment — Part 2: Safety requirements for combustion and fuel handling systems EN 953, Safety of machinery — Guards — General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards EN 1037, Safety of machinery — Prevention of unexpected start-up EN 1127-1:2007, Explosive atmospheres — Explosion prevention and protection — Part 1: Basic concepts and methodology EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008, Safety of machinery — Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by machinery — Part 1: General principles EN 12198-2, Safety of machinery — Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by machinery — Part 2:
Radiation emission measurement procedure EN 12433-1, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates — Terminology — Part 1: Types of doors EN 12433-2, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates — Terminology — Part 2: Parts of doors EN 12445, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates — Safety in use of power operated doors — Test methods EN 12453, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates — Safety in use of power operated doors — Requirements EN 12635, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates — Installation and use EN 12978, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates — Safety devices for power operated doors and gates — Requirements and test methods EN 13023, Noise measurement methods for printing, paper converting, paper making machines and auxiliary equipment — Accuracy grades 2 and 3 EN 13463-1:2009, Non-electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres — Part 1: Basic method and requirements EN 13478, Safety of machinery — Fire prevention and protection EN 13501-1:2007+A1:2009, Fire classification of construction products and building elements — Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests EN 14462, Surface treatment equipment — Noise test code for surface treatment equipment including its ancillary handling equipment — Accuracy grades 2 and 3 EN 14994, Gas explosion venting protective systems EN 50104, Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of oxygen — Performance requirements and test methods EN 60079-0:2006, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres — Part 0: General requirements (IEC 60079-0:2004, modified) EN 60070-29-1, Explosive atmospheres — Part 29-1: Gas detectors — Performance requirements of detectors for flammable gases
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EN 1539:2009 (E) 8 EN 60204-1:1997, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 1: General requirements (IEC 60204-1:2005, modified) EN 61000-6-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 6-2:
Generic standards — Immunity for industrial
environments (IEC 61000-6-2:2005) EN ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003) EN ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 2: Technical principles (ISO 12100-2:2003) EN ISO 13732-1, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces — Part 1: Hot surfaces (ISO 13732-1:2006) EN ISO 13849-1:2008, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General principles for design (ISO 13849-1:2006) EN ISO 14122-2, Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery — Part 2: Working platforms and walkways (ISO 14122-2:2001) EN ISO 14122-3, Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery — Part 3: Stairs, stepladders and guard-rails (ISO 14122-3:2001) EN ISO 14122-4, Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery — Part 4: Fixed ladders (ISO 14122-4:2004) IEC 60405, Nuclear instrumentation — Constructional requirements and classification of radiometric gauges IEC 60519-1, Safety in electroheat installations — Part 1: General requirements IEC 60519-6, Safety in electroheat installations — Part 6: Specifications for safety in industrial microwave heating equipment 3 Terms and Definitions For the purposes of this document the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100-1:2003 and the following apply. 3.1 dryer machine in which flammable substances are released by evaporation and curing 3.2 chamber dryer enclosed dryer which are charged in batch quantities NOTE These dryers are relatively simple to operate and maintain. Conditions and knowledge of solvent loading, temperatures, solvent vapour concentration and the degree of product dryness can vary considerably and thus increase the risk from hazards. 3.3 continuous flow dryer dryer with openings through which the materials being processed can be introduced and removed (conveyed) continuously NOTE Continuous flow dryers can be divided into sections in order to influence individual steps of the drying process. SIST EN 1539:2010
EN 1539:2009 (E) 9 3.4 accessible dryer dryer in which provision is made for the presence of persons inside the dryer during intended use 3.5 type A-dryer dryer designed and built in such a way that the concentration of flammable substances in each part of the total space is below the limit values for the maximum concentration of flammable substances given in Figure 1 3.6 type B-dryer dryer designed and built in such a way that the formation of hazardous explosive mixtures is prevented in any part of the dryer by limitation of the oxygen concentration 3.7 drying process of evaporation or volatilisation of components of the printing or coating material and the products to be dried, as well as the curing of the printing or coating material 3.7.1 mould varnish drying process of drying of mould varnishes for casting moulds and foundry cores, in which volatile components have a longer travel to the surface (range from some millimetres up to about 1 cm) compared with the drying of a surface coated part to be dried (range micrometres) 3.7.2 resin varnish drying process of drying of products impregnated with resin products (impregnating resin or resin varnish), in which volatile components have a longer travel to the surface (range some centimetres) compared with the drying of a surface coated part to be dried (range micrometres) 3.8 curing transformation of a liquid or pasty printing or coating material or coating powders into a final solid film NOTE This process is also known as gelling, through curing or through drying. 3.9 flammable substances predominantly volatile organic compounds (VOC): Can include gases, vapours, liquids, solids, or mixtures of these, able to undergo an exothermic reaction with air when ignited [EN 13237:2003, 3.48] NOTE 1 Flammable substances can be solvents which are flammable or slow burning; e. g. aldehydes, alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, mineral oils, as well as mixtures containing these substances.
NOTE 2 Mixtures containing solvents can be printing and coating materials, e.g. inks, varnishes, lacquers. NOTE 3 Solvents are also used as cleaning or washing agents, and could enter the dryer. NOTE 4 The terms "flammable" and "combustible" are equivalent in this European Standard. 3.10 released flammable substances gases and vapours released during drying which could form an explosive mixture with air SIST EN 1539:2010
EN 1539:2009 (E) 10 3.11 coating material product, in liquid or in paste or powder form, that when applied to a substrate forms a film possessing protective, decorative and/or other specific properties [EN ISO 4618:2006] NOTE 1 In general coating materials consist of binders, pigments, dyestuff, fillers and other additives. Moreover, liquid coating materials can contain solvents. NOTE 2 Coating materials are, for instance, paints, lacquers, varnishes, impregnating resin varnishes, paste fillers, filling materials, impregnating agents, anti-noise agents, fire resisting agents, stains, burnishes, flock, adhesives, sealing compounds, as well as coating powders. 3.12 drying temperature higher temperature value of the heating medium (air or gas within the total space) at contact to the materials being processed or of the printing or coating material during drying 3.13 ignition temperature (of a combustible gas or a combustible liquid) lowest temperature of a heated wall as determined under specified test conditions, at which ignition of a combustible substance in the form of gas or vapour mixture with air will occur
[EN 13237:2003, 3.66] NOTE The terms "flammable" and "combustible" are equivalent in this European Standard. 3.14 flammability temperature lowest temperature at which symptoms of combustion can be found on the coated or uncoated material NOTE Flammability temperature of a material is a safety parameter for which a continuous combustion could be stimulated under specified test conditions. It could be determined for combustible solid substances such as paper or similar base stock and their coating. Signs of combustion are flames, glowing or pyrogenic symptoms. 3.15 limiting temperature corresponds to the lower of the following values: the flammability temperature (see 3.14); or 0,8 times the ignition temperature (see 3.13) NOTE See 6.4.2 of EN 1127-1:2007. 3.16 lower explosion limit (LEL) lower limit of the explosion range NOTE 1 "Explosion limit" and "ignition limit" are equivalent. In accordance with international usage only the term "explosion limit" is used in this standard. See 3.74 of EN 13237:2003. NOTE 2 Explosion limits are the limits of the explosion range. Explosion range is the range of concentration of a flammable substance within air, in which an explosion can occur. See 3.33 of EN 13237:2003. 3.17 explosive mixture mixture with air and combustible substances in the form of gases, vapours, mist or dust, in which after ignition has occurred, combustion spreads to the entire unburned mixture
SIST EN 1539:2010
EN 1539:2009 (E) 11 NOTE Explosive atmosphere is an explosive mixture under atmospheric conditions, see 3.37 and 3.38 of EN 13237:2003. 3.18 hazardous explosive mixture explosive mixture which, if it explodes, causes damage 3.19 normal operation situation when the dryer performs its intended function within its design parameters NOTE Minor releases of flammable material may be part of normal operation. For example, releases from seals which rely on wetting by fluid which is being pumped are considered to be minor releases. Failures (such as breakdown of pump seals, flange gaskets or releases of substances caused by accidents) which involve repair or shut-down are not considered to be part of normal operation. See 3.70 of EN 13237:2003. 3.20 required exhaust flow rate controllable exhaust flow rate maintaining the concentration of released flammable substances within the total space at any time below the maximum admissible concentration 3.21 minimum exhaust flow rate constant air flow rate maintaining the maximum concentration of released substances within the total space below the maximum admissible concentration 3.22 maximum admissible quantity of released flammable substances maximum quantity of flammable substances which may be released within the chamber dryer per charge, corresponding to the minimum forced ventilation flow rate with consideration of the drying temperature corrections 3.23 maximum admissible throughput of flammable substances maximum quantity of flammable substances per unit time which may be released within a continuous flow dryer corresponding to the minimum forced ventilation flow rate with consideration of the drying temperature corrections 3.24 maximum admissible concentration of flammable substances concentration of flammable substances within the total space of the dryer, which shall not be exceeded 3.25 total space net volume within the dryer which could contain flammable substances
NOTE 1 The total space includes ventilation of all section(s) (either single or multiple) and the recirculation systems of the dryer and ends at the outlet connection of the dryer housing to the external exhaust. NOTE 2 The total space does not include any charged materials, supports, transport systems, thermal cleaning systems, chimneys or other ducts between sections or equipment. 3.26 effective space part of the total space in which the material to be dried is charged or moved 3.27 main vaporization time period of time during which the major quantity of flammable substances has been released SIST EN 1539:2010
EN 1539:2009 (E) 12 NOTE See A.1.1.2. 3.28 charged quantity of flammable substances total amount of flammable substances introduced into a chamber dryer per charge during the drying process NOTE It can be determined by the applied quantity of coating materials and the content of flammable substances; deviations are only allowed for the pre-drying loss. 3.29 pre-drying loss reduction in the amount of releasable flammable substances due to drying by air before the coated material is charged into the dryer NOTE See A.1.1.2. 3.30 peak release rate maximum release of flammable substances per unit time within the dryer 4 Significant hazards Table 1 — List of significant hazards Hazard factors Location or situation of the hazard Specific requirements Applicable clauses of this standard General requirements Applicable clauses of EN ISO 12100-1:2003 EN ISO 12100-2:2003 4.1 General This clause contains all hazards, hazardous situations and events as far as they are dealt with in this document, i
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