SIST EN ISO 14978:2019
(Main)Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - General concepts and requirements for GPS measuring equipment (ISO 14978:2018)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - General concepts and requirements for GPS measuring equipment (ISO 14978:2018)
This document specifies the general requirements, calibration, terms and definitions of characteristics of GPS measuring equipment, for example micrometers, callipers, gauge blocks and rotary axis form measuring instruments. This document forms the basis for standards defining and describing the design characteristics and metrological characteristics for measuring equipment and gives guidance for the development and content of standards for GPS measuring equipment.
This document is intended to ease the communication between manufacturer/supplier and customer/user and to make the specification phase of GPS measuring equipment more accurate. This document is also intended as a tool to be used in companies in the process of defining and selecting relevant characteristics for measuring equipment.
This document includes terms which are frequently used in connection with the characterization of specific measuring equipment.
Geometrische Produktspezifikation (GPS) - Allgemeine Begriffe und Anforderungen für GPS-Messeinrichtungen (ISO 14978:2018)
Dieses Dokument legt allgemeine Anforderungen, Kalibrierung sowie Begriffe für Merkmale von GPS Messeinrichtungen, z. B. Messschrauben, Messschieber, Parallelendmaße und Formmessgeräte mit Rotationsachse, fest. Dieses Dokument bildet die Grundlage für Normen, die Konstruktionsmerkmale und die messtechnischen Merkmale für Messeinrichtungen festlegen und beschreiben, und enthält Leitlinien für die Entwicklung und die Inhalte von Normen für GPS Messeinrichtungen.
Dieses Dokument soll die Verständigung zwischen Hersteller/Lieferanten und Kunde/Anwender erleichtern, und im Stadium der Beschreibung von GPS Messeinrichtungen diese genauer gestalten. Dieses Dokument ist auch als Werkzeug für die Anwendung durch Unternehmen bei der Definition und Auswahl von relevanten Merkmalen für eine Messeinrichtung vorgesehen.
Dieses Dokument enthält ferner Benennungen bzw. Begriffe, die häufig zur Beschreibung von spezifischen Messeinrichtungen verwendet werden.
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) - Concepts et exigences généraux pour les équipements de mesure GPS (ISO 14978:2018)
Le présent document spécifie les exigences générales, l'étalonnage, les termes et définitions des caractéristiques des équipements de mesure GPS, par exemple micromètres, pieds à coulisse, cales étalons et instruments de mesure de forme à plateau tournant. Le présent document constitue la base des normes destinées à définir et à déterminer les caractéristiques de conception et les caractéristiques métrologiques des équipements de mesure et fournit des lignes directrices pour l'élaboration et le contenu des normes relatives aux équipements de mesure GPS.
Le présent document a été établi afin de faciliter la communication entre le fabricant/fournisseur et le client/utilisateur, et clarifier le cahier des charges de spécification des équipements de mesure GPS. Le présent document constitue également un outil que les sociétés peuvent utiliser pour définir et sélectionner les caractéristiques pertinentes des équipements de mesure.
Le présent document comprend les termes fréquemment utilisés en relation avec la caractérisation des équipements de mesure spécifiques.
Specifikacija geometrijskih veličin izdelka (GPS) - Osnove in zahteve za merilno opremo GPS (ISO 14978:2018)
Ta dokument določa splošne zahteve, umerjanje, izraze in definicije značilnosti merilne opreme GPS, na primer mikrometre, merila z nonijem, merilne bloke in merilne instrumente z rotacijsko osjo. Ta dokument predstavlja osnovo za standarde, ki določajo in opisujejo oblikovne in meroslovne značilnosti merilne opreme ter podajajo smernice za razvoj in vsebino standardov za merilno opremo GPS.
Namen tega dokumenta je olajšati komunikacijo med proizvajalcem/dobaviteljem in stranko/uporabnikom ter izboljšati natančnost faze specifikacije merilne opreme GPS. Ta dokument predstavlja tudi orodje za uporabo v podjetjih v procesu določanja in izbiranja ustreznih lastnosti merilne opreme.
Ta dokument zajema izraze, ki se pogosto uporabljajo v povezavi z opredelitvijo določene merilne opreme.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2019
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 14978:2006
SIST EN ISO 14978:2006/AC:2008
6SHFLILNDFLMDJHRPHWULMVNLKYHOLþLQL]GHOND *36 2VQRYHLQ]DKWHYH]DPHULOQR
RSUHPR*36 ,62
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - General concepts and requirements for GPS
measuring equipment (ISO 14978:2018)
Geometrische Produktspezifikation (GPS) - Allgemeine Begriffe und Anforderungen für
GPS-Messeinrichtungen (ISO 14978:2018)
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) - Concepts et exigences généraux pour
les équipements de mesure GPS (ISO 14978:2018)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 14978:2018
ICS:
17.040.30 Merila Measuring instruments
17.040.40 6SHFLILNDFLMDJHRPHWULMVNLK Geometrical Product
YHOLþLQL]GHOND *36 Specification (GPS)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO 14978
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2018
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 17.040.30 Supersedes EN ISO 14978:2006
English Version
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - General
concepts and requirements for GPS measuring equipment
(ISO 14978:2018)
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) - Geometrische Produktspezifikation (GPS) - Allgemeine
Concepts et exigences généraux pour les équipements Begriffe und Anforderungen für GPS-
de mesure GPS (ISO 14978:2018) Messeinrichtungen (ISO 14978:2018)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 October 2018.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 14978:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 14978:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213
"Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification" in collaboration with Technical
Committee CEN/TC 290 “Dimensional and geometrical product specification and verification” the
secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2019, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 14978:2006.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 14978:2018 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14978:2018 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14978
Second edition
2018-11
Geometrical product specifications
(GPS) — General concepts and
requirements for GPS measuring
equipment
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) — Concepts et exigences
généraux pour les équipements de mesure GPS
Reference number
ISO 14978:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
ISO 14978:2018(E)
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 14978:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 terms . 2
3.2 Synonym terms to ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 terms . 2
3.3 ISO/IEC Guide 98-4:2012 terms . 3
3.4 ISO 14253-5:2015 terms . 3
3.5 Terms related to GPS measuring equipment . 3
4 Abbreviations.10
5 Design characteristics .10
5.1 General .10
5.1.1 Importance of design characteristics .10
5.1.2 Standards for measuring equipment .11
5.1.3 Measuring equipment — Commerce .11
5.1.4 Measuring equipment — Internal use in a company .11
5.2 Design characteristics for indicating measuring instruments .11
5.3 Design characteristics for material measures .12
6 Metrological characteristics .13
6.1 General .13
6.1.1 Importance of metrological characteristics . .13
6.1.2 Standards for measuring equipment .13
6.1.3 Identification, definition and choice of metrological characteristics .13
6.1.4 Calibration and verification of measuring equipment .14
6.1.5 Calibration and verification methods .15
6.1.6 Measuring equipment — Commerce .17
6.1.7 Measuring equipment — Internal use in a company .17
6.2 Indicating measuring instruments .17
6.2.1 General.17
6.2.2 Scale interval — Resolution .18
6.2.3 Digital step .18
6.2.4 Error of indication .18
6.2.5 Temperature-related metrological characteristics .19
6.2.6 Characteristics related to measuring force .19
6.2.7 Geometry of contact element .19
6.2.8 Auxiliary equipment .19
6.3 Material measures .20
6.3.1 General.20
6.3.2 Scale interval — Resolution of reading .20
6.3.3 Form of feature characteristics .20
6.3.4 Orientation of feature characteristics .20
6.3.5 Temperature-related metrological characteristics .20
6.3.6 Geometrical stability .20
6.3.7 Other possible metrological characteristics.20
7 Specification and presentation of metrological characteristics .21
7.1 General .21
7.2 Specification of metrological characteristics .21
7.2.1 General.21
7.2.2 Constant value MPE function .21
7.2.3 Proportional value MPE function .22
7.2.4 Proportional and maximum value MPE function .23
ISO 14978:2018(E)
7.3 Presentation of characteristic curves .24
7.3.1 General.24
7.3.2 Presentation of characteristic curves – Reference point .24
8 Calibration of metrological characteristics .26
8.1 Manufacturer and supplier of measuring equipment .26
8.2 User of measuring equipment .26
8.3 Measurement uncertainty .26
9 Marking .27
10 GPS standards for specific measuring equipment .27
Annex A (normative) General minimum requirements and guidance for clauses in GPS
standards for specific measuring equipment .28
Annex B (informative) Data sheet for measuring equipment requirements .31
Annex C (normative) Common design characteristics .33
Annex D (informative) Test uncertainty .39
Annex E (informative) Relation to the GPS matrix model.41
Bibliography .43
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 14978:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee 213, Dimensional and geometrical product
specifications and verification.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14978:2006), which has been technically
revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 14978:2006/Cor. 1:2008.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the terms and definitions have been updated relative to ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007;
— a number of design characteristics common in GPS measuring equipment have been added;
— an updated discussion of calibration and verification, including concepts from ISO 14253-5:2015,
has been added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
ISO 14978:2018(E)
Introduction
This document is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded as a general
GPS standard (see ISO 14638). It influences chain links F and G for measuring equipment and calibration
in the general GPS matrix model (see Annex E).
The ISO/GPS matrix model given in ISO 14638 gives an overview of the ISO/GPS system of which this
document is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO/GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this document and
the default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to specifications made in accordance with this
document, unless otherwise indicated; see ISO/TR 14253-6 for additional information on the selection
of alternative decision rules.
For more detailed information of the relation of this document to other standards and the GPS matrix
model, see Annex E.
This document contains guidance for writing the standards for specific GPS measuring equipment.
This document is intended to give the user a basic understanding of the use of ISO standards for GPS
measuring equipment. This document presents and defines general concepts to be used in connection
with GPS measuring equipment to avoid multiple repetitions in the ISO standards for specific GPS
measuring equipment. This document is also intended as guidance for the manufacturer/supplier to
evaluate and present specifications for characteristics for GPS measuring equipment.
This document is necessary when reading and using ISO standards for specific GPS measuring
equipment.
vi © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14978:2018(E)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — General
concepts and requirements for GPS measuring equipment
1 Scope
This document specifies the general requirements, calibration, terms and definitions of characteristics
of GPS measuring equipment, for example micrometers, callipers, gauge blocks and rotary axis form
measuring instruments. This document forms the basis for standards defining and describing the
design characteristics and metrological characteristics for measuring equipment and gives guidance
for the development and content of standards for GPS measuring equipment.
This document is intended to ease the communication between manufacturer/supplier and customer/
user and to make the specification phase of GPS measuring equipment more accurate. This document
is also intended as a tool to be used in companies in the process of defining and selecting relevant
characteristics for measuring equipment.
This document includes terms which are frequently used in connection with the characterization of
specific measuring equipment.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14253-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Inspection by measurement of workpieces and
measuring equipment — Part 1: Decision rules for verifying conformity or nonconformity with specifications
ISO 14253-5:2015, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Inspection by measurement of workpieces
and measuring equipment — Part 5: Uncertainty in verification testing of indicating measuring instruments
ISO/TR 14253-6, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Inspection by measurement of workpieces
and measuring equipment — Part 6: Generalized decision rules for the acceptance and rejection of
instruments and workpieces
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in
measurement (GUM: 1995)
ISO/IEC Guide 98-4:2012, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 4: Role of measurement uncertainty in
conformity assessment
ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, International vocabulary of metrology — Basic and general concepts and
associated terms (VIM)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, ISO/
IEC Guide 98-4:2012, ISO 14253-1, ISO 14253-5:2015, ISO/TR 14253-6 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
ISO 14978:2018(E)
3.1 ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 terms
For the terms shown in Table 1, the definitions from ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 specifically apply in the use
of this document. This non-exhaustive list is included to avoid ambiguity with other possible terms and
definitions.
Table 1 — ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 terms applicable in the use of this document
Term Terminological entry number
calibration 2.39
indicating measuring instrument 3.3
indication 4.1
material measure 3.6
maximum permissible measurement error 4.26
maximum permissible error
limit of error
measurand 2.3
measured quantity value 2.10
measured value
measurement method 2.5
measurement repeatability 2.21
repeatability
measurement result 2.9
result of measurement
measurement standard 5.1
measurement uncertainty 2.26
uncertainty of measurement
uncertainty
measuring instrument 3.1
measuring system 3.2
quantity value 1.19
value
rated operating condition 4.9
reference material 5.13
reference measurement standard 5.6
reference standard
reference quantity value 5.18
reference value
resolution 4.14
uncertainty budget 2.33
verification 2.44
3.2 Synonym terms to ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 terms
The terms shown in Table 2, as used in this document, are synonyms for the ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007
terms as shown in the table. These synonym terms are used for consistency with previous versions of
this document.
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 14978:2018(E)
Table 2 — Synonym terms to ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 terms
Synonym term used in
Notes ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007
this document
measuring range See Figure 5 measuring interval 4.7
nominal range See Figure 5 nominal indication interval 4.4
nominal span See Figure 5 range of a nominal indication interval 4.5
error of indication measurement error 2.16
indication error error
3.3 ISO/IEC Guide 98-4:2012 terms
For the terms shown in Table 3, the definitions from ISO/IEC Guide 98-4:2012 specifically apply in the
use of this document. This non-exhaustive list is included to avoid ambiguity with other possible terms
and definitions.
Table 3 — ISO/IEC Guide 98-4:2012 terms applicable in the use of this document
Term Terminological entry number
decision rule 3.3.12
specified requirement 3.3.3
tolerance limit 3.3.4
specification limit
3.4 ISO 14253-5:2015 terms
For the terms shown in Table 4, the definitions from ISO 14253-5:2015 specifically apply in the use of
this document. This non-exhaustive list is included to avoid ambiguity with other possible terms and
definitions.
Table 4 — ISO 14253-5:2015 terms applicable in the use of this document
Term Terminological entry number
test measurand 3.4
test protocol 3.5
test value 3.8
test value uncertainty 3.9
test uncertainty
3.5 Terms related to GPS measuring equipment
3.5.1
measuring equipment
indicating measuring instrument, material measure, software, measurement standard, reference
material or auxiliary equipment used in a measurement
Note 1 to entry: This definition is necessarily wider than that of a measuring instrument since it includes all the
devices used in a measurement.
Note 2 to entry: Measuring equipment should not be confused with a measuring system, which is a set of
measuring equipment used together for a specific measurement.
Note 3 to entry: See Figure 1.
ISO 14978:2018(E)
Key
1 indicating measuring instrument (dial gauge)
2 material measure (gauge block)
3 auxiliary equipment (measuring stand)
Figure 1 — A measuring system composed of various pieces of measuring equipment
3.5.2
metrological characteristic
characteristic of measuring equipment, which may influence the results of
measurement when using the measuring equipment
Note 1 to entry: The influence on the results of measurement is a contributor to measurement uncertainty (see
Clause 6).
Note 2 to entry: The values of a metrological characteristic are expressed in numerical values or as a function
and can be evaluated in units other than that of the measurement results.
Note 3 to entry: Measuring equipment usually has several metrological characteristics.
Note 4 to entry: Metrological characteristics can be subject to calibration and verification.
3.5.3
task-related calibration
calibration of only those metrological characteristics which influence the
measurement uncertainty for the intended use
3.5.4
design characteristic
characteristic of measuring equipment which does not influence the
measurement directly, but which may be of interest for other reasons when the measuring
equipment is used
Note 1 to entry: Design characteristics can influence, for example, interchangeability, scale mark readability for a
straight or circular scale, or wear resistance (see Clause 5).
Note 2 to entry: Some design characteristics can influence the equipment’s long-term capacity to make
measurements (influencing design characteristics), for example its wear resistance or its environmental
resistance. Other design characteristics have no influence on measurements (non-influencing design
characteristics).
Note 3 to entry: A design characteristic might be expressed as, for example, dimensions, material properties or
interface protocols.
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 14978:2018(E)
3.5.5
maximum permissible limit
MPL
tolerance limit for a metrological characteristic which is not an error of indication
Note 1 to entry: MPE, not MPL, should be used for metrological characteristics associated with errors of
indication.
EXAMPLE 1 MPL for the measuring force for micrometers for external measurements.
EXAMPLE 2 MPL for the size of the gauge element of a plain limit gauge of linear size.
3.5.6
verification test
test
operation that, under specified conditions and with sufficient objective evidence, establishes that
measuring equipment conforms or does not conform to stated specifications
Note 1 to entry: A verification test can be used as the calibration when both the first and second step in the
definition of calibration are appropriately satisfied (see 6.1.4).
Note 2 to entry: This definition is consistent with the definition of a test in ISO 14253-5:2015, but is broader in
scope as the concept of a test in ISO 14253-5:2015 is limited to indicating measuring instruments.
Note 3 to entry: The detailed specification of a verification test is defined in a test protocol.
Note 4 to entry: The specified conditions of a verification test are defined by relevant standards and by the stated
rated operating conditions of the measuring equipment.
3.5.7
acceptance test
verification test (3.5.6) agreed upon by the measuring equipment manufacturer/supplier and the
customer to verify that the performance of the measuring equipment is as stated by the manufacturer/
supplier
Note 1 to entry: Acceptance tests are commonly used by the customer in the purchase of measuring equipment.
3.5.8
reverification test
verification test (3.5.6) to verify that the performance of the measuring equipment is as stated by the user
Note 1 to entry: The specifications chosen might or might not be the same as those used in the original acceptance
test for the measuring equipment.
Note 2 to entry: Reverification tests are not used in the purchase of measuring equipment.
3.5.9
test point
specific point within the measuring range used in a verification test
Note 1 to entry: Test points are usually defined relative to a reference point.
3.5.10
reference point
setting point
point within the measuring range of measuring equipment where the error of indication is stated or
adjusted to be zero whenever permitted by the design of the measuring equipment
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the measuring equipment, the reference point might or might not be considered
fixed (established in a permanent manner) for the intended use of the equipment.
ISO 14978:2018(E)
3.5.11
hysteresis
property of measuring equipment, or a metrological characteristic, whereby the indication of the
equipment or value of the metrological characteristic depends on the orientation of the preceding
stimulus
3.5.12
digital step
smallest possible change in the least significant digit in a digital indicating device
Note 1 to entry: For a digital indicating device, the resolution is equal to the digital step.
3.5.13
scale division
space on a scale between any two successive scale marks
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 2 and 3.
Key
1 scale division
2 scale interval: in this example, 0,1 cm
3 scale spacing: in this example, 0,1 cm
4 scale length: in this example, 7 cm
5 scale range: in this example, 0 to 7 cm; scale span: in this example, 7 cm
6 units marked on the scale (in this example, cm)
7 scale face
8 scale numbering: in this example 0, 1,…,7
9 scale mark
Figure 2 — Terms related to an analogue straight scale
6 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 14978:2018(E)
3.5.14
scale interval
absolute value of the difference between the values corresponding to two successive scale marks, in the
units marked on the scale
Note 1 to entry: Scale interval should not be confused with resolution, which is not necessarily equal to the scale
interval.
Note 2 to entry: See Figures 2 and 3.
3.5.15
scale spacing
distance between two successive scale marks
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.5.16
scale spacing
arc length between two successive scale marks of the circle passing through
the centres of all the shortest scale marks
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
3.5.17
scale length
length between the first and the last scale marks
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.5.18
scale length
arc length of the circle passing through the centres of all the shortest
scale marks
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
3.5.19
scale range
set of values bounded by the extreme indications
Note 1 to entry: The lower limit of the scale range is not necessarily zero, for example in the case of an internal
micrometer whose scale range starts at 5 mm.
Note 2 to entry: See Figures 2 and 3.
3.5.20
scale span
absolute value of the difference between the two limits of a scale range
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 2 and 3.
3.5.21
index
fixed or movable part of an analogue indicating device whose position with reference to the scale marks
enables an indicated value to be determined
Note 1 to entry: For some measuring equipment, the index is called the “pointer”.
ISO 14978:2018(E)
Key
1 scale division
2 scale interval: in this example, 0,01 mm
3 scale spacing: in this example, approximately 1 mm
4 scale length: in this example, approximately 100 mm (for a diameter of 32 mm)
5 scale range: in this example, 0,00 to 1,00 mm; scale span: in this example, 1 mm
6 units marked on the scale (in this example, mm)
7 pointer
8 scale face
9 scale numbering: in this example there are two sets of scale numbering
10 scale mark
Figure 3 — Terms related to an analogue circular scale
3.5.22
scale face
surface of measuring equipment that carries the scale
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 2 and 3.
3.5.23
scale numbering
ordered set of numbers associated with the scale marks
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 2 and 3.
3.5.24
scale mark
lines on the scale face
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 2 and 3.
3.5.25
probe
device that generates a signal which is used in the determination of a measured value
Note 1 to entry: For some measuring equipment, the probe is called the “sensor” or “detector”.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 4.
8 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 14978:2018(E)
3.5.26
measuring element
element of measuring equipment that interacts with a measured item during a measurement
Note 1 to entry: For some measuring equipment, the measuring element is called the “measuring face”, the “stylus
tip” or the “contact element”.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 4.
Key
1 probe
2 measuring element (stylus tip)
Figure 4 — Terms related to a probe
3.5.27
measuring span
absolute value of the difference between the extreme quantity values of a measuring range
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
3.5.28
pre-range
range of indications obtainable with a particular setting of measuring equipment from the lowest
possible indication to the lower limit of the measuring range
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
3.5.29
pre-span
absolute value of the difference between the two limits of a pre-range
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
3.5.30
post-range
range of indications obtainable with a particular setting of measuring equipment from the upper limit
of the measuring range to the highest possible indication
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
3.5.31
post-span
absolute value of the difference between the two limits of a post-range
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
ISO 14978:2018(E)
Key
1 nominal range: 24,5 mm to 50,6 mm
nominal span: 26,1 mm (50,6 mm − 24,5 mm = 26,1 mm)
2 measuring range: 25 mm to 50 mm
measuring span: 25 mm (50 mm − 25 mm = 25 mm)
3 pre-range: 24,5 mm to 25 mm
pre-span: 0,5 mm (25 mm − 24,5 mm = 0,5 mm)
4 post-range: 50 mm to 50,6 mm
post-span: 0,6 mm (50,6 mm − 50 mm = 0,6 mm)
NOTE An external micrometer with a measuring range of 25 mm – 50 mm has been used as an example.
Figure 5 — Range and span terms
4 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the abbreviations in Table 5 apply.
Table 5 — Abbreviations
Abbreviation Term Reference
MPE maximum permissible measurement error ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.26
maximum permissible error
limit of error
MPL maximum permissible limit 3.5.5
5 Design characteristics
5.1 General
5.1.1 Importance of design characteristics
Design characteristics for measuring equipment can be of interest even if they do not have an influence
on the uncertainty of measurement, for example for the sake of interchangeability. Important design
characteristics may be subject to specification by the manufacturer/supplier and/or the user/customer
of the measuring equipment. The kinds of important design characteristics are dependent on the type,
design and intended use of the measuring equipment.
Some design characteristics may have an influence on the equipment’s long-term ability to measure, for
example wear may influence some of the metrological characteristics.
Design characteristics common to a variety of measuring equipment are as specified in Annex C.
10 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 14978:2018(E)
5.1.2 Standards for measuring equipment
Relevant design characteristics are subject to standardization in specific ISO standards concerning the
individual types of measuring equipment. This standardization shall be limited to the most important
design characteristics so as not to limit development of measurement technology.
The specific ISO standards concerning the individual types of measuring equipment can use two
approaches for design characteristics:
— listing of the design characteristics to be explicitly stated by the manufacturer/supplier, including
associated values and/or tolerance limit values;
EXAMPLE 1 Calliper manufacturer/supplier states length of jaws for external measurements
(ISO 13385-1).
— listing of the design characteristics and associated values and/or tolerance limit values to be
standardized.
EXAMPLE 2 Standardized diameter of stem for interchangeability of dial gauges (ISO 463).
Those design characteristics, if any, which are of uppermost importance and therefore are to be
standardised shall be evaluated and decided for the specific measuring equipment. The lists in 5.2 and
5.3 shall be used as guidance for the ISO standards on specific measuring equipment.
5.1.3 Measuring equipment — Commerce
In product documentation, for example data sheets, intended to give customers information on a
product, manufacturers and suppliers of GPS measuring equipment shall at least present the suggested
design characteristics given in the relevant specific standard.
It may be in the interests of the manufacturer/supplier to supply additional relevant information about
design characteristics (see Annex B).
A customer may have special requirements for additional design characteristics. This document may be
used as a tool to establish those specifications.
5.1.4 Measuring equipment — Internal use in a company
Design characteristics shall be used in trade but not necessarily used or verified in daily operation
in a company. Design characteristics and possible requirements standardised in an ISO standard for
specific measuring equipment shall not be taken as mandatory in the daily operation of the measuring
equipment unless specific decisions in the organization/company make them mandatory.
Generally speaking, an organization or a company may establish a set of design characteristics based
on local needs and conditions. These technical decisions should also be evaluated in terms of costs and
communicated on a data sheet (see Annex B).
5.2 Design characteristics for indicating measuring instruments
Typical design characteristics for indicating measuring instruments are related to the importance of the
characteristics in the use of the indicating measuring instrument. The following non-exhaustive list of
reasons and design characteristics shall only be considered as examples. In many cases, specific design
characteristics exist for a specific use and for specific types of indicating measuring instruments.
— interchangeability;
EXAMPLE 1 Overall and detail measures, measuring range, clamping or mounting system, relevant
geometry/tolerances.
— wear resistance;
EXAMPLE 2 Material and/or hardness of relevant parts of the equipment.
ISO 14978:2018(E)
— environment protection;
EXAMPLE 3 Water protection, dust protection, electrical protection, corrosion protection, radiation
protection.
— electrical requirements;
EXAMPLE 4 Interface protocols, power supply.
— special operating features;
EXAMPLE 5 Hoisting/lifting devices, alignment devices.
— operating limitations;
EXAMPLE 6 Maximum speed of travel, temperature range, power and air supply stability, pressure
resistance.
— special auxiliary equipment.
EXAMPLE 7 Surface plate, V-block, clamping devices.
5.3 Design characteristics for material measures
Typical design characteristics for material measures are related to the importance of the characteristics
in the u
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