SIST ISO 12634:2018
Graphic technology - Determination of tack of paste inks and vehicles by a rotary tackmeter
Graphic technology - Determination of tack of paste inks and vehicles by a rotary tackmeter
This document specifies the test procedure for determining the tack value of neat paste inks and
vehicles which have low volatility and are unreactive under normal room conditions during the
timespan required for testing.
This document contains a basic description of Inkometer®1) and Inkomat®2) (Geometry A) and
TackOscope®3) and TackTester®4) (Geometry B).
Technologie graphique - Détermination du tirant des encres, à l'aide d'un tackomètre rotatif
Grafična tehnologija - Ugotavljanje lepljivosti pastoznih tiskarskih barv z rotacijskim merilnikom
Ta dokument določa preskusni postopek za ugotavljanje lepljivosti pastoznih tiskarskih barv in
nosilcev, ki imajo majhno hlapnost in so nereaktivni v običajnih sobnih pogojih v časovnem obdobju,
potrebnem za testiranje.
Ta dokument vsebuje osnovni opis naprav Inkometer®1) in Inkomat®2) (geometrija A) in
TackOscope®3) in TackTester®4) (geometrija B).
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12634
Second edition
2017-09
Graphic technology — Determination
of tack of paste inks and vehicles by a
rotary tackmeter
Technologie graphique — Détermination du tirant des encres, à l'aide
d'un tackomètre rotatif
Reference number
ISO 12634:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 12634:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 12634:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Apparatus . 3
5 Principle . 6
6 Conditioning, sampling and sample preparation . 6
6.1 Calibration . 6
6.2 Conditioning (breaking-in) of the tackmeter rollers . 7
6.3 Sampling . 7
6.4 Sample conditioning. 7
7 Procedure. 7
7.1 Preparation and instrument settings . 7
7.2 Settings for specific tests not mentioned explicitly in this document . 8
7.3 Inking of the central roller . 8
7.4 Measuring tack . 9
8 Evaluation .10
9 Report .10
Annex A (informative) Reference testing .12
Annex B (normative) Measuring geometries .13
Annex C (normative) Breaking-in rollers .14
Bibliography .15
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO 12634:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12634:1996), which has been technically
revised.
The document has been entirely revised with regard to instrument specifications and test method
settings.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 12634:2017(E)
Introduction
On the market, a number of three-roller tackmeters are available that differ in design features such as
roller weight, geometry and composition of the distribution system. Instruments of different types do not
give the same apparent tack readings. Instruments of the same type will only give apparent tack readings
within tolerance, provided that they are maintained and calibrated properly and in the same manner.
Tack is a property indicative of internal cohesion of fluids and the adhesion to surfaces. It varies with
measuring conditions, primarily separation velocity, splitting area, force applied, film thickness and
temperature. Tack also varies with changes in other rheological properties of the fluid as a result of
time and interactions with the separating surfaces.
This document refers to tack measurement of paste inks and their vehicles only, not involving fountain
solution. During offset printing, the ink on a press may contain fountain solution and form an emulsion.
The amount of fountain solution within the ink partly depends on the composition of both the ink and
the fountain solution, the forces present, and the relative position of the ink in the roller train. The tack
of an emulsion partly depends on the composition of both the ink and the fountain solution and the
ratio of ink and fountain solution.
The tack value is a well-established criterion for assessing a paste ink or vehicle, although the parameter
tack is poorly defined. The tack cannot be regarded as a material property that can be derived from
basic physical phenomena. However, the tack influences the behaviour of ink in a printing press.
Parameters that affect tack include:
— dimensions, hardness and elasticity parameters of elastomeric rollers;
— surface properties of rollers;
— nip pressure;
— roller speed;
— temperature of rollers and environment;
— temperature of the sample;
— ink film thickness;
— influence of the ink or vehicle on the properties of the elastomeric coverage of the rollers (e.g.
absorption of solvents);
— condition of the elastomeric rollers due to the cleaning process;
— condition of the elastomeric rollers due to long-term use;
— properties of the test sample.
The tack of printing inks and vehicles influences their transfer properties, as manifested by throughput
in roll milling, picking of paper during printing and wet trapping in multicolour printing. Although
a tack measurement does not completely predict the transfer performance of an ink or a vehicle, it
provides a meaningful parameter for quality control, development and research.
Parameters that are affected by tack include:
— pick;
— ink trap;
— mottle.
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ISO 12634:2017(E)
Respecting all differences, this document specifies a method that allows users of comparable equipment
to obtain comparable results when working under the same conditions.
The previous version of this document referred mainly to the manufacturers' recommendations for
test method specifications such as speed, ink film thickness and temperature. As a result, there was a
huge increase in the number of small differences according to user, region, instrument, etc. This new
revision standardizes the settings across two platforms, Geometry A and Geometry B, for the purpose
of communication. Individual users can still use the familiar settings for internal use. If the deviating
settings are used for external communication, the deviation has to be described in the communication.
Mechanical instruments have been excluded from this document.
In this method, a procedure has been added to perform a periodic test with reference material to check
deterioration of the materials used, such as rubbers and inks.
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12634:2017(E)
Graphic technology — Determination of tack of paste inks
and vehicles by a rotary tackmeter
1 Scope
This document specifies the test procedure for determining the tack value of neat paste inks and
vehicles which have low volatility and are unreactive under normal room conditions during the
timespan required for testing.
1) 2)
This document contains a basic description of Inkometer® and Inkomat® (Geometry A) and
3) 4)
TackOscope® and TackTester® (Geometry B).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
breaking-in
preparation process for new rollers where these are running in an (or another)
ink system to condition the elastomer (3.10) until constant readings are achieved
3.2
central roller
temperature controlled metallic roller used in a three-roller tack tester for ink distribution and as ink
transfer roller to the measuring roller (3.7)
3.3
distribution roller
elastomer covered roller used in a three-roller tack tester for ink distribution over the central roller (3.2)
1) Inkometer® is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
2) Inkomat® is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
3) TackOscope® is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
4) TackTester® is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 12634:2017(E)
3.4
flying
ink fly
tendency of a printing ink (3.5) or vehicle to be ejected as large globules from a roller distribution system
Note 1 to entry: Flying is generally most severe during rapid roller acceleration, which occurs when switching
immediately from zero (or a slow speed) to a high-operating speed. After some time of running, no more flying
appears and the ejected droplets become a mist and eventually, an aerosol.
3.5
ink
fluid to be tested under the conditions of this document
Note 1 to entry: This can be a commercial printing ink, a modified ink for the purpose of the test, a vehicle, a
varnish or other materials which create a tack reading under the conditions as specified in this document.
3.6
ink system
range of inks (3.5) which are comparable with regard to varnish system and liquid base
Note 1 to entry: For paste inks, there are, e.g. oxidative/setting and UV curing systems. Different ink systems
generally require the use of different elastomer materials to avoid interaction of inks and elastomeric materials
on short and long term.
3.7
measuring roller
elastomer covered roller used in a three-roller tack tester connected to the measuring device of the
tack tester
3.8
misting
tendency of a printing ink or vehicle to be ejected as fine droplets from a roller distribution system
Note 1 to entry: Misting is generally most severe at high operating speeds and with fluids that produce long
filaments. After a longer running time, the mist becomes so fine that it creates an aerosol.
3.9
reference material
liquid with well-known tack properties, used to execute a reference test on a regular basis or for
comparative testing
Note 1 to entry: Inks (3.5) and rubbers (3.10) change properties in time. To prevent jumps in results between
current and new materials, they should be tested at least once together.
Note 2 to entry: A distinction can be made between reference material, as material with well-known and publicly
available specifications and control material which is kept for comparison only and for which the absolute values
do not have to be known.
3.10
rubber
elastomer
elastic material covering the distribution (3.3) and the measuring rollers (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: In practice, some elastomers are rubber and some may be produced from polymeric materials. In
common use, the word rubber is used for both.
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 12634:2017(E)
3.11
tack
restoring force between two rotating rollers of a given width caused by the splitting of an ink (3.5) or
vehicle film on rapidly separating roller surfaces
Note 1 to entry: Tack is a property indicative of internal cohesion of the fluid. It is not a fixed number but varies
with operating conditions, primarily separation velocity, splitting area, force applied by the measuring roller and
film thickness. Tack also varies with changes in other rheological properties of the ink or vehicle as a result of
time, temperature and interactions with the separating surfaces. Different manufacturers' tackmeters may use
different tack scales.
3.12
tackmeter squeal
high-pitched whine or squeal noted when running high tack fluids or at high rotating speeds or both
Note 1 to entry: A squeal usually results in unstable readings or in unreliable/wrong values. If readings are taken
where squeal occurs, this has to be recorded in the report.
4 Apparatus
4.1 Applicability
This document describes the method as used on the models of the current testers. Most of the described
procedures will also be applicable in analogy to older models but may require additional steps to be
executed or recalculation of settings to bring them into conformance with this document. It is important
to contact the supplier to confirm compliance with this document before using devices of (very) old age
or of non-standard construction. The mechanical instruments have been excluded from this document.
This document is based on the content of ASTM D4361.
4.2 Tackmeter
An electrically driven device to generate a uniform ink film with well-known thickness over the surface
of all three rollers to be used to measure splitting forces (tack) of fluids. It shall consist of:
— a metallic central roller which is electrically driven with a constant, adjustable speed; the speed
can be expressed in m/min or in revolutions per minute. The central roller shall be temperature
controlled with an accuracy of ±0,1 °C;
— an elastomer covered distribution roller which shall oscillate during the ink distribution and may
oscillate during the measurement phase of the tack measurement;
— an elastomer covered measuring roller;
— a force sensor capable to measure the force induced by the ink on the roller system in at least three
relevant digits;
— a tack reading mechanism by means of a display, computer, printer, recorder or a combination
thereof;
— a calibration device for the specific tackmeter.
2
The ink distributing surface area A of the rollers shall be known to the nearest 0,1 cm .
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ISO 12634:2017(E)
The distributing surface area A is calculated as shown in Formula (1):
n
Ad=×π ×l (1)
()
nn
∑
1
where
d is the diameter of roller number (n);
n
l is the effective (ink containing) length of roller number (n);
n
n is the number of rollers.
4.3 Central roller
Metallic roller with an internal temperature conditioning system with a diameter as specified in
Annex B for either Geometry A or Geometry B.
4.4 Distribution roller
An elastomer covered roller, with a specified weight and diameter as specified in Annex B for either
Geometry A or Geometry B and a width of the measuring roller plus more than twice the oscillation
distance as specified in the instruments datasheet. The hardness of the covering shall be in conformance
with Annex B. Different rollers for conventional or energy-curing applications shall be used. The roller
shall be broken-in according to Annex C.
Elastomers deteriorate with use and time; the device shall therefore be positioned in a location with no
direct sunlight. The elastomer-covered rollers shall be covered by an opaque cover when not in use and
shall be replaced before deterioration starts to influence the results.
Depending on the solvent used and the cleaning procedure, the surface of the roller may sooner or later
become glazed. In this case, the roller has to be cleaned carefully with a suitable solvent or has to be
replaced because of the ink transfer or ink distribution and, with these, the tack will be considerably
affected.
Deterioration might be recognized by cracks, glazing, changing hardness, the increase of distribution
time, uneven ink distribution or inability to zero the instrument. Replace the roller no later than three
years after its first use.
4.5 Measuring roller
An elastomer covered roller with a diameter as specified in Annex B and a width in correspondence
with the width of the central roller as specified in Annex B. It shall have a hardness of the covering in
conformance with Annex B. Different rollers for conventional or energy curing applications shall be
used. The roller shall be broken-in according to Annex C.
Elastomers deteriorate with use and time; the device shall therefore be positioned in a location with no
direct sunlight. The elastomer-covered rollers shall be covered by an opaque cover when not in use and
shall be replaced before deterioration starts to influence the results.
Depending on the solvent used and the used cleaning procedure, the surface of the roller may sooner
or later get glazed. In this case, the roller has to be cleaned carefully with a suitable solvent or has to
be replaced because of the ink transfer or ink distribution and with these, the tack will be considerably
affected.
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 12634:2017(E)
Deterioration might be recognized by cracks, glazing, changing hardness, the increase of distribution
time, uneven ink distribution or inability to zero the instrument. Replace the roller no later than three
years after its first use.
4.6 Ink pipette
An ink pipette for applying an accurate quantity of ink to the distribution roller, with a resolution of at
least 0,01 ml, but preferably 0,001 ml.
The ink application may vary from operator to operator. For that, it is recommended to verify the
applied amount of ink from the ink pipette on a regular basis for very high accuracy.
4.7 Additional materials and devices
4.7.1 Cleaning aids
Lint-free rags or soft tissues.
It is practical to use white or light-tinted materials to be able to see if there is still ink coming off from
the cleaned roller.
4.7.2 Solvents
In accordance to the ink and the elastomeric materials used, e.g.:
— for conventional inks, petroleum ether with a boiling range of 80 °C to 140 °C and a Kauri-Butanol
value of 30 to 40 and less than 1 % benzene content, white spirit;
— for UV inks ethyl alcohol, iso-propylalcohol or ethylacetate or other suitable solvents.
NOTE 1 The supplier can be contacted for information concerning the correct solvents to prevent damage
which will result in differences in ink transfer.
Cleaning liquids containing surfactants or non-volatile components shall not be used or a second solvent
shall be used to remove the residue.
NOTE 2 The majority of the standard cleaning solvents for rubber blankets for printing presses contain
preservatives or surfactants for the blanket which evaporate very slowly, if at all. Evaporation times may be over
1 h which makes these unsuitable for the purpose of these tests.
NOTE 3 It has to be recognized that the same cleaning solvents are sold in different countries under different
brand names and that solvents with the same name may have different ingredients in different countries.
The test results depend on the dryness and cleanliness of all the rollers. The drying time of a roller
after cleaning, depends on the evaporation rate and on the penetration of the solvent into the surface
of the roller. Never let an ink or a vehicle dry completely on the rollers of the tackmeter. Take care
not to damage the rollers during the cleaning process or by leaving them in contact when they are not
rotating.
4.7.3 Timer
A timer or stopwatch with an accuracy of 1 s.
4.7.4 Temperature control system
An integrated or external system to control the temperature of the roller system. The system shall be
able to control the temperature of the rollers to within ±0,1 °C of the set temperature.
Due to the internal friction of the ink on the roller system, the system also generates heat by itself, so
the system shall be able to heat or chill the roller.
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ISO 12634:2017(E)
4.7.5 (Analytical) balance
An (analytical) balance with an accuracy of at least 0,01 g to weigh the required amount of ink in case
no use is made of an ink pipette.
4.7.6 Reference materials
Reference inks or liquids to execute a reference test on a regular basis. Inks and elastomers change
properties in time. To prevent jumps in results, current and new materials shall be tested at least once
together. The reference materials should be chosen by the user in accordance with his specific needs.
This combination of materials can be used in a process calibration, not in instrument calibration.
Reference can also be made through comparative testing round robins.
4.7.7 Thermometer
A (remote) thermometer or pyrometer to measure the temperature of the central roller while running.
4.7.8 Ink knife
Small blade, free from nicks and rough edges.
4.8 Inks
Depending on the purpose of the test, different types of ink or vehicles are normally used.
5 Principle
A rotary tackmeter consists of a roller system of at least three rollers. One roller, the central roller, is
driven by a motor while another, the measuring roller, is connected to a sensor measuring the force
at which the roller is displaced from its equilibrium position. The third, the distribution roller, is an
oscillating roller used for sample distribution. Measurement of the restoring force induced by the
splitting of the ink or vehicle film provides a value of tack.
A thin film of the test printing ink or vehicle is applied to the distribution roller of the tackmeter, which
operates at speeds comparable to those on the roller trains of production printing presses. Readings
may vary from instrument supplier to instrument supplier and from geometry to geometry.
The procedures in this test method are designed to give a single value for tack at a specific set of
instrument conditions. Different film thickness and speeds are specified for Geometry A and Geometry
B. Alternative conditions may be used by agreement between the supplier and the customer.
Depending on the geometry and model, the tack is determined with a direct-reading attachment, a
digital readout, printer, computer or a recorder.
6 Conditioning, sampling and sample preparation
6.1 Calibration
Before regular use, the tackmeter shall be calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Additionally, a routine test is recommended using an internal standard ink or vehicle or a reference ink
with known performance. Never turn or push the zero button except during the calibration process.
If the tack reading without ink is not below the minimum values specified in the manufacturer’s
documentation, this may be caused by one of the following: cleaning, aging, environment, location with
respect to heat or air draught, levelling, temperature and calibration. These aspects shall be evaluated
in the sequence listed here. Part of a regular calibration or test procedure can be a reference test as
described in Annex A.
6 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 12634:2017(E)
6.2 Conditioning (breaking-in) of the tackmeter rollers
After installation or when new rollers are installed, the elastomeric rollers need to be stabilized before
use by repeated runs with material of the type to be tested. These runs shall be repeated until tests
of a reference ink or vehicle show consistent results. In normal use with properly stabilized rollers,
the tackmeter shall be conditioned by a preliminary run using ink or vehicle of the type to be tested
in accordance with Annex C. If the ink or vehicle to be tested affects the roller material (e.g. radiation
curable inks), separate sets of dedicated rollers shall be used.
6.3 Sampling
The sampling procedure is not covered by this document.
Make sure that the test samples taken are representative of the sample received or of the total lot to be
evaluated.
Carefully select a sample which shall be homogenous and it shall not contain any coarse particles or
skin. An amount of 10 ml is sufficient for two or three
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 12634:2018
01-julij-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 12634:1997
*UDILþQDWHKQRORJLMD8JRWDYOMDQMHOHSOMLYRVWLSDVWR]QLKWLVNDUVNLKEDUY]
URWDFLMVNLPPHULOQLNRP
Graphic technology - Determination of tack of paste inks and vehicles by a rotary
tackmeter
Technologie graphique - Détermination du tirant des encres, à l'aide d'un tackomètre
rotatif
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 12634:2017
ICS:
87.080 Barvila. Tiskarske barve Inks. Printing inks
SIST ISO 12634:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 12634:2018
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SIST ISO 12634:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12634
Second edition
2017-09
Graphic technology — Determination
of tack of paste inks and vehicles by a
rotary tackmeter
Technologie graphique — Détermination du tirant des encres, à l'aide
d'un tackomètre rotatif
Reference number
ISO 12634:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 12634:2018
ISO 12634:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 12634:2018
ISO 12634:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Apparatus . 3
5 Principle . 6
6 Conditioning, sampling and sample preparation . 6
6.1 Calibration . 6
6.2 Conditioning (breaking-in) of the tackmeter rollers . 7
6.3 Sampling . 7
6.4 Sample conditioning. 7
7 Procedure. 7
7.1 Preparation and instrument settings . 7
7.2 Settings for specific tests not mentioned explicitly in this document . 8
7.3 Inking of the central roller . 8
7.4 Measuring tack . 9
8 Evaluation .10
9 Report .10
Annex A (informative) Reference testing .12
Annex B (normative) Measuring geometries .13
Annex C (normative) Breaking-in rollers .14
Bibliography .15
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST ISO 12634:2018
ISO 12634:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12634:1996), which has been technically
revised.
The document has been entirely revised with regard to instrument specifications and test method
settings.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 12634:2018
ISO 12634:2017(E)
Introduction
On the market, a number of three-roller tackmeters are available that differ in design features such as
roller weight, geometry and composition of the distribution system. Instruments of different types do not
give the same apparent tack readings. Instruments of the same type will only give apparent tack readings
within tolerance, provided that they are maintained and calibrated properly and in the same manner.
Tack is a property indicative of internal cohesion of fluids and the adhesion to surfaces. It varies with
measuring conditions, primarily separation velocity, splitting area, force applied, film thickness and
temperature. Tack also varies with changes in other rheological properties of the fluid as a result of
time and interactions with the separating surfaces.
This document refers to tack measurement of paste inks and their vehicles only, not involving fountain
solution. During offset printing, the ink on a press may contain fountain solution and form an emulsion.
The amount of fountain solution within the ink partly depends on the composition of both the ink and
the fountain solution, the forces present, and the relative position of the ink in the roller train. The tack
of an emulsion partly depends on the composition of both the ink and the fountain solution and the
ratio of ink and fountain solution.
The tack value is a well-established criterion for assessing a paste ink or vehicle, although the parameter
tack is poorly defined. The tack cannot be regarded as a material property that can be derived from
basic physical phenomena. However, the tack influences the behaviour of ink in a printing press.
Parameters that affect tack include:
— dimensions, hardness and elasticity parameters of elastomeric rollers;
— surface properties of rollers;
— nip pressure;
— roller speed;
— temperature of rollers and environment;
— temperature of the sample;
— ink film thickness;
— influence of the ink or vehicle on the properties of the elastomeric coverage of the rollers (e.g.
absorption of solvents);
— condition of the elastomeric rollers due to the cleaning process;
— condition of the elastomeric rollers due to long-term use;
— properties of the test sample.
The tack of printing inks and vehicles influences their transfer properties, as manifested by throughput
in roll milling, picking of paper during printing and wet trapping in multicolour printing. Although
a tack measurement does not completely predict the transfer performance of an ink or a vehicle, it
provides a meaningful parameter for quality control, development and research.
Parameters that are affected by tack include:
— pick;
— ink trap;
— mottle.
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Respecting all differences, this document specifies a method that allows users of comparable equipment
to obtain comparable results when working under the same conditions.
The previous version of this document referred mainly to the manufacturers' recommendations for
test method specifications such as speed, ink film thickness and temperature. As a result, there was a
huge increase in the number of small differences according to user, region, instrument, etc. This new
revision standardizes the settings across two platforms, Geometry A and Geometry B, for the purpose
of communication. Individual users can still use the familiar settings for internal use. If the deviating
settings are used for external communication, the deviation has to be described in the communication.
Mechanical instruments have been excluded from this document.
In this method, a procedure has been added to perform a periodic test with reference material to check
deterioration of the materials used, such as rubbers and inks.
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SIST ISO 12634:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12634:2017(E)
Graphic technology — Determination of tack of paste inks
and vehicles by a rotary tackmeter
1 Scope
This document specifies the test procedure for determining the tack value of neat paste inks and
vehicles which have low volatility and are unreactive under normal room conditions during the
timespan required for testing.
1) 2)
This document contains a basic description of Inkometer® and Inkomat® (Geometry A) and
3) 4)
TackOscope® and TackTester® (Geometry B).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
breaking-in
preparation process for new rollers where these are running in an (or another)
ink system to condition the elastomer (3.10) until constant readings are achieved
3.2
central roller
temperature controlled metallic roller used in a three-roller tack tester for ink distribution and as ink
transfer roller to the measuring roller (3.7)
3.3
distribution roller
elastomer covered roller used in a three-roller tack tester for ink distribution over the central roller (3.2)
1) Inkometer® is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
2) Inkomat® is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
3) TackOscope® is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
4) TackTester® is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
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3.4
flying
ink fly
tendency of a printing ink (3.5) or vehicle to be ejected as large globules from a roller distribution system
Note 1 to entry: Flying is generally most severe during rapid roller acceleration, which occurs when switching
immediately from zero (or a slow speed) to a high-operating speed. After some time of running, no more flying
appears and the ejected droplets become a mist and eventually, an aerosol.
3.5
ink
fluid to be tested under the conditions of this document
Note 1 to entry: This can be a commercial printing ink, a modified ink for the purpose of the test, a vehicle, a
varnish or other materials which create a tack reading under the conditions as specified in this document.
3.6
ink system
range of inks (3.5) which are comparable with regard to varnish system and liquid base
Note 1 to entry: For paste inks, there are, e.g. oxidative/setting and UV curing systems. Different ink systems
generally require the use of different elastomer materials to avoid interaction of inks and elastomeric materials
on short and long term.
3.7
measuring roller
elastomer covered roller used in a three-roller tack tester connected to the measuring device of the
tack tester
3.8
misting
tendency of a printing ink or vehicle to be ejected as fine droplets from a roller distribution system
Note 1 to entry: Misting is generally most severe at high operating speeds and with fluids that produce long
filaments. After a longer running time, the mist becomes so fine that it creates an aerosol.
3.9
reference material
liquid with well-known tack properties, used to execute a reference test on a regular basis or for
comparative testing
Note 1 to entry: Inks (3.5) and rubbers (3.10) change properties in time. To prevent jumps in results between
current and new materials, they should be tested at least once together.
Note 2 to entry: A distinction can be made between reference material, as material with well-known and publicly
available specifications and control material which is kept for comparison only and for which the absolute values
do not have to be known.
3.10
rubber
elastomer
elastic material covering the distribution (3.3) and the measuring rollers (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: In practice, some elastomers are rubber and some may be produced from polymeric materials. In
common use, the word rubber is used for both.
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3.11
tack
restoring force between two rotating rollers of a given width caused by the splitting of an ink (3.5) or
vehicle film on rapidly separating roller surfaces
Note 1 to entry: Tack is a property indicative of internal cohesion of the fluid. It is not a fixed number but varies
with operating conditions, primarily separation velocity, splitting area, force applied by the measuring roller and
film thickness. Tack also varies with changes in other rheological properties of the ink or vehicle as a result of
time, temperature and interactions with the separating surfaces. Different manufacturers' tackmeters may use
different tack scales.
3.12
tackmeter squeal
high-pitched whine or squeal noted when running high tack fluids or at high rotating speeds or both
Note 1 to entry: A squeal usually results in unstable readings or in unreliable/wrong values. If readings are taken
where squeal occurs, this has to be recorded in the report.
4 Apparatus
4.1 Applicability
This document describes the method as used on the models of the current testers. Most of the described
procedures will also be applicable in analogy to older models but may require additional steps to be
executed or recalculation of settings to bring them into conformance with this document. It is important
to contact the supplier to confirm compliance with this document before using devices of (very) old age
or of non-standard construction. The mechanical instruments have been excluded from this document.
This document is based on the content of ASTM D4361.
4.2 Tackmeter
An electrically driven device to generate a uniform ink film with well-known thickness over the surface
of all three rollers to be used to measure splitting forces (tack) of fluids. It shall consist of:
— a metallic central roller which is electrically driven with a constant, adjustable speed; the speed
can be expressed in m/min or in revolutions per minute. The central roller shall be temperature
controlled with an accuracy of ±0,1 °C;
— an elastomer covered distribution roller which shall oscillate during the ink distribution and may
oscillate during the measurement phase of the tack measurement;
— an elastomer covered measuring roller;
— a force sensor capable to measure the force induced by the ink on the roller system in at least three
relevant digits;
— a tack reading mechanism by means of a display, computer, printer, recorder or a combination
thereof;
— a calibration device for the specific tackmeter.
2
The ink distributing surface area A of the rollers shall be known to the nearest 0,1 cm .
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The distributing surface area A is calculated as shown in Formula (1):
n
Ad=×π ×l (1)
()
nn
∑
1
where
d is the diameter of roller number (n);
n
l is the effective (ink containing) length of roller number (n);
n
n is the number of rollers.
4.3 Central roller
Metallic roller with an internal temperature conditioning system with a diameter as specified in
Annex B for either Geometry A or Geometry B.
4.4 Distribution roller
An elastomer covered roller, with a specified weight and diameter as specified in Annex B for either
Geometry A or Geometry B and a width of the measuring roller plus more than twice the oscillation
distance as specified in the instruments datasheet. The hardness of the covering shall be in conformance
with Annex B. Different rollers for conventional or energy-curing applications shall be used. The roller
shall be broken-in according to Annex C.
Elastomers deteriorate with use and time; the device shall therefore be positioned in a location with no
direct sunlight. The elastomer-covered rollers shall be covered by an opaque cover when not in use and
shall be replaced before deterioration starts to influence the results.
Depending on the solvent used and the cleaning procedure, the surface of the roller may sooner or later
become glazed. In this case, the roller has to be cleaned carefully with a suitable solvent or has to be
replaced because of the ink transfer or ink distribution and, with these, the tack will be considerably
affected.
Deterioration might be recognized by cracks, glazing, changing hardness, the increase of distribution
time, uneven ink distribution or inability to zero the instrument. Replace the roller no later than three
years after its first use.
4.5 Measuring roller
An elastomer covered roller with a diameter as specified in Annex B and a width in correspondence
with the width of the central roller as specified in Annex B. It shall have a hardness of the covering in
conformance with Annex B. Different rollers for conventional or energy curing applications shall be
used. The roller shall be broken-in according to Annex C.
Elastomers deteriorate with use and time; the device shall therefore be positioned in a location with no
direct sunlight. The elastomer-covered rollers shall be covered by an opaque cover when not in use and
shall be replaced before deterioration starts to influence the results.
Depending on the solvent used and the used cleaning procedure, the surface of the roller may sooner
or later get glazed. In this case, the roller has to be cleaned carefully with a suitable solvent or has to
be replaced because of the ink transfer or ink distribution and with these, the tack will be considerably
affected.
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Deterioration might be recognized by cracks, glazing, changing hardness, the increase of distribution
time, uneven ink distribution or inability to zero the instrument. Replace the roller no later than three
years after its first use.
4.6 Ink pipette
An ink pipette for applying an accurate quantity of ink to the distribution roller, with a resolution of at
least 0,01 ml, but preferably 0,001 ml.
The ink application may vary from operator to operator. For that, it is recommended to verify the
applied amount of ink from the ink pipette on a regular basis for very high accuracy.
4.7 Additional materials and devices
4.7.1 Cleaning aids
Lint-free rags or soft tissues.
It is practical to use white or light-tinted materials to be able to see if there is still ink coming off from
the cleaned roller.
4.7.2 Solvents
In accordance to the ink and the elastomeric materials used, e.g.:
— for conventional inks, petroleum ether with a boiling range of 80 °C to 140 °C and a Kauri-Butanol
value of 30 to 40 and less than 1 % benzene content, white spirit;
— for UV inks ethyl alcohol, iso-propylalcohol or ethylacetate or other suitable solvents.
NOTE 1 The supplier can be contacted for information concerning the correct solvents to prevent damage
which will result in differences in ink transfer.
Cleaning liquids containing surfactants or non-volatile components shall not be used or a second solvent
shall be used to remove the residue.
NOTE 2 The majority of the standard cleaning solvents for rubber blankets for printing presses contain
preservatives or surfactants for the blanket which evaporate very slowly, if at all. Evaporation times may be over
1 h which makes these unsuitable for the purpose of these tests.
NOTE 3 It has to be recognized that the same cleaning solvents are sold in different countries under different
brand names and that solvents with the same name may have different ingredients in different countries.
The test results depend on the dryness and cleanliness of all the rollers. The drying time of a roller
after cleaning, depends on the evaporation rate and on the penetration of the solvent into the surface
of the roller. Never let an ink or a vehicle dry completely on the rollers of the tackmeter. Take care
not to damage the rollers during the cleaning process or by leaving them in contact when they are not
rotating.
4.7.3 Timer
A timer or stopwatch with an accuracy of 1 s.
4.7.4 Temperature control system
An integrated or external system to control the temperature of the roller system. The system shall be
able to control the temperature of the rollers to within ±0,1 °C of the set temperature.
Due to the internal friction of the ink on the roller system, the system also generates heat by itself, so
the system shall be able to heat or chill the roller.
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4.7.5 (Analytical) balance
An (analytical) balance with an accuracy of at least 0,01 g to weigh the required amount of ink in case
no use is made of an ink pipette.
4.7.6 Reference materials
Reference inks or liquids to execute a reference test on a regular basis. Inks and elastomers change
properties in time. To prevent jumps in results, current and new materials shall be tested at least once
together. The reference materials should be chosen by the user in accordance with his specific needs.
This combination of materials can be used in a process calibration, not in instrument calibration.
Reference can also be made through comparative testing round robins.
4.7.7 Thermometer
A (remote) thermometer or pyrometer to measure the temperature of the central roller while running.
4.7.8 Ink knife
Small blade, free from nicks and rough edges.
4.8 Inks
Depending on the purpose of the test, different types of ink or vehicles are normally used.
5 Principle
A rotary tackmeter consists of a roller system of at least three rollers. One roller, the central roller, is
driven by a motor while another, the measuring roller, is connected to a sensor measuring the force
at which the roller is displaced from its equilibrium position. The third, the distribution roller, is an
oscillating roller used for sample distribution. Measurement of the restoring force induced by the
splitting of the ink or vehicle film provides a value of tack.
A thin film of the test printing ink or vehicle is applied to the distribution roller of the tackmeter, which
operates at speeds comparable to those on the roller trains of production printing presses. Readings
may vary from instrument supplier to instrument supplier and from geometry to geometry.
The procedures in this test method are designed to give a single value for tack at a specific set of
instrument conditions. Different film thickness and speeds are specified for Geometry A and Geometry
B. Alternative conditions may be used by agreement between the supplier and the customer.
Depending on the geometry and model, the tack is determined with a direct-reading attachment, a
digital readout, printer, computer or a recorder.
6 Conditioning, sampling and sample preparation
6.1 Calibration
Before regular use, the tackmeter shall be calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Additionally, a routine test is recommended using an internal standard ink or vehicle or a reference ink
with known performance. Never turn or push the zero button except during the calibration process.
If the tack reading without ink is not below the minimum values specified in the manufacturer’s
documentation, this may be caused by one of the following: cleaning, aging, environment, location with
respect to heat or air draught, levelling, temperature and calibration. These aspects shall be evaluated
in the sequence listed here. Part of a regular calibration or test procedure can be a reference test as
described in Annex A.
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