SIST ISO 2836:2022

Graphic technology - Prints and printing inks - Assessment of resistance of prints to various agents

This document specifies methods of assessing the resistance of printed materials to liquid and solid agents, solvents, varnishes and acids.
It applies to printing on all substrates by any of the traditional printing process (offset, screen, gravure, flexo) as well as the newer digital processes (inkjet, electrophotography).
Aspects of food safety and consumer protection for food contact materials are not covered.

Technologie graphique - Impressions et encres d'imprimerie - Évaluation de la résistance des impressions à divers agents

Grafična tehnologija - Odtisi in tiskarske barve - Ugotavljanje odpornosti proti različnim dejavnikom

Ta dokument določa metode za ugotavljanje odpornosti natisnjenih materialov proti dejavnikom v tekočem in trdnem stanju, topilom, lakom in kislinam.
Uporablja se za tiskanje na vseh podlagah s katerim koli tradicionalnim postopkom tiskanja (ofsetni tisk, sitotisk, globoki tisk, fleksotisk) ter z novejšimi digitalnimi postopki (brizgalno tiskanje, elektrofotografija).
Vidiki glede varnosti živil in zaščite potrošnikov za materiale, ki so v stiku s hrano, niso zajeti.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 24-Mar-2022
• ICS: 87.080 - Inks. Printing inks
• Technical Committee: GRT - Graphical technology
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 09-Mar-2022
• Due Date: 14-May-2022
• Completion Date: 25-Mar-2022
• Ref Project: ISO 2836:2021 - Graphic technology - Prints and printing inks - Assessment of resistance of prints to various agents

Relations

• Replaces: SIST ISO 2836:2004 - Graphic technology -- Prints and printing inks -- Assessment of resistance of prints to various agents
• Effective Date: 01-May-2022

Overview

ISO 2836:2021 - Graphic technology - Prints and printing inks - Assessment of resistance of prints to various agents describes laboratory methods for testing how printed materials resist contact with liquids and solids, solvents, varnishes and acids. It applies to printing on all substrates and to both traditional (offset, screen, gravure, flexo) and newer digital processes (inkjet, electrophotography). The standard defines test principles, lists typical agents, required apparatus and evaluation criteria - but does not cover food‑contact safety or consumer protection for food contact materials.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Scope and principle: Exposure of a test piece by immersion, contact with agent‑soaked filter paper, or direct contact for prescribed times; assessment of colour change and staining.
• Agents covered: water, 1% NaOH (alkali), oils and fats (animal/vegetable/mineral), cheese (solid), detergents and soaps (1% solutions), waxes, spices, solvents and varnishes (including a solvent mix: 60% ethanol, 30% ethyl acetate, 10% 1‑methoxy‑2‑propanol; MEK recommended for UV inks), and various acids (lactic, citric, acetic, hydrochloric, sulfuric). Other agents (perfumes, beverages, cosmetics, perspiration and saliva simulants, hydraulic fluids, sodium hypochlorite, etc.) are also covered as needed.
• Apparatus and consumables: glass plates, specified laboratory filter paper (α‑cellulose), Petri dishes, test tubes, 1 kg mass, oven (50 ±2 °C), hot plate, thermometer, grey scale (ISO 105‑A03), spectrocolorimeter (ISO 13655), pH measuring device.
• Preparation and conditioning: Test pieces may be production samples or representative test prints; conditioning in accordance with ISO 187 is recommended. Printing/cure methods should be representative (references to ISO 2834 series for process preparation).
• Evaluation and reporting: Visual assessment and instrumental colour measurement, use of grey scale for staining, documented agent types and concentrations, test conditions, and observed changes.

Applications and users

Who benefits from ISO 2836:2021:

• Print manufacturers and converters validating ink‑substrate combinations and print durability.
• Ink and coating formulators testing resistance to solvents, varnishes and common contaminants.
• Quality assurance and R&D teams specifying acceptance criteria for labels, packaging and printed materials.
• Suppliers and specifiers comparing processes (offset, flexo, inkjet, electrophotography) for end‑use resistance.

Practical uses: selecting inks and substrates for packaging and labels, qualifying curing processes (e.g., UV inks with MEK testing), and reproducing standard test conditions for quality control and supplier agreements.

Related standards

• ISO 105‑A03 (grey scale for staining)
• ISO 187 (conditioning for paper and board)
• ISO 13655 (spectral measurement for graphic arts)
• ISO 14487 (standard water for testing)
• ISO 2834 series (print preparation standards)
• ISO/IEC 10373‑1 and DIN 53160 (simulants referenced for perspiration/saliva)

Keywords: ISO 2836:2021, print resistance testing, printing inks, graphic technology, print durability, solvents and varnishes, inkjet, offset, flexographic, gravure.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2022
Nadomešča:
SIST ISO 2836:2004
Grafična tehnologija - Odtisi in tiskarske barve - Ugotavljanje odpornosti proti
različnim dejavnikom
Graphic technology - Prints and printing inks - Assessment of resistance of prints to
various agents
Technologie graphique - Impressions et encres d'imprimerie - Évaluation de la
résistance des impressions à divers agents
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 2836:2021
ICS:
87.080 Barvila. Tiskarske barve Inks. Printing inks
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2836
Fourth edition
2021-05
Graphic technology — Prints and
printing inks — Assessment of
resistance of prints to various agents
Technologie graphique — Impressions et encres d'imprimerie —
Évaluation de la résistance des impressions à divers agents
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Agents . 2
6 Apparatus . 3
7 Preparation of test pieces . 4
8 Test methods . 4
8.1 General . 4
8.2 Liquid agents and solutions . 5
8.3 Cheese . 5
8.4 Meltable solid agents . 5
8.5 Solid spices . 5
8.6 Solvents and varnishes . 5
8.7 Test conditions for various liquid and solid agents . 6
8.8 Acids . 6
9 Evaluation of results . 7
9.1 General . 7
9.2 Liquid and solid agents, solutions . 7
9.3 Solvents and varnishes . 8
9.4 Acids . 8
10 Test report . 8
Bibliography .10
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 2836:2004), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— consistency and document structure have been improved and an Introduction has been added;
— new agents have been added;
— information that aspects of food safety and consumer protection for food contact materials are not
covered has been added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Introduction
During its service life, prints might need to resist certain agents. These agents can come in contact
with prints during finishing operations like varnishing, or accidentally via interactions with certain
vapours, fluids or solids like spilling of package contents onto the print. These kinds of agents can cause
visual alterations to the print. These changes are due to either the colorants used in the inks or the
substrate itself not being resistant to the particular agent.
This document defines laboratory test methods for the interaction of agents and prints and gives
guidelines and requirements for the evaluation of changes on the print caused by those agents. All the
methods within this document aims to allow a reasonable choice of raw materials to be used for the
printing inks and substrates and for the testing of the prints for qualification purposes. The aim of all
these methods is to avoid visual changes of the prints caused by the agents. Aspects of food safety and
consumer protection for food contact material are not covered.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2836:2021(E)
Graphic technology — Prints and printing inks —
Assessment of resistance of prints to various agents
1 Scope
This document specifies methods of assessing the resistance of printed materials to liquid and solid
agents, solvents, varnishes and acids.
It applies to printing on all substrates by any of the traditional printing process (offset, screen, gravure,
flexo) as well as the newer digital processes (inkjet, electrophotography).
Aspects of food safety and consumer protection for food contact materials are not covered.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 105-A03, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part A03: Grey scale for assessing staining
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts
images
ISO 14487, Pulps — Standard water for physical testing
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
agent
liquid or solid to which a sample of printed material is exposed for the purpose of determining the
resistance (3.2) characteristics of that printed sample
3.2
resistance
ability of a printed material to withstand exposure to a specified agent (3.1) as determined by the tests
defined in this document
3.3
test piece
section of a test print or section of a print from a conventional or digital printing press
4 Principle
A test piece is either immersed in the prescribed agent, pressed between agent-soaked filter papers or
brought into direct contact of its printed side with the agent for a given time.
Colour changes of the test piece, the agents and the filter papers are noted, characterized and reported.
5 Agents
5.1 General
The type of agent used, and its concentration shall be reported.
5.2 Water
This document does not specify the type of water used for the assessment of resistance of prints. It
may be tap water, distilled water, deionized water, natural water, etc. The type of water used shall be
reported. For the purpose of rinsing filter papers and test pieces after tests, deionized water according
to ISO 14487 shall be used.
5.3 Alkali
This document specifies a 1 % by mass solution of sodium hydroxide in distilled water used for the
assessment of resistance of prints.
5.4 Oils and fats
This document does not specify the oil or the fat to be used for the assessment of resistance of prints.
It may be animal, vegetable, mineral, essential or synthetic. Examples of such oils include but are not
limited to: fish oil, olive oil, liquid paraffin, lavender oil, silicone oil, butter, margarine, lanolin, grease.
5.5 Cheese
This document does not specify the type of cheese, for example soft cheese or hard cheese, used for the
assessment of resistance of prints. However, the cheese shall be used as a solid agent in a natural state,
i.e. not liquefied.
5.6 Detergents
This document does not specify the type of detergent, such as liquid or solid, used for the assessment of
resistance of prints, only its concentration: 1 % by mass.
5.7 Soaps
This document does not specify the type of soap, hard or soft, used for the assessment of resistance of
prints, only its concentration: 1 % by mass.
5.8 Waxes
This document does not specify the type of wax to be used for the assessment of resistance of prints, i.e.
animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic, such as beeswax, carnauba wax, paraffin wax, Fischer Tropsch
wax.
5.9 Spices
This document does not specify the spice to be used for the assessment of resistance of prints.
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

5.10 Organic solvents and varnishes
Ethanol shall be denatured. The solvent mixture of ethanol, ethyl acetate and 1-methoxy-propanol-2
shall have a vol
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2836
Fourth edition
2021-05
Graphic technology — Prints and
printing inks — Assessment of
resistance of prints to various agents
Technologie graphique — Impressions et encres d'imprimerie —
Évaluation de la résistance des impressions à divers agents
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Agents . 2
6 Apparatus . 3
7 Preparation of test pieces . 4
8 Test methods . 4
8.1 General . 4
8.2 Liquid agents and solutions . 5
8.3 Cheese . 5
8.4 Meltable solid agents . 5
8.5 Solid spices . 5
8.6 Solvents and varnishes . 5
8.7 Test conditions for various liquid and solid agents . 6
8.8 Acids . 6
9 Evaluation of results . 7
9.1 General . 7
9.2 Liquid and solid agents, solutions . 7
9.3 Solvents and varnishes . 8
9.4 Acids . 8
10 Test report . 8
Bibliography .10
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 2836:2004), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— consistency and document structure have been improved and an Introduction has been added;
— new agents have been added;
— information that aspects of food safety and consumer protection for food contact materials are not
covered has been added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Introduction
During its service life, prints might need to resist certain agents. These agents can come in contact
with prints during finishing operations like varnishing, or accidentally via interactions with certain
vapours, fluids or solids like spilling of package contents onto the print. These kinds of agents can cause
visual alterations to the print. These changes are due to either the colorants used in the inks or the
substrate itself not being resistant to the particular agent.
This document defines laboratory test methods for the interaction of agents and prints and gives
guidelines and requirements for the evaluation of changes on the print caused by those agents. All the
methods within this document aims to allow a reasonable choice of raw materials to be used for the
printing inks and substrates and for the testing of the prints for qualification purposes. The aim of all
these methods is to avoid visual changes of the prints caused by the agents. Aspects of food safety and
consumer protection for food contact material are not covered.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2836:2021(E)
Graphic technology — Prints and printing inks —
Assessment of resistance of prints to various agents
1 Scope
This document specifies methods of assessing the resistance of printed materials to liquid and solid
agents, solvents, varnishes and acids.
It applies to printing on all substrates by any of the traditional printing process (offset, screen, gravure,
flexo) as well as the newer digital processes (inkjet, electrophotography).
Aspects of food safety and consumer protection for food contact materials are not covered.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 105-A03, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part A03: Grey scale for assessing staining
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts
images
ISO 14487, Pulps — Standard water for physical testing
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
agent
liquid or solid to which a sample of printed material is exposed for the purpose of determining the
resistance (3.2) characteristics of that printed sample
3.2
resistance
ability of a printed material to withstand exposure to a specified agent (3.1) as determined by the tests
defined in this document
3.3
test piece
section of a test print or section of a print from a conventional or digital printing press
4 Principle
A test piece is either immersed in the prescribed agent, pressed between agent-soaked filter papers or
brought into direct contact of its printed side with the agent for a given time.
Colour changes of the test piece, the agents and the filter papers are noted, characterized and reported.
5 Agents
5.1 General
The type of agent used, and its concentration shall be reported.
5.2 Water
This document does not specify the type of water used for the assessment of resistance of prints. It
may be tap water, distilled water, deionized water, natural water, etc. The type of water used shall be
reported. For the purpose of rinsing filter papers and test pieces after tests, deionized water according
to ISO 14487 shall be used.
5.3 Alkali
This document specifies a 1 % by mass solution of sodium hydroxide in distilled water used for the
assessment of resistance of prints.
5.4 Oils and fats
This document does not specify the oil or the fat to be used for the assessment of resistance of prints.
It may be animal, vegetable, mineral, essential or synthetic. Examples of such oils include but are not
limited to: fish oil, olive oil, liquid paraffin, lavender oil, silicone oil, butter, margarine, lanolin, grease.
5.5 Cheese
This document does not specify the type of cheese, for example soft cheese or hard cheese, used for the
assessment of resistance of prints. However, the cheese shall be used as a solid agent in a natural state,
i.e. not liquefied.
5.6 Detergents
This document does not specify the type of detergent, such as liquid or solid, used for the assessment of
resistance of prints, only its concentration: 1 % by mass.
5.7 Soaps
This document does not specify the type of soap, hard or soft, used for the assessment of resistance of
prints, only its concentration: 1 % by mass.
5.8 Waxes
This document does not specify the type of wax to be used for the assessment of resistance of prints, i.e.
animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic, such as beeswax, carnauba wax, paraffin wax, Fischer Tropsch
wax.
5.9 Spices
This document does not specify the spice to be used for the assessment of resistance of prints.
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

5.10 Organic solvents and varnishes
Ethanol shall be denatured. The solvent mixture of ethanol, ethyl acetate and 1-methoxy-propanol-2
shall have a volume composition of 60 % ethanol, 30 % ethyl acetate and 10 % 1-methoxy-propanol-2.
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is a suitable solvent to test the degree of curing for uv inks. Any other solvent
or varnish for assessing the resistance of prints may be used.
5.11 Acids
This document does not specify any particular acid or concentration. It give examples of acids that are
commonly found commercially and in homes, which can be used for the assessment of resistance of
prints. The acid and concentration should
...