SIST ISO 10381-3:2002
(Main)Soil quality -- Sampling -- Part 3: Guidance on safety
Soil quality -- Sampling -- Part 3: Guidance on safety
Qualité du sol -- Échantillonnage -- Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 décrit les dangers pouvant se présenter au cours d'une investigation de site et lors du prélèvement d'échantillons de sols et d'autres matériaux terrestres, y compris les dangers inhérents aux opérations d'échantillonnage, les dangers pouvant provenir de la contamination et les autres dangers physiques. Sont indiquées les précautions à prendre pour que les risques liés à tout échantillonnage ou investigation sur site puissent être contrôlés et minimisés. La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 donne des lignes directrices relatives aux dangers et aux risques qui peuvent être rencontrés lors d'une investigation de site - en général, - sur des zones agricoles, - sur des zones contaminées, - au cours d'études géologiques, ainsi qu'une indication des activités qui peuvent engendrer des risques. Elle décrit ensuite les modes opératoires qui peuvent être appliqués pour contrôler les risques. La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 est conçue spécifiquement pour traiter des problèmes de sécurité durant l'échantillonnage et l'investigation sur site, et n'est pas destinée à fournir des lignes directrices pour d'autres situations telles que la construction.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10381-3
First edition
2001-12-15
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 3:
Guidance on safety
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
Reference number
ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
©
ISO 2001
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be
edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file,
parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters
were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event
that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2001
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.ch
Web www.iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
©
ii ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Preliminary procedures . 1
3 Concepts of hazards, risks and safety . 2
4 Exposure of personnel to hazards . 3
4.1 General . 3
4.2 Exposure by contact . 3
4.3 Exposure through ingestion . 3
4.4 Exposure through inhalation . 3
4.5 Exposure to physical hazards . 4
4.6 Exposure to fire and explosions . 4
5 Potential on-site hazards relating to sampling and the area of investigation . 4
5.1 General . 4
5.2 General hazards . 5
5.3 Particular hazards on agricultural sites . 7
5.4 Particular hazards in contamination investigations . 8
5.5 Hazards in geological and geotechnical investigations . 10
6 Safety precautions . 11
6.1 Safety policy . 11
6.2 Planning and managing for safety . 11
6.3 Safety precautions in relation to particular hazards . 13
6.4 Safety procedures . 16
6.5 Safety equipment . 18
6.6 General environmental safety . 19
Bibliography. 21
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ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare Internatinal Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by
the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard
requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 10381 may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 10381-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee
SC 2, Sampling.
ISO 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling:
— Part 3: Guidance on safety
— Part6:Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial
processes in the laboratory
Additional parts are in preparation.
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ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 10381 is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other where necessary. ISO 10381-3 deals with safety for various purposes of soil investigation.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 3:
Guidance on safety
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10381 provides guidance on the hazards that may exist during a site investigation and when
collecting samples of soil and other ground material, including hazards that are intrinsic in the sampling operation in
addition to the hazards that may arise from contamination and other physical hazards. Precautions are given so that
the risks involved in any sampling or site investigation can be controlled and minimized.
This part of ISO 10381 gives guidance on hazards which may be encountered in a site investigation
— in general,
— on agricultural areas,
— on contaminated areas,
— in geological investigations,
and an indication of the activities which may give rise to risks. It then describes procedures which may be adopted to
control risks.
This part of ISO 10381 is designed specifically to deal with the problems of safety during sampling and site
investigation, and is not intended to provide guidance for other situations such as construction.
NOTE Former production sites for munitions and other warfare agents present special problems to investigators and others
involved in handling samples collected at such locations. The guidance given in this part of ISO 10381 will be of assistance in
these situations, but additional guidance on the precautionary measures to be taken should be obtained from the specialists
responsible for the former operation of these sites.
2 Preliminary procedures
In all daily activities there is an element of risk and this risk is increased when the environment is unfamiliar. Even
sampling an agricultural area involves an increased risk to the sampler, because the nature of the ground and
possible hazards are not necessarily known to the sampler.
When examining a site for contamination, the risks are increased, due to the presence of chemicals, compounds and
agents which present a hazard to human health. When examining a former industrial site, the risk of physical injury
can be increased because of the possibility of voids and cavities (physical hazards) beneath ground level which may
not have been properly filled in. Cavities may also be present where there has been underground combustion (for
example in refuse sites and colliery waste disposal sites).
Physical injury is also possible in any sampling situation where machinery is being used; this applies to agricultural
sampling as much as to contaminated-site investigations. Possibly the injuries could be more serious in a
contaminated-site investigation because bigger and more powerful machines are involved, and even minor injuries
may provide a pathway for toxic substances and pathogens to enter the body.
Care should also be taken to ensure the safety of the investigator when a preliminary site visit (site reconnaissance)
is carried out prior to commencing the full site investigation, particularly as all potential hazards may not have been
identified at that time.
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ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
The main objectives of this guidance on safety are
a) to identify the hazards that may exist in carrying out site investigations and soil sampling programmes,
b) to indicate management procedures to provide a framework for safe working and proper response in the case of
accident,
c) to indicate what precautions can be taken in terms of personal protection and cleaning facilities to minimize any
hazard, and
d) to indicate what working procedures can be adopted to minimize hazards from contaminants and physical
hazards associated with the collection of samples and the use of machinery.
3 Concepts of hazards, risks and safety
It is not possible to identify all the hazards which may be encountered during site work, nor to provide guidance on
how the associated risks may be dealt with in all situations. Safety depends ultimately on the adoption of an attitude
and approach to any particular situation which will ensure that the hazards are identified and properly evaluated, and
appropriate precautions taken.
Those authorizing, designing and supervising works, the employers, and those carrying out the work all have a joint
responsibility for safety. This responsibility extends beyond the workforce to include the general public, who may be
living or working close to the site to be investigated, or who may enter the site with or without permission while the
works are in progress.
The guidance in this part of ISO 10381 should be read in conjunction with relevant national and international
legislation and regulations regarding health and safety at work.
In general, achievement of safe working conditions requires the employing organizations to adopt formal “policies”
and operating frameworks which will require and permit
— identification of hazards and evaluation of risks,
— avoidance of risks wherever possible,
— failing this, control of the risks through adoption of appropriate operating procedures, and
— failing this, or in addition, the protection of individuals against unavoidable risks.
It is necessary to provide training, to keep records of procedures adopted and of any incidents. It may be necessary
to establish health screening and surveillance programmes.
In these ways it should be possible to reduce risks to an acceptable minimum.
In order that appropriate risk reduction and management procedures can be identified, it is necessary, on a site-
specific basis, to
— identify hazards,
— identify under what circumstances the hazards may present a risk,
— quantify the actual risks.
In relation to contaminated sites, the importance of a desk study for identification of hazards from contamination and
physical conditions must be emphasized.
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ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
4 Exposure of personnel to hazards
4.1 General
This clause deals with the way in which hazards present at a site may affect the investigators.
Different types of hazards have been identified as occurring in different situations. These can result in a range of
effects, varying from skin irritation and simple physical injury to death. When establishing suitable safety procedures
not only must the hazard be considered, but also the way the hazard is likely to be encountered by the investigator or
sampler. In most cases the hazards are due to acute toxic effects but, in the case of regular investigators and
samplers, chronic toxicity is a possible hazard.
4.2 Exposure by contact
Direct contact with chemicals such as chlorinated solvents, benzene, tars, oils and greases, phenols, chromium(VI)
compounds, pesticides (e.g. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides) and many others can result in effects on humans.
These effects can result in the development of skin rashes or irritation and other dermal effects and, where
absorption occurs, more serious effects may result.
Some chemicals are potentially carcinogenic through skin contact.
The degreasing effect of solvents and oils also reduces the ability of the skin to prevent absorption of compounds and
to prevent infection.
Some chemicals can be absorbed through the skin with adverse effects if the contact is sufficiently prolonged or of
sufficient concentration. If the skin is broken due to cuts or abrasion, then absorption occurs much more readily and
bacterial infections can be caused very easily, e.g. tetanus and suppurations. Weil’s disease can be transmitted
through breaks in the skin but the causative organism (Leptospira) can actually penetrate the skin if it is softened by
prolonged exposure to water.
The eyes can suffer from contact as a result of splashing when dealing with liquids and wet material, and also by
transfer from dirty hands, gloves or other articles of clothing. The eyes can suffer from irritation which may clear up
as a result of bathing, but particulate matter may cause scratching and solvents can cause permanent damage.
4.3 Exposure through ingestion
Contaminants from a site can be ingested by eating food, smoking, taking refreshment or even careless wiping of the
face with hands or gloves which have been dirtied with contaminated material.
Because the mucous membranes are generally more sensitive than skin, much less contamination is required to
cause an adverse reaction. If contaminated material is inadvertently swallowed, then stomach upsets, infections and
other short-term effects can ensue. It is also possible that ingestion will lead to more rapid absorption of toxic
material and can also result in longer-term adverse effects.
4.4 Exposure through inhalation
The presence of gases and vapours can cause a variety of effects ranging from headaches to death, the degree of
severity depending upon the toxicity of the chemical and the severity of the exposure. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen
sulfide both cause the above range of reactions. Solvents and similar compounds can give rise to narcotic effects.
The effects caused by some compounds can be enhanced where the inhalation is a result of smoking, since the heat
of the tobacco can cause the formation of breakdown products more toxic than the original fumes, for example
chlorinated solvent vapours are converted to carbonyl chloride (COCl phosgene) by the heat of a cigarette.
2
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ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
Exposure can also occur through inhalation of dust, fibres and fumes. The hazard from dusts may be due to different
effects. For example, silica and asbestos are not active chemically but can be dangerous when inhaled. Other dusts
which contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons or dioxins can cause cancers, while other chemicals can have toxic effects.
Exposure by inhalation can arise from the sampling process (e.g. inhalation of the exhaust fumes, or dust from
drilling concrete), rather than from contaminants within the site.
The effects of exposure by inhalation varies; with some compounds the effects can be readily reversed by removal
from exposure, while in other cases more serious long-term effects result, requiring a much longer recovery period.
4.5 Exposure to physical hazards
Physical hazards can range from simple damage to limbs and joints, as in sprains and broken bones, through to
more serious injuries due to being hit by excavators or falling on equipment such as augers. Unstable ground around
excavations, boggy ground and bodies of water can result in physical injury, ingestion of contamination material, and
possibly in drowning.
Excavations, such as trial pits, are not normally entered during a site investigation but where entry is necessary, a
hazard is present due to possible collapse of the sides. This becomes a serious hazard when the excavation is
greater than about 1,2 m deep.
Excavations also present a hazard to personnel at ground level if the sides are not stable, due to the possibility of
collapse into the base of the excavation, the hazard increasing with increasing depth and decreasing stability of the
ground.
4.6 Exposure to fire and explosions
The presence of underground fires can present a hazard due to the formation of underground cavities, breakout of
flames and the formation of toxic gases, including carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
The presence of flammable and explosive gases in situations such as landfills and underground tanks can present a
hazard, particularly if some form of ignition is inadvertently provided.
Use of explosives may be necessary in very hard ground situations (for example in permafrost regions).
The presence of unexploded bombs and mines, etc. from former wartime activities can also present a hazard.
Hazards due to explosives residues and munitions are likely to exist at sites which have produced and handled
explosives and munitions.
5 Potential on-site hazards relating to sampling and the area of investigation
5.1 General
This clause describes the hazards that may be presented by different contaminants and physical aspects during the
course of site investigations and sampling.
This part of ISO 10381 does not seek to address everyday hazards that may arise from the use of such items as
sharp instruments, digging equipment such as forks, nor the hazards of driving to a site location. It is assumed that
such hazards are satisfactorily dealt with by the personnel carrying out the investigation and the sampling.
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ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
5.2 General hazards
5.2.1 Hazards due to solid and liquid chemicals
These may be very obvious (as in the case of chemicals remaining on a former industrial site) or may not be apparent
(for instance in the case of pesticides in a field). When devising a safe method of investigation and sampling, both
situations have to be considered and precautions taken.
The hazard may be presented by direct contact due to lack of protective clothing or contact through transmission by
hands. Where dusts are formed, inhalation can occur. Where wet conditions exist or there are liquids, inadvertent
contact due to splashing is possible.
5.2.2 Hazards due to gases
Since most site investigations are carried out in the open air, hazardous concentrations of gases rarely develop due
to dilution by the atmosphere. However there are recorded cases of drilling crews being overcome by fumes and
being hospitalized, thus caution should be exercised when assessing the potential hazards.
It is possible, in particular situations (where there is active anaerobic degradation and substantial methane
generation, for example in landfill sites), that dilution of the gas by the atmosphere could bring the concentration of
methane to within the explosive range.
In other situations, although dilution by the atmosphere prevents exposure to hazardous concentrations, lower
concentrations of gases can still cause symptoms such as headaches, runny eyes and are thus undesirable.
Use of machinery with closed unventilated cabs can lead to the development of toxic atmospheres which under
extreme conditions can be fatal.
The exhausts of internal combustion engines emit fumes which can present a hazard.
Where the investigation requires entry into deep excavations or confined spaces, particularly those below ground
level, the build-up of explosive and/or toxic gases and the formation of an atmosphere which is deficient in oxygen is
a possibility. An atmosphere deficient in oxygen even by a small amount (1%) can be fatal.
5.2.3 Hazards due to biological causes (bacteria and viruses)
Although accidents due to biological reasons rarely occur, there is a potential for illness due to the widespread nature
of bacteria and viruses. These illnesses need not be fatal and may not necessarily be diagnosed as associated with
the work that has been carried out. Because of the widespread distribution of bacteria, it is worthwhile considering
the hazards that they may present and also taking precautions to prevent any adverse effects from them, however
mild.
Some biological hazards are not site-specific (e.g. tetanus, typhoid and Weil’s disease) and require appropriate
general precautions in addition to any local prevention.
Weil’s disease (Leptospira jaundice) occurs as a result of contact with water which has been contaminated by rat
urine (see 4.2). Any outdoor body of water may therefore be a source of hazard, as can areas where there has been
a high rat population, for instance landfill sites. Infection by Leptospira can be fatal if not diagnosed at an early stage.
The presence of anthrax spores can also present a hazard (see 5.3.4).
5.2.4 Hazards due to radiation
Radiation hazard is not usually very great in any normal site investigation or sampling exercise. The presence of a
radiation hazard due to previous operations at a site should be identified by the desk study. With any site
investigation, the transient nature of the exposure should ensure that harmful radioactive dosages are not received,
but the need for precautions and personnel monitoring should be considered.
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ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
5.2.5 Hazards due to topography
Hazards due to physical features are part of normal daily life. However, for site investigators and sampling personnel
dealing with an area with which they are not familiar, these same physical features can present a real and
unexpected hazard. In some cases they may be life-threatening, but are more likely to result in injuries to limbs such
as sprains and broken bones.
The ground can be unexpectedly uneven and features such as potholes and kerbs may be hidden by vegetation. On
derelict sites, reinforcing bars and other debris can also cause tripping if care is not exercised. The presence of
broken glass can increase the hazard from falling.
Excavations can present a hazard due to possible collapse of unstable sides, and below-ground cavities can present
a hazard where their presence is not obvious or where their cover is insufficient to support weight, e.g. cavities
formed as a result of below-ground combustion.
Overhead electrical cables present a hazard, particularly when using surveying poles and high machinery (backhoe
excavators, drilling rigs), which can short-circuit, causing electrocution.
Underground services can present a hazard, particularly electrical supply, because of the danger of electrocution.
5.2.6 Hazards due to machines
Virtually any machinery can be hazardous if not operated sensibly and with regard to the manufacturer’s instructions
and the safety regulations which apply. However, in many cases these aspects are not wholly observed or
appreciated.
When establishing a sampling location by breaking through concrete, the breaking of the concrete can result in
hazardous flying particles.
Noise from machinery can be a hazard, and particularly when using concrete-breakers, heavy machinery or
explosives.
When carrying out augering by hand, particularly to great depths, body strains can occur. With powered augers,
forcing the auger or running at too high a rate can result in an accident due to obstructions encountered or other
causes of a sharp change in movement.
Machines should always be operated in the correct manner. With large driver-operated machines, it is important that
investigation personnel do not expose themselves to the risk of being hit by the machine as it is operated, either by
standing too close, or carrying out operations where the driver cannot see them. Untrained personnel should never
operate such machines.
With any machine, but particularly with larger machines, care should be taken when traversing a site to ensure that
the ground does not collapse under the weight of the machine. This is particularly important in areas of dense
vegetation and areas where there is the possibility of below-ground voids (subsidence, old empty tanks, combustion).
Machines which become bogged down can present hazards due to the unexpected movement as the problem occurs
and subsequent sudden movement as the machine is extricated.
Machines powered by internal combustion engines can present a hazard due to the exhaust emissions.
Electrically powered machinery can be hazardous due to the possibility of current leakage to earth or short circuits.
Use of machines for excavating where mains services are located can result in damage to the services and hazard
to the operator and investigators.
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ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
5.3 Particular hazards on agricultural sites
5.3.1 General
Hazards can exist on farms and agricultural installations due to machinery, animals, stored chemicals, stored
produce and facilities such as silage pits, slurry storage areas and lagoons.
5.3.2 Hazards due to chemicals (see also 5.2.1)
A wide range of chemicals is applied to agricultural areas for widely different reasons. The method of application can
also vary considerably. Chemicals applied include fertilisers such as ammonium nitrate, lime, compound fertilisers,
mineral dressings for adding trace metals, pesticides (e.g. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides) and pollutants in
organic wastes used for application to soil.
Chemicals can be applied by injection directly into the ground below the surface, by spreading on to the surface, by
scattering on the surface or by spraying from land machines and aircraft.
Where material is applied directly, occasional over-treatment can occur due to machine stoppage or breakdown,
which can result in increased chemical concentrations and greater hazards. This is unlikely with aerial spraying but
could occur with machine spraying.
The amount of chemical needed to present a hazard varies with the nature of the chemical, with organic chemicals
(including certain pesticides) probably presenting the greatest hazard and mineral additives presenting the least.
In areas of repeated application, accumulation of chemicals can occur, particularly of inorganic agents and persistent
organic chemicals.
5.3.3 Hazards due to gases (see also 5.2.2)
There is not likely to be any particular hazard due to gases in agricultural areas. In isolated circumstances the
release of hydrogen sulfide could occur from boggy ground which is disturbed by sampling, or where a poor quality
sewage sludge has been recently applied to an area. Greater hazard could exist where an agricultural site has been
created over a former refuse site, or around pits used for burial of animal carcasses where decay is not complete.
5.3.4 Hazards due to biological causes (bacteria and viruses) (see also 5.2.3)
Application of sewage sludge and animal wastes to land can result in a very high bacterial population. Where
digested sludge is applied, the proportion of pathogenic bacteria is greatly reduced compared with the original
primary sludge. However, where primary sludge is applied, the presence of pathogenic bacteria and of viruses can
present a se
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 10381-3:2002
01-november-2002
.DNRYRVWWDO9]RUþHQMHGHO 9DUQRVWQDQDYRGLOD
Soil quality -- Sampling -- Part 3: Guidance on safety
Qualité du sol -- Échantillonnage -- Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 10381-3:2001
ICS:
13.080.05 Preiskava tal na splošno Examination of soils in
general
SIST ISO 10381-3:2002 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 10381-3:2002
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SIST ISO 10381-3:2002
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10381-3
First edition
2001-12-15
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 3:
Guidance on safety
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
Reference number
ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
©
ISO 2001
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-3:2002
ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be
edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file,
parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters
were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event
that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2001
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.ch
Web www.iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
©
ii ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-3:2002
ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Preliminary procedures . 1
3 Concepts of hazards, risks and safety . 2
4 Exposure of personnel to hazards . 3
4.1 General . 3
4.2 Exposure by contact . 3
4.3 Exposure through ingestion . 3
4.4 Exposure through inhalation . 3
4.5 Exposure to physical hazards . 4
4.6 Exposure to fire and explosions . 4
5 Potential on-site hazards relating to sampling and the area of investigation . 4
5.1 General . 4
5.2 General hazards . 5
5.3 Particular hazards on agricultural sites . 7
5.4 Particular hazards in contamination investigations . 8
5.5 Hazards in geological and geotechnical investigations . 10
6 Safety precautions . 11
6.1 Safety policy . 11
6.2 Planning and managing for safety . 11
6.3 Safety precautions in relation to particular hazards . 13
6.4 Safety procedures . 16
6.5 Safety equipment . 18
6.6 General environmental safety . 19
Bibliography. 21
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST ISO 10381-3:2002
ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare Internatinal Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by
the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard
requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 10381 may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 10381-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee
SC 2, Sampling.
ISO 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling:
— Part 3: Guidance on safety
— Part6:Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial
processes in the laboratory
Additional parts are in preparation.
©
iv ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-3:2002
ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 10381 is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other where necessary. ISO 10381-3 deals with safety for various purposes of soil investigation.
©
ISO 2001 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-3:2002
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-3:2002
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 3:
Guidance on safety
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10381 provides guidance on the hazards that may exist during a site investigation and when
collecting samples of soil and other ground material, including hazards that are intrinsic in the sampling operation in
addition to the hazards that may arise from contamination and other physical hazards. Precautions are given so that
the risks involved in any sampling or site investigation can be controlled and minimized.
This part of ISO 10381 gives guidance on hazards which may be encountered in a site investigation
— in general,
— on agricultural areas,
— on contaminated areas,
— in geological investigations,
and an indication of the activities which may give rise to risks. It then describes procedures which may be adopted to
control risks.
This part of ISO 10381 is designed specifically to deal with the problems of safety during sampling and site
investigation, and is not intended to provide guidance for other situations such as construction.
NOTE Former production sites for munitions and other warfare agents present special problems to investigators and others
involved in handling samples collected at such locations. The guidance given in this part of ISO 10381 will be of assistance in
these situations, but additional guidance on the precautionary measures to be taken should be obtained from the specialists
responsible for the former operation of these sites.
2 Preliminary procedures
In all daily activities there is an element of risk and this risk is increased when the environment is unfamiliar. Even
sampling an agricultural area involves an increased risk to the sampler, because the nature of the ground and
possible hazards are not necessarily known to the sampler.
When examining a site for contamination, the risks are increased, due to the presence of chemicals, compounds and
agents which present a hazard to human health. When examining a former industrial site, the risk of physical injury
can be increased because of the possibility of voids and cavities (physical hazards) beneath ground level which may
not have been properly filled in. Cavities may also be present where there has been underground combustion (for
example in refuse sites and colliery waste disposal sites).
Physical injury is also possible in any sampling situation where machinery is being used; this applies to agricultural
sampling as much as to contaminated-site investigations. Possibly the injuries could be more serious in a
contaminated-site investigation because bigger and more powerful machines are involved, and even minor injuries
may provide a pathway for toxic substances and pathogens to enter the body.
Care should also be taken to ensure the safety of the investigator when a preliminary site visit (site reconnaissance)
is carried out prior to commencing the full site investigation, particularly as all potential hazards may not have been
identified at that time.
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The main objectives of this guidance on safety are
a) to identify the hazards that may exist in carrying out site investigations and soil sampling programmes,
b) to indicate management procedures to provide a framework for safe working and proper response in the case of
accident,
c) to indicate what precautions can be taken in terms of personal protection and cleaning facilities to minimize any
hazard, and
d) to indicate what working procedures can be adopted to minimize hazards from contaminants and physical
hazards associated with the collection of samples and the use of machinery.
3 Concepts of hazards, risks and safety
It is not possible to identify all the hazards which may be encountered during site work, nor to provide guidance on
how the associated risks may be dealt with in all situations. Safety depends ultimately on the adoption of an attitude
and approach to any particular situation which will ensure that the hazards are identified and properly evaluated, and
appropriate precautions taken.
Those authorizing, designing and supervising works, the employers, and those carrying out the work all have a joint
responsibility for safety. This responsibility extends beyond the workforce to include the general public, who may be
living or working close to the site to be investigated, or who may enter the site with or without permission while the
works are in progress.
The guidance in this part of ISO 10381 should be read in conjunction with relevant national and international
legislation and regulations regarding health and safety at work.
In general, achievement of safe working conditions requires the employing organizations to adopt formal “policies”
and operating frameworks which will require and permit
— identification of hazards and evaluation of risks,
— avoidance of risks wherever possible,
— failing this, control of the risks through adoption of appropriate operating procedures, and
— failing this, or in addition, the protection of individuals against unavoidable risks.
It is necessary to provide training, to keep records of procedures adopted and of any incidents. It may be necessary
to establish health screening and surveillance programmes.
In these ways it should be possible to reduce risks to an acceptable minimum.
In order that appropriate risk reduction and management procedures can be identified, it is necessary, on a site-
specific basis, to
— identify hazards,
— identify under what circumstances the hazards may present a risk,
— quantify the actual risks.
In relation to contaminated sites, the importance of a desk study for identification of hazards from contamination and
physical conditions must be emphasized.
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4 Exposure of personnel to hazards
4.1 General
This clause deals with the way in which hazards present at a site may affect the investigators.
Different types of hazards have been identified as occurring in different situations. These can result in a range of
effects, varying from skin irritation and simple physical injury to death. When establishing suitable safety procedures
not only must the hazard be considered, but also the way the hazard is likely to be encountered by the investigator or
sampler. In most cases the hazards are due to acute toxic effects but, in the case of regular investigators and
samplers, chronic toxicity is a possible hazard.
4.2 Exposure by contact
Direct contact with chemicals such as chlorinated solvents, benzene, tars, oils and greases, phenols, chromium(VI)
compounds, pesticides (e.g. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides) and many others can result in effects on humans.
These effects can result in the development of skin rashes or irritation and other dermal effects and, where
absorption occurs, more serious effects may result.
Some chemicals are potentially carcinogenic through skin contact.
The degreasing effect of solvents and oils also reduces the ability of the skin to prevent absorption of compounds and
to prevent infection.
Some chemicals can be absorbed through the skin with adverse effects if the contact is sufficiently prolonged or of
sufficient concentration. If the skin is broken due to cuts or abrasion, then absorption occurs much more readily and
bacterial infections can be caused very easily, e.g. tetanus and suppurations. Weil’s disease can be transmitted
through breaks in the skin but the causative organism (Leptospira) can actually penetrate the skin if it is softened by
prolonged exposure to water.
The eyes can suffer from contact as a result of splashing when dealing with liquids and wet material, and also by
transfer from dirty hands, gloves or other articles of clothing. The eyes can suffer from irritation which may clear up
as a result of bathing, but particulate matter may cause scratching and solvents can cause permanent damage.
4.3 Exposure through ingestion
Contaminants from a site can be ingested by eating food, smoking, taking refreshment or even careless wiping of the
face with hands or gloves which have been dirtied with contaminated material.
Because the mucous membranes are generally more sensitive than skin, much less contamination is required to
cause an adverse reaction. If contaminated material is inadvertently swallowed, then stomach upsets, infections and
other short-term effects can ensue. It is also possible that ingestion will lead to more rapid absorption of toxic
material and can also result in longer-term adverse effects.
4.4 Exposure through inhalation
The presence of gases and vapours can cause a variety of effects ranging from headaches to death, the degree of
severity depending upon the toxicity of the chemical and the severity of the exposure. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen
sulfide both cause the above range of reactions. Solvents and similar compounds can give rise to narcotic effects.
The effects caused by some compounds can be enhanced where the inhalation is a result of smoking, since the heat
of the tobacco can cause the formation of breakdown products more toxic than the original fumes, for example
chlorinated solvent vapours are converted to carbonyl chloride (COCl phosgene) by the heat of a cigarette.
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Exposure can also occur through inhalation of dust, fibres and fumes. The hazard from dusts may be due to different
effects. For example, silica and asbestos are not active chemically but can be dangerous when inhaled. Other dusts
which contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons or dioxins can cause cancers, while other chemicals can have toxic effects.
Exposure by inhalation can arise from the sampling process (e.g. inhalation of the exhaust fumes, or dust from
drilling concrete), rather than from contaminants within the site.
The effects of exposure by inhalation varies; with some compounds the effects can be readily reversed by removal
from exposure, while in other cases more serious long-term effects result, requiring a much longer recovery period.
4.5 Exposure to physical hazards
Physical hazards can range from simple damage to limbs and joints, as in sprains and broken bones, through to
more serious injuries due to being hit by excavators or falling on equipment such as augers. Unstable ground around
excavations, boggy ground and bodies of water can result in physical injury, ingestion of contamination material, and
possibly in drowning.
Excavations, such as trial pits, are not normally entered during a site investigation but where entry is necessary, a
hazard is present due to possible collapse of the sides. This becomes a serious hazard when the excavation is
greater than about 1,2 m deep.
Excavations also present a hazard to personnel at ground level if the sides are not stable, due to the possibility of
collapse into the base of the excavation, the hazard increasing with increasing depth and decreasing stability of the
ground.
4.6 Exposure to fire and explosions
The presence of underground fires can present a hazard due to the formation of underground cavities, breakout of
flames and the formation of toxic gases, including carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
The presence of flammable and explosive gases in situations such as landfills and underground tanks can present a
hazard, particularly if some form of ignition is inadvertently provided.
Use of explosives may be necessary in very hard ground situations (for example in permafrost regions).
The presence of unexploded bombs and mines, etc. from former wartime activities can also present a hazard.
Hazards due to explosives residues and munitions are likely to exist at sites which have produced and handled
explosives and munitions.
5 Potential on-site hazards relating to sampling and the area of investigation
5.1 General
This clause describes the hazards that may be presented by different contaminants and physical aspects during the
course of site investigations and sampling.
This part of ISO 10381 does not seek to address everyday hazards that may arise from the use of such items as
sharp instruments, digging equipment such as forks, nor the hazards of driving to a site location. It is assumed that
such hazards are satisfactorily dealt with by the personnel carrying out the investigation and the sampling.
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5.2 General hazards
5.2.1 Hazards due to solid and liquid chemicals
These may be very obvious (as in the case of chemicals remaining on a former industrial site) or may not be apparent
(for instance in the case of pesticides in a field). When devising a safe method of investigation and sampling, both
situations have to be considered and precautions taken.
The hazard may be presented by direct contact due to lack of protective clothing or contact through transmission by
hands. Where dusts are formed, inhalation can occur. Where wet conditions exist or there are liquids, inadvertent
contact due to splashing is possible.
5.2.2 Hazards due to gases
Since most site investigations are carried out in the open air, hazardous concentrations of gases rarely develop due
to dilution by the atmosphere. However there are recorded cases of drilling crews being overcome by fumes and
being hospitalized, thus caution should be exercised when assessing the potential hazards.
It is possible, in particular situations (where there is active anaerobic degradation and substantial methane
generation, for example in landfill sites), that dilution of the gas by the atmosphere could bring the concentration of
methane to within the explosive range.
In other situations, although dilution by the atmosphere prevents exposure to hazardous concentrations, lower
concentrations of gases can still cause symptoms such as headaches, runny eyes and are thus undesirable.
Use of machinery with closed unventilated cabs can lead to the development of toxic atmospheres which under
extreme conditions can be fatal.
The exhausts of internal combustion engines emit fumes which can present a hazard.
Where the investigation requires entry into deep excavations or confined spaces, particularly those below ground
level, the build-up of explosive and/or toxic gases and the formation of an atmosphere which is deficient in oxygen is
a possibility. An atmosphere deficient in oxygen even by a small amount (1%) can be fatal.
5.2.3 Hazards due to biological causes (bacteria and viruses)
Although accidents due to biological reasons rarely occur, there is a potential for illness due to the widespread nature
of bacteria and viruses. These illnesses need not be fatal and may not necessarily be diagnosed as associated with
the work that has been carried out. Because of the widespread distribution of bacteria, it is worthwhile considering
the hazards that they may present and also taking precautions to prevent any adverse effects from them, however
mild.
Some biological hazards are not site-specific (e.g. tetanus, typhoid and Weil’s disease) and require appropriate
general precautions in addition to any local prevention.
Weil’s disease (Leptospira jaundice) occurs as a result of contact with water which has been contaminated by rat
urine (see 4.2). Any outdoor body of water may therefore be a source of hazard, as can areas where there has been
a high rat population, for instance landfill sites. Infection by Leptospira can be fatal if not diagnosed at an early stage.
The presence of anthrax spores can also present a hazard (see 5.3.4).
5.2.4 Hazards due to radiation
Radiation hazard is not usually very great in any normal site investigation or sampling exercise. The presence of a
radiation hazard due to previous operations at a site should be identified by the desk study. With any site
investigation, the transient nature of the exposure should ensure that harmful radioactive dosages are not received,
but the need for precautions and personnel monitoring should be considered.
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5.2.5 Hazards due to topography
Hazards due to physical features are part of normal daily life. However, for site investigators and sampling personnel
dealing with an area with which they are not familiar, these same physical features can present a real and
unexpected hazard. In some cases they may be life-threatening, but are more likely to result in injuries to limbs such
as sprains and broken bones.
The ground can be unexpectedly uneven and features such as potholes and kerbs may be hidden by vegetation. On
derelict sites, reinforcing bars and other debris can also cause tripping if care is not exercised. The presence of
broken glass can increase the hazard from falling.
Excavations can present a hazard due to possible collapse of unstable sides, and below-ground cavities can present
a hazard where their presence is not obvious or where their cover is insufficient to support weight, e.g. cavities
formed as a result of below-ground combustion.
Overhead electrical cables present a hazard, particularly when using surveying poles and high machinery (backhoe
excavators, drilling rigs), which can short-circuit, causing electrocution.
Underground services can present a hazard, particularly electrical supply, because of the danger of electrocution.
5.2.6 Hazards due to machines
Virtually any machinery can be hazardous if not operated sensibly and with regard to the manufacturer’s instructions
and the safety regulations which apply. However, in many cases these aspects are not wholly observed or
appreciated.
When establishing a sampling location by breaking through concrete, the breaking of the concrete can result in
hazardous flying particles.
Noise from machinery can be a hazard, and particularly when using concrete-breakers, heavy machinery or
explosives.
When carrying out augering by hand, particularly to great depths, body strains can occur. With powered augers,
forcing the auger or running at too high a rate can result in an accident due to obstructions encountered or other
causes of a sharp change in movement.
Machines should always be operated in the correct manner. With large driver-operated machines, it is important that
investigation personnel do not expose themselves to the risk of being hit by the machine as it is operated, either by
standing too close, or carrying out operations where the driver cannot see them. Untrained personnel should never
operate such machines.
With any machine, but particularly with larger machines, care should be taken when traversing a site to ensure that
the ground does not collapse under the weight of the machine. This is particularly important in areas of dense
vegetation and areas where there is the possibility of below-ground voids (subsidence, old empty tanks, combustion).
Machines which become bogged down can present hazards due to the unexpected movement as the problem occurs
and subsequent sudden movement as the machine is extricated.
Machines powered by internal combustion engines can present a hazard due to the exhaust emissions.
Electrically powered machinery can be hazardous due to the possibility of current leakage to earth or short circuits.
Use of machines for excavating where mains services are located can result in damage to the services and hazard
to the operator and investigators.
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5.3 Particular hazards on agricultural sites
5.3.1 General
Hazards can exist on farms and agricultural installations due to machinery, animals, stored chemicals, stored
produce and facilities such as silage pits, slurry storage areas and lagoons.
5.3.2 Hazards due to chemicals (see also 5.2.1)
A wide range of chemicals is applied to agricultural areas for widely different reasons. The method of application can
also vary considerably. Chemicals applied include fertilisers such as ammonium nitrate, lime, compound fertilisers,
mineral dressings for adding trace metals, pesticides (e.g. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides) and pollutants in
organic wastes used for application to soil.
Chemicals can be applied by injection directly into the ground below the surface, by spreading on to the surface, by
scattering on the surface or by spraying from land machines and aircraft.
Where material is applied directly, occasional over-treatment can occur due to machine stoppage or breakdown,
which can result in increased chemical concentrations and greater hazards. This is unlikely with aerial spraying but
could occur with machine spraying.
The amount of chemical needed to present a hazard varies with the nature of the chemical, with organic chemicals
(including certain pesticides) probably presenting the greatest hazard and mineral additives presenting the least.
In areas of repeated application,
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 10381-3
Première édition
2001-12-15
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 3:
Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 3: Guidance on safety
Numéro de référence
ISO 10381-3:2001(F)
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Sommaire Page
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Procédures préliminaires . 1
3 Concepts de dangers, risques et sécurité . 2
4 Exposition du personnel aux risques . 3
4.1 Généralités . 3
4.2 Exposition par contact . 3
4.3 Exposition par ingestion . 3
4.4 Exposition par inhalation . 3
4.5 Exposition aux dangers physiques . 4
4.6 Exposition au feu et aux explosifs . 4
5 Dangers potentiels sur le site liés à l'échantillonnage et à la zone d'investigation . 4
5.1 Généralités . 4
5.2 Dangers d'ordre général . 5
5.3 Dangers particuliers aux sites agricoles . 7
5.4 Dangers particuliers liés aux investigations concernant les contaminations . 9
5.5 Dangers présents lors des investigations géologiques et géotechniques . 11
6 Précautions de sécurité . 12
6.1 Politique de sécurité . 12
6.2 Planification et gestion de la sécurité . 12
6.3 Mesures de sécurité contre les dangers spécifiques . 14
6.4 Procédures de sécurité . 17
6.5 Équipement de sécurité . 20
6.6 Sécurité environnementale générale . 20
Bibliographie. 22
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Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité
technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison
avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique
internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 3.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d’élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur publication
comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente partie de l'ISO 10381 peuvent faire l'objet
de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas
avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
La Norme internationale ISO 10381-3 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-
comité SC 2, Échantillonnage.
L'ISO 10381 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage:
— Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
— Partie 6: Lignes directrices pour la collecte, la manipulation et la conservation de sols destinés à une étude en
laboratoire des processus microbiens aérobies
Des parties additionnelles sont en préparation.
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Introduction
La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 fait partie d'une série de Normes internationales destinées à être utilisées
ensemble si nécessaire. L'ISO 10381-3 traite de la sécurité rapportée aux différentes études de sols.
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Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 3:
Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 décrit les dangers pouvant se présenter au cours d'une investigation de site et lors
du prélèvement d'échantillons de sols et d'autres matériaux terrestres, y compris les dangers inhérents aux
opérations d'échantillonnage, les dangers pouvant provenir de la contamination et les autres dangers physiques.
Sont indiquées les précautions à prendre pour que les risques liés à tout échantillonnage ou investigation sur site
puissent être contrôlés et minimisés.
La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 donne des lignes directrices relatives aux dangers et aux risques qui peuvent être
rencontrés lors d'une investigation de site
— en général,
— sur des zones agricoles,
— sur des zones contaminées,
— au cours d'études géologiques,
ainsi qu'une indication des activités qui peuvent engendrer des risques. Elle décrit ensuite les modes opératoires qui
peuvent être appliqués pour contrôler les risques.
La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 est conçue spécifiquement pour traiter des problèmes de sécurité durant
l'échantillonnage et l'investigation sur site, et n'est pas destinée à fournir des lignes directrices pour d'autres
situations telles que la construction.
NOTE Les anciens sites de production de munitions et autres matériels militaires posent des problèmes particuliers aux
investigateurs et autres personnes impliquées dans la manipulation des échantillons prélevés dans de tels endroits. Les lignes
directrices données dans la présente partie de l'ISO 10381 seront utiles dans de telles situations, mais il convient que des lignes
directrices supplémentaires sur les mesures de précautions à prendre soient obtenues auprès des spécialistes responsables de
l'exploitation antérieure de ces sites.
2Procédures préliminaires
Dans toutes les activités journalières, il existe un facteur de risque et ce risque augmente dans un environnement
inconnu. Même lors de l'échantillonnage d'une zone agricole, il existe un risque accru pour la personne chargée de
l'échantillonnage, car cette personne ne connaît pas nécessairement la nature du sol et les dangers éventuels.
Lors d'une recherche de contamination sur un site, les risques sont accrus suite à la présence de produits
chimiques, de composés et agents présentant un danger pour la santé humaine. Lors de l'examen d'un site industriel
ancien, les risques de blessure sont accrus car il peut exister des cavités et des vides souterrains (dangers
physiques) imparfaitement comblés. Des poches peuvent aussi exister à cause de combustions souterraines (par
exemple dans des décharges et des sites de stockage de produits résiduels de houillères).
Le risque de préjudice physique existe aussi dans toute situation d'échantillonnage où des machines sont utilisées;
ceci s'applique aussi bien à l'échantillonnage agricole qu'aux investigations de sites contaminés. Les préjudices
corporels peuvent être éventuellement plus graves lors d'investigations sur des sites contaminés, car des machines
plus puissantes et plus importantes sont impliquées, et des blessures mineures peuvent permettre à des substances
toxiques et à des agents pathogènes de pénétrer dans le corps.
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Il convient, par ailleurs, de prendre des précautions pour assurer la sécurité de l'investigateur lorsqu'une visite de site
préliminaire (reconnaissance de site) est effectuée avant le début de l'investigation complète du site, étant donné, en
particulier, que tous les dangers potentiels n'ont pas été identifiés à ce stade.
Les objectifs principaux des présentes lignes directrices concernant la sécurité sont les suivants:
a) identifier les dangers pouvant exister lors d'une investigation de site et de programmes d'échantillonnage de sol;
b) indiquer des procédures de gestion afin de fournir un cadre de travail en sécurité et une réponse appropriée en
cas d'accident;
c) indiquer les précautions à prendre concernant la protection du personnel et les dispositifs de nettoyage afin
d'éviter tout danger;
d) indiquer les procédures de travail pouvant être adoptées afin de réduire les dangers de contamination et les
dangers physiques liés à la collecte d'échantillons et à l'utilisation de machines.
3 Concepts de dangers, risques et sécurité
Il n'est pas possible d'identifier tous les dangers pouvant être rencontrés au cours du travail sur site, ni de fournir des
lignes directrices sur la façon de traiter les risques associés dans toutes les situations. La sécurité dépend
finalement, dans toute situation particulière, de l'adoption d'une attitude et d'une approche qui donnent l'assurance
que les dangers sont identifiés, correctement évalués, et que les précautions appropriées sont prises.
Les personnes qui autorisent, conçoivent et supervisent les travaux, les employeurs et le personnel qui effectue le
travail ont tous une responsabilité collective vis-à-vis de la sécurité. Cette responsabilité s'étend, au-delà du
personnel impliqué dans les travaux, au grand public, qu'il habite ou travaille à proximité du site à étudier, ou qu'il soit
susceptible de pénétrer sur le site avec ou sans autorisation pendant les travaux.
Il convient d'associer la lecture des lignes directrices contenues dans la présente partie de l'ISO 10381 à celle de la
législation et des réglementations nationales et internationales en vigueur concernant la santé et la sécurité sur le
lieu de travail.
Pour parvenir à des conditions de travail sécurisantes, il est généralement nécessaire que les employeurs adoptent
des «lignes de conduite» formelles et des cadres de fonctionnement qui exigent et permettent
— d'identifier les dangers et d'évaluer les risques,
— d'éviter les risques partout où cela est possible,
— si ce n'est pas le cas, de contrôler les risques par l'adoption de procédures d'exploitation appropriées,
—à défaut, ou en outre, de protéger les personnes contre les risques inévitables.
Il est nécessaire de prévoir une formation pour enregistrer les modes opératoires adoptés et les incidents éventuels.
Il peut être nécessaire d'établir des programmes sanitaires de surveillance et de dépistage.
Grâce à ces actions, il devrait être possible de réduire les risques à un niveau minimal acceptable.
Afin de pouvoir identifier des procédures appropriées de gestion et de réduction des risques, il est nécessaire, site
par site
— d'identifier les dangers,
— d'identifier dans quelles circonstances les dangers peuvent présenter un risque,
— de quantifier les risques réels.
Pour les sites contaminés, l'importance d'une étude sur dossier pour identifier les dangers de contamination et
l'environnement physique est à souligner.
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4 Exposition du personnel aux risques
4.1 Généralités
Le présent article traite de la façon dont les dangers présents sur un site peuvent affecter les investigateurs.
Différents types de dangers apparaissant dans différentes situations ont été identifiés. Leurs effets peuvent aller
d'une irritation de la peau et de blessures simples à des conséquences mortelles. Lors de l'élaboration de
procédures de sécurité adaptées, non seulement doivent être déterminés les dangers et leurs causes, mais
également la façon dont le personnel chargé de l'investigation ou de l'échantillonnage peut y être confronté. Dans la
plupart des cas, les dangers sont liés à une toxicité aiguë, mais il peut exister, pour les personnels effectuant
régulièrement des investigations et des échantillonnages, un danger de toxicité chronique.
4.2 Exposition par contact
Un contact direct avec des produits chimiques tels que les solvants chlorés, le benzène, les goudrons, les huiles et
les graisses, les phénols, les composés du chrome(VI), les pesticides (par exemple les insecticides, herbicides,
fongicides) et avec beaucoup d'autres, peut avoir des effets nocifs sur l'homme. Ces effets peuvent avoir pour
conséquence le développement de rougeurs ou d'irritations cutanées et d'autres maladies de peau, l'absorption
cutanée de ces produits pouvant avoir des conséquences plus graves.
Certains produits chimiques mis en contact avec la peau sont potentiellement cancérigènes.
L'effet dégraissant des solvants et des huiles réduit également la capacité de la peau à empêcher l'absorption des
composés et à prévenir les infections.
Certains produits chimiques peuvent être absorbés par la peau avec des effets néfastes si le contact est
suffisamment prolongé ou la concentration suffisante. Si la peau est entaillée par des coupures ou des éraflures,
l'absorption des produits chimiques est facilitée et les infections bactériennes peuvent intervenir très facilement, par
exemple tétanos, suppurations. La maladie de Weils peut être contractée par des coupures, mais l'organisme qui en
est la cause (le leptospire) peut pénétrer dans la peau si elle est ramollie par un séjour prolongé dans l'eau.
Les yeux peuvent souffrir d'un contact avec des éclaboussures lors de la manipulation de liquides et de matières
humides, et aussi à partir d'un contact avec des mains, des gants ou d'autres articles vestimentaires souillés. Les
irritations oculaires éventuelles peuvent être éliminées par rinçage, mais les particules peuvent causer des
égratignures et les solvants des dommages permanents.
4.3 Exposition par ingestion
Les agents contaminants provenant d'un site peuvent être ingérés en mangeant, en fumant, en prenant un
rafraîchissement ou en s'essuyant sans précautions le visage avec les mains ou avec des gants souillés par des
matières contaminées.
Les muqueuses étant généralement plus sensibles que la peau, il suffit d'un niveau de contamination nettement
inférieur pour causer une réaction désagréable. Si une matière contaminée est avalée par inadvertance, il peut
s'ensuivre des douleurs à l'estomac, des infections et d'autres effets à court terme. Il est aussi possible que
l'ingestion conduise à une absorption plus rapide de matériaux toxiques avec des effets plus graves.
4.4 Exposition par inhalation
La présence de gaz et de vapeurs peut avoir diverses conséquences allant de maux de tête à des accidents mortels,
le degré de gravité dépendant de la toxicité du produit chimique et de la gravité de l'exposition. Ainsi, le dioxyde de
carbone et le sulfure d'hydrogène peuvent donner lieu aux réactions ci-dessus. De même, les solvants et les
composés similaires peuvent avoir des conséquences de type narcotique ou stupéfiant.
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Les effets de certains composés peuvent être aggravés lorsque l'inhalation se fait en fumant, puisque la chaleur du
tabac peut entraîner la formation de produits de décomposition plus toxiques que les fumées d'origine; par exemple,
les vapeurs de solvants chlorés sont transformées en gaz phosgène (COCl phosgène) par la chaleur d'une
2
cigarette.
L'exposition peut aussi se faire par inhalation de poussières, fibres et fumées. Le danger présenté par les poussières
peut avoir plusieurs origines. Par exemple, la silice et l'amiante ne sont pas actives chimiquement mais peuvent être
dangereuses si elles sont inhalées. D'autres poussières qui contiennent des hydrocarbures polyaromatiques ou des
dioxines peuvent occasionner des cancers, tandis que d'autres produits chimiques peuvent avoir des effets toxiques.
L'exposition par inhalation peut être due au procédé d'échantillonnage (par exemple inhalation des gaz
d'échappement des machines, ou de poussière provenant du forage du béton), et pas nécessairement aux agents
contaminants présents sur le site.
Les effets d'une exposition par inhalation sont variables; avec certains composés, les effets peuvent être aisément
inversés par arrêt de l'exposition alors que, dans d'autres cas, des effets plus graves à long terme nécessitent une
période de rétablissement plus longue.
4.5 Exposition aux dangers physiques
Les dangers physiques peuvent aller d'une simple blessure aux jambes et aux articulations, comme des entorses et
des fractures, à des blessures plus graves par suite de chocs avec des excavateurs ou lors de chutes sur des
équipements tels que des tarières. Un terrain instable autour des excavations, un terrain marécageux et des poches
d'eau peuvent être causes de blessures, d'ingestion de matières contaminées et, éventuellement, de noyade.
Normalement, lors de l'investigation d'un site, le personnel ne pénètre pas dans les excavations telles que les puits
de sondage; toutefois, lorsque cela est nécessaire, il existe un danger d'effondrement des parois qui devient
1,2 m
important lorsque la profondeur de l'excavation dépasse environ.
Si les parois des excavations ne sont pas stables, il existe également un danger de chute pour le personnel
travaillant en surface, le danger augmentant avec la profondeur et l'instabilité du terrain.
4.6 Exposition au feu et aux explosifs
La présence de combustions souterraines peut présenter un danger par suite de la formation de cavités souterraines
et de la formation de gaz toxiques, dont le dioxyde de carbone et le monoxyde de carbone.
La présence de gaz inflammables et explosifs dans les décharges et les réservoirs souterrains peut présenter un
danger, en particulier si un allumage est provoqué par inadvertance.
L'utilisation d'explosifs peut être nécessaire en présence de sols très durs (par exemple dans les régions de
permafrost).
La présence de bombes, mines, etc. non explosées datant de conflits passés peut aussi présenter un danger. Des
risques dus à la présence de résidus d'explosifs et de matériels de guerre peuvent exister sur les sites qui ont produit
et traité de tels produits.
5 Dangers potentiels sur le site liés à l'échantillonnage et à la zone d'investigation
5.1 Généralités
Le présent article décrit les dangers pouvant être présentés par différents agents contaminants et aspects physiques
durant les investigations de sites et les échantillonnages.
La vie quotidienne présente des dangers, mais la présente partie de l'ISO 10381 n'a pas pour objet de traiter des
dangers liés à l'utilisation d'outils tranchants ou d'outils de forage, tels que des fourches, ni des dangers encourus en
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se rendant sur un site à bord d'un véhicule. Il est supposé que de tels dangers seront pris en compte de façon
satisfaisante par le personnel qui procède à l'investigation et à l'échantillonnage.
5.2 Dangers d'ordre général
5.2.1 Dangers liés aux produits chimiques solides et liquides
Ces dangers peuvent être évidents (comme dans le cas de produits chimiques restés sur un ancien site industriel)
ou non apparents (dans le cas, par exemple, de pesticides dans un champ). Lors de la recherche d'une méthode
sûre d'investigation et d'échantillonnage, les deux cas doivent être considérés et des précautions prises en
conséquence.
Le danger peut provenir d'un contact direct si l'on ne porte pas de vêtements de protection ou d'un contact par
transmission par les mains. En cas de formation de poussière, il peut se produire une inhalation. En présence
d'humidité ou de liquides, il existe la possibilité d'un contact accidentel par éclaboussure.
5.2.2 Dangers liés aux gaz
La plupart des investigations de sites étant réalisée en plein air, il se produit rarement de concentrations
dangereuses de gaz du fait de la dilution dans l'atmosphère. On a cependant enregistré des cas d'équipes de forage
surprises par des fumées qui ont dû être hospitalisées; c'est pourquoi il convient de prendre toutes les précautions
nécessaires lors de l'évaluation des dangers potentiels.
Dans des situations particulières, il est possible (lorsqu'il existe une dégradation anaérobie active et une production
substantielle de méthane, dans les décharges par exemple) que la dilution du gaz dans l'atmosphère puisse générer
une concentration de méthane à un niveau explosif.
Dans d'autres situations, bien que la dilution dans l'atmosphère évite l'exposition à des concentrations dangereuses,
de plus faibles concentrations de gaz peuvent quand même être à l'origine de symptômes tels que des maux de tête,
des écoulements oculaires et sont, en conséquence, à éviter.
L'utilisation de machines à cabines closes non ventilées peut contribuer au développement d'atmosphères toxiques
qui, à un niveau extrême, peuvent être mortelles.
Les fumées émises par les échappements des moteurs à explosion peuvent être dangereuses.
Lorsque l'investigation nécessite de pénétrer dans des excavations profondes ou des espaces confinés, en
particulier au-dessous du niveau du sol, il existe une possibilité d'accumulation de gaz explosifs et/ou toxiques et la
formation d'une atmosphère pauvre en oxygène. Une atmosphère pauvre en oxygène peut être mortelle, même
dans le cas d'une faible diminution de la teneur en oxygène (1%).
5.2.3 Dangers d'origine biologique (bactéries et virus)
Bien que des accidents d'origine biologique se produisent rarement, il existe un risque de maladies dues à la
prolifération de bactéries et de virus. Ces maladies ne sont pas nécessairement mortelles et leur diagnostic peut ne
pas établir un lien avec le travail réalisé. Les bactéries étant très répandues, il est utile d'évaluer les dangers qu'elles
peuvent représenter et, également, de prendre des précautions pour prévenir tout effet défavorable dû aux bactéries,
même bénignes.
Certains dangers biologiques ne sont pas propres à un site, par exemple tétanos, typhoïde et maladie de Weils, et
exigent des précautions d'ordre général en plus de celles spécifiques au site.
La maladie de Weils (ictère leptospirochétosique) résulte d'un contact avec de l'eau contaminée par de l'urine de rat
(voir 4.2). C'est pourquoi toute étendue d'eau en extérieur peut être une source de dangers, tout comme les zones à
forte population de rats, comme par exemple les décharges. L'infection par le leptospire peut être mortelle si elle
n'est pas diagnostiquée à temps.
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La présence de spores de charbons bactéridiens peut également présenter un danger (voir 5.3.4).
5.2.4 Dangers liés aux rayonnements
Les dangers liés aux rayonnements ne sont généralement pas élevés sur un site normal d'investigation et
d'échantillonnage. La présence de dangers par rayonnement suite à l'exploitation antérieure d'un site doit être
identifiée par une étude sur dossier. Dans toute investigation de site, la nature transitoire de l'exposition devrait
permettre de ne pas absorber des doses dangereuses de radioactivité, mais il convient de tenir compte de la
nécessité de prendre des précautions et de surveiller le personnel.
5.2.5 Dangers liés à la topographie
Les dangers liés aux caractéristiques physiques font partie de la vie quotidienne. Toutefois, pour les personnels
chargés des investigations sur site et des échantillonnages qui travaillent sur un site qu'ils ne connaissent pas, ces
caractéristiques physiques peuvent présenter un danger réel et inattendu. Dans certains cas, elles peuvent mettre
leur vie en danger mais, plus généralement, il s'agira de blessures aux membres, telles que des entorses ou des
fractures.
Le sol peut présenter des irrégularités imprévisibles, comme des fondrières ou des trottoirs masqués par la
végétation. Sur les sites abandonnés, prendre garde à ne pas trébucher sur les armatures et les débris. La présence
de verre brisé peut augmenter les dangers en cas de chute.
Les excavations aux parois instables peuvent présenter un danger d'effondrement; par ailleurs, les cavités
souterraines peuvent également constituer un danger, parce que leur présence n'est pas manifeste ou parce que
leur couverture est trop fragile pour supporter un poids comme, par exemple, les cavités ayant pour origine une
combustion souterraine.
Les câbles électriques aériens présentent un danger, en particulier lors de l'utilisation de mires ou bien de machines
de hauteur importante (excavateurs, équipements de forage), qui peuvent provoquer un court-circuit et par suite une
électrocution.
Les canalisations et câbles souterrains peuvent être dangereux, en particulier les alimentations électriques qui
présentent un danger d'électrocution.
5.2.6 Dangers liés aux machines
Pratiquement toutes les machines peuvent présenter un certain danger si elles ne sont pas utilisées correctement,
conformément aux instructions du fabricant et dans le respect des règles de sécurité applicables. Dans de nombreux
cas, toutefois, ces points ne sont pas totalement observés ni pris en compte.
Lors de l'installation d'un site d'échantillonnage, le fait de perforer du béton peut provoquer des projections
dangereuses de particules.
Le bruit causé par les machines peut aussi présenter un danger, en particulier lors de l'utilisation de brise-béton, de
machines de grande puissance ou d'explosifs.
Concernant l'utilisation d'une tarière manuelle, en particulier à grande profondeur, prendre garde à ne pas fournir
d'efforts physiques trop importants. Concernant l'utilisation des tarières mécaniques, prendre garde à ne pas forcer
sur la tarière ou à ne pas l'utiliser à trop haut régime pour réduire la possibilité d'un accident lors de la rencontre d'un
obstacle ou de toute autre cause de changement de direction brutal.
Il convient de toujours utiliser correct
...
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