SIST-TS CEN/TS 12390-11:2010
(Main)Testing hardened concrete - Part 11: Determination of the chloride resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion
Testing hardened concrete - Part 11: Determination of the chloride resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion
This Technical Specification is a method for determining the unidirectional non-steady state chloride penetration parameters of conditioned specimens of hardened concrete. The test method enables the determination of the chloride penetration at a specified age, e.g. for ranking of concrete quality by comparative testing. Since resistance to chloride penetration depends on the aging, including the effects of continual hydration, then the ranking may also change with age.
Prüfung von Festbeton -Teil 11: Bestimmung des Chloridwiderstandes von Beton, einseitig gerichtete Diffusion
Diese Technische Spezifikation beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Parameter des einseitig gerichteten instationären Chlorideindringens in vorkonditionierte Probekörper aus Festbeton. Dieses Prüfverfahren ermöglicht die Bestimmung des Chlorideindringens bei einer bestimmten Altersstufe, um z. B. die Betongüte durch Vergleichsprüfungen einzustufen. Da der Widerstand gegen Chloridein¬dringen von der Alterung einschließlich der Auswirkungen fortschreitender Hydratation abhängt, kann sich auch die entsprechende Einstufung mit dem Alter ändern.
Essai sur béton durci - Partie 11: Détermination de la résistance du béton à la pénétration des chlorures, diffusion unidirectionnelle
La présente spécification technique est une méthode de détermination des paramètres de pénétration unidirectionnelle des chlorures en régime non stationnaire pour des éprouvettes conditionnées de béton durci. Elle permet de déterminer la pénétration des chlorures à un âge spécifié, par exemple, pour classer la qualité du béton par des essais comparatifs. La résistance à la pénétration des chlorures dépendant du vieillissement, notamment des effets de la poursuite de l’hydratation, le classement des bétons peut également varier avec l’âge.
Preskušanje strjenega betona - 11. del: Ugotavljanje odpornosti betona proti kloridom, enosmerna difuzija
Ta tehnična specifikacija je metoda za ugotavljanje parametrov enosmernega prodiranja kloridov v pogojene preskušance iz strjenega betona v položaju, ki ni mirujoč. Preskusna metoda omogoča določanje prodiranja kloridov pri določeni starosti, npr. za razvrščanje kakovosti betona glede na primerjalno preskušanje. Ker je odpornost na prodiranje kloridov odvisna od staranja, vključno z učinki stalne hidracije, se lahko tudi razvrščanje s starostjo spremeni.
General Information
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Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 12390-11:2010
01-junij-2010
Preskušanje strjenega betona - 11. del: Ugotavljanje odpornosti betona proti
kloridom, enosmerna difuzija
Testing hardened concrete - Part 11: Determination of the chloride resistance of
concrete, unidirectional diffusion
Prüfung von Festbeton -Teil 11: Bestimmung des Chloridwiderstandes von Beton,
einseitig gerichtete Diffusion
Essai sur béton durci - Partie 11: Détermination de la résistance du béton à la
pénétration des chlorures, diffusion unidirectionnelle
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 12390-11:2010
ICS:
91.100.30 Beton in betonski izdelki Concrete and concrete
products
SIST-TS CEN/TS 12390-11:2010 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TS CEN/TS 12390-11:2010
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 12390-11
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
January 2010
ICS 91.100.30
English Version
Testing hardened concrete - Part 11: Determination of the
chloride resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion
Essai sur béton durci - Partie 11: Détermination de la Prüfung von Festbeton - Teil 11: Bestimmung des
résistance du béton à la pénétration des chlorures, Chloridwiderstandes von Beton - Einseitig gerichtete
diffusion unidirectionnelle Diffusion
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 20 June 2009 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 12390-11:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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CEN/TS 12390-11:2010 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Principle .6
5 Reagents and apparatus .7
5.1 Reagents .7
5.2 Apparatus .7
6 Preparation of specimens .8
6.1 Preparing sub-specimens .8
6.2 Conditioning and preparation of profile specimen for chloride testing .9
6.2.1 Vacuum saturation of the profile specimens .9
6.2.2 Sealing surfaces other than the surface to be exposed .9
6.2.3 Profile specimen for immersion . 10
6.2.4 Profile specimen for ponding . 10
6.2.5 Profile specimen for inversion . 11
7 Procedure . 12
7.1 Exposure conditions . 12
7.1.1 Chloride exposure solution . 12
7.1.2 Exposure temperature . 12
7.2 Exposure method. 12
7.2.1 General . 12
7.2.2 Immersion . 12
7.2.3 Ponding . 12
7.2.4 Inversion . 13
7.3 Exposure period. 13
7.4 Determination of initial chloride content (C ) . 13
i
7.5 Profile grinding . 13
7.6 Chloride Analysis. 14
8 Regression procedure and expression of results . 14
9 Test report . 16
10 Precision . 17
Annex A (informative) Diffusion Coefficients . 18
Annex B (informative) Core test specimen . 19
Annex C (informative) Typical equipment and procedure for vacuum saturation . 20
C.1 Apparatus . 20
C.2 Procedure . 21
Annex D (normative) Immersion method for large specimens. 22
Bibliography . 23
2
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Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 12390-11:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104 “Concrete
and related products”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The drafting of this Technical Specification was delegated to CEN/TC 51/WG 12/TG 5.
This test method is one of a series concerned with testing concrete. At the behest of CEN, RILEM reviewed
chloride testing methods [1] and this Technical Specification is based on their recommendations. In addition,
th
this Technical Specification draws on recommendations from the EU-project “Chlortest” 5 Framework
Programme (GRD1-2002-71808/G6RD-CT-2002-00855) [2] immersion test recommendation as well as the
Nordtest Method NT Build 443 Concrete hardened: Accelerated Chloride penetration [3].
EN 12390, Testing hardened concrete, consists of the following parts:
Part 1: Shape, dimensions and other requirements for specimens and moulds
Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests
Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens
Part 4: Compressive strength ― Specification for testing machines
Part 5: Flexural strength of test specimens
Part 6: Tensile splitting strength of test specimens
Part 7: Density of hardened concrete
Part 8: Depth of penetration of water under pressure
1)
Part 9: Freeze-thaw resistance Scaling
1)
Part 10: Determination of the relative carbonation resistance of concrete
1)
Part 11: Determination of the chloride resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
1) For the time being, status of Technical Specification (CEN/TS).
3
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Introduction
Steel reinforced concrete structures exposed to the ingress of chloride, either from seawater or other sources,
need to be durable for at least the intended working life. The possibility of reinforcement corrosion is
significantly increased as the chloride level at the embedded reinforcement increases. For this reason, the
chloride diffusivity or penetrability of the concrete is an important property to measure and this Technical
Specification sets out a test method that may be applied to specimens cast to assess the potential chloride
resistance properties of a concrete mix.
NOTE This test method takes a minimum of 119 days comprising a minimum age of the specimen prior to testing of
28 days, a minimum of one day to prepare and condition the specimen and then 90 days to expose the specimen to the
chloride solution.
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1 Scope
This Technical Specification is a method for determining the unidirectional non-steady state chloride
penetration parameters of conditioned specimens of hardened concrete. The test method enables the
determination of the chloride penetration at a specified age, e.g. for ranking of concrete quality by comparative
testing. Since resistance to chloride penetration depends on the ageing, including the effects of continual
hydration, then the ranking may also change with age.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12390-2, Testing hardened concrete — Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests
EN 12504-1, Testing concrete in structures — Part 1: Cored specimens — Taking, examining and testing in
compression
EN 14629, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures — Test methods —
Determination of chloride content in hardened concrete
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
as-cast surface
surface of a concrete element exposed in the construction works to a chloride environment
3.2
chloride content
amount of acid-soluble chloride expressed in percent by mass of concrete
3.3
chloride penetration
ingress of chlorides into concrete due to exposure to external chloride sources
3.4
diffusion
movement of molecules or ions under a concentration gradient, that is movement from a zone of high
concentration to a zone with a lower concentration
3.5
diffusion coefficient
proportionality between the molecular flux (e.g. rate of flow of chloride ions) and the concentration gradient in
the diffusion equation
NOTE 1 In this Technical Specification Fick’s Law is adopted.
NOTE 2 See Annex A.
5
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3.6
initial chloride content
C
i
chloride content at a distance sufficiently remote from the surface as to not have been influenced by
penetration of the chloride exposure solution
NOTE It reflects the initial chloride content that came from the constituents when the concrete was mixed.
3.7
non-steady state diffusion coefficient
D
nss
diffusion coefficient that takes into account simultaneous chloride binding
NOTE 1 This reflects the rate of diffusion of chloride into a concrete when part of the chloride is being bound by the
cement.
NOTE 2 See Annex A.
NOTE 3 The steady-state chloride diffusion coefficient is measured on water saturated samples where chloride diffuses
through a thin specimen between two reservoirs of chloride solution, where one reservoir is at a higher concentration than
the other. This steady state chloride diffusion is not covered by this test method. The steady-state chloride diffusion
coefficient only reflects the ionic transport diffusion through concrete, as the concrete is unable to bind any more chloride
ion.
3.8
profile grinding
dry process grinding a concrete specimen in thin successive layers
3.9
vacuum saturated condition
specimen that is vacuum saturated with water
4 Principle
A specimen, either a cylinder or cube, is cast and cured in accordance with EN 12390-2, with a minimum
curing period of not less than 28 days.
Annex B gives guidance on the testing of core specimens, where the core may be sampled from a test
element, a precast concrete element or a structure.
The specimen is divided into two sub-specimens, a "profile specimen" that is used to determine the chloride
profile after exposure to unidirectional chloride ingress, and an initial chloride sub-specimen that is used to
determine the initial chloride level, C . This initial figure is taken as the chloride level of the cast concrete.
i
The profile specimen is vacuum saturated with distilled or demineralised water, coated on all sides but one
and then the uncoated face is exposed to a chloride exposure solution. The exposure is achieved by complete
immersion, ponding the uncoated face or inverting the specimen and having the uncoated face immersed in
the chloride exposure solution. The reference solution is a 3 % by mass sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, for a
period of 90 days (other concentrations or solutions, e.g. artificial seawater, are permitted as are different
exposure periods). The use of large fully immersed specimens is described in Annex D.
After 90 days of exposure, at least eight parallel layers of the chloride exposed surface are ground off the
profile specimen. The acid-soluble chloride content of each layer and the average depth of the layer from the
surface of the concrete exposed to the chloride solution are determined. The initial chloride content is
determined by grinding a sample from the other sub-specimen and the acid-soluble chloride content
determined.
6
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By non-linear regression analysis by least squares curve fitting, the surface chloride content (C ) and the non-
s
steady state chloride diffusion coefficient (D ) are determined.
nss
Because of the high coefficient of variation, ~ 15 % for D for the test, it is required to test at least two
nss
specimens and report the results separately.
NOTE 1 The chloride diffusion coefficient varies with the age of the concrete and the period of exposure.
NOTE 2 The diffusion test described in this Technical Specification is only valid for a constant initial chloride content.
NOTE 3 When precision information is available for this test, a check on the validity of the two or more results will be
introduced plus the determination of the average value.
5 Reagents and apparatus
5.1 Reagents
Reagents of analytical quality shall be used.
NOTE Unless otherwise stated "percent" means percent by mass.
5.1.1 Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)
2.
5.1.2 Chloride Exposure Solution
5.1.2.1 Reference solution
Dissolve 30 g of analytical quality NaCl in 970 g of distilled or demineralised water having an electrical
-1
conductivity ≤ 0,5 mSm at 20 °C to produce a 3 % by mass NaCl solution. Store it in a clean container.
NOTE This NaCl solution has a similar chloride concentration to that of Atlantic seawater.
5.1.2.2 Other exposure solutions
Where the concentration of the chloride exposure solution is other than that in 5.1.2.1, the concentration shall
be recorded and reported. Where a different solution is used, the composition of the solution shall be recorded
and reported.
NOTE 1 Natural and artificial seawater have been used to reflect the exposure of the construction works.
NOTE 2 Higher concentrations of NaCl, such as 16,5 %, and shorter exposure periods (e.g. 35 days) have been used
to accelerate the development of a chloride profile.
5.1.3 Chloride ion diffusion proof two-component polyurethane or epoxy-based paint or other
equivalent barrier system
5.1.4 Chemicals for chloride analysis, to EN 14629.
-1
5.1.5 Distilled or demineralised water, having an electrical conductivity ≤ 0,5 mSm .
5.2 Apparatus
5.2.1 Water cooled diamond saw
5.2.2 Balance for weighing NaCl and water, capable of weighing to an accuracy of ± 0,1 g.
5.2.3 Thermometer, capable of measuring to an accuracy of ± 1 °C.
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5.2.4 Temperature controlled chamber, capable of keeping a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C.
5.2.5 Where used, a polyethylene container with airtight lid for immersion of the profile specimen. The
volume of the exposure solution shall exceed the volume of the specimen by not less than 12,5 millilitres per
square centimetre of exposed surface. A container may contain more than one sample provided the ratio of
exposure solution to exposed surface shall be recorded and reported.
NOTE During the test, the chloride concentration of the chloride exposure solution reduces and if the ratio of the
volume of chloride exposure solution to exposure surface varies, the rate of reduction will vary with nominally identical
concrete. For this reason if a direct comparison of results from different specimens is required, the ratio of the volume of
chloride exposure solution to exposed surface should be constant.
5.2.6 Where used, pond to be attached to profile specimen. The ponds shall have a constant diameter and
initial depth not less than 125 mm.
5.2.7 Equipment for grinding off and collecting concrete powder in layers 1 mm or more deep, capable
2
of grinding a surface area of at least 40 cm and not grinding within 10 mm of the edge of the test area.
5.2.8 Compressed air or air blower, to clean dust from specimen and equipment between grinding layers.
5.2.9 Dust collecting bags
5.2.10 Equipment for chloride content testing, in accordance with EN 14629.
5.2.11 Calliper, measuring to an accuracy of ± 0,1 mm.
5.2.12 Vacuum container, capable of containing at least three specimens.
5.2.13 Vacuum pump, capable of maintaining an absolute pressure of less than 50 mbar (5 kPa) in the
container, e.g. a water-jet pump.
6 Preparation of specimens
6.1 Preparing sub-specimens
A specimen size shall be selected such that after cutting, the minimum dimension of the sub-specimens used
to determine a chloride profile are at least three times the nominal maximum aggregate size. At least two
specimens, either 100 mm diameter or more cylinders or 100 mm or more cubes, are cast and cured in a
water filled bath with a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C in accordance with EN 12390-2, where the curing period is
not less than 28 days.
NOTE 1 The aim of the test will normally be to assess the potential resistance to chloride ingress for a concrete mix.
Where the concrete contains secondary cementing materials, such as fly ash or ggbs, then it may be appropriate to
increase the minimum age at testing as it is known that chloride resistance may increase significantly at ages greater than
28 days.
After at least 28 days of standard curing, each cylinder or cube is cut into two sub-specimens using the water
cooled diamond saw. Cylindrical specimens are cut in the direction parallel to the flat surface and cubical
specimens are cut in the direction parallel to the top (trowelled) surface as shown in Figure 1. No dimension of
the sub-specimens used to determine a chloride profile shall be less than three times the nominal maximum
aggregate size. One sub-specimen (called the "profile specimen") is used to determine the chloride profile,
and the initial chloride sub-specimen is used to determine the initial chloride content. This initial chloride
content is taken as being the chloride content of the cast concrete. The adjacent sawn faces are used to
determine these values.
NOTE 2 Where a chloride profile is required that incorporates the effect of a formed surface then a formed surface from
a cube specimen may be specified as the surface for chloride exposure. However, the results from such a procedure are
8
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difficult to interpret due to concentrations of cement paste and chloride at the formed surface. The use of this approach
should be reported under Clause 9, m), as it is a non-standard test condition.
Key
1 trowelled surface
2 cut to separate specimens and produce exposure surface
Figure 1 — Specimen preparation
After sawing, the sub-specimen to be used to determine the initial chloride content shall be placed in a close
fitting sealed plastic bag or tested immediately.
Where needed, the sub-specimens may be cut to reduce their size to aid handling, but the sub-specimen for
determining the chloride profile shall not have a dimension less than three times the nominal maximum
aggregate size.
6.2 Conditioning and preparation of profile specimen for chloride testing
6.2.1 Vacuum saturation of the profile specimens
After sawing the specimens, vacuum saturate the profile specimens with water. Annex C shows a typical
arrangement for vacuum saturation. Place the profile specimens in the vacuum container and reduce the
absolute pressure to a value between 10 mbar and 50 mbar (1 kPa to 5 kPa) within a few minutes of closing
the container. Maintain this absolute pressure for 3 h and then with the vacuum pump still running, fill the
container with distilled or demineralised water so that all the profile specimens are immersed. Maintain the
absolute pressure for a further hour before allowing air to re-enter the container.
Leave the profile specimens immersed in water until the process of surface sealing starts.
6.2.2 Sealing surfaces other than the surface to be exposed
Start the sealing within 24 h of completing the vacuum saturation. All surfaces of the profile specimen except
for the sawn face shall be sealed, see Annex D for an exception. After sealing the surfaces, place the
specimens in saturated calcium hydroxide solution for at least 18 h.
NOTE The purpose of sealing the faces other than the face exposed to the chloride solution is to ensure that the
ingress of chloride ions into the concrete is a pure unidirectional diffusion process and not a mixture of diffusion and other
processes, e.g. capillary suction.
The requirement to seal the faces may be achieved in a number of ways. The following techniques have
established suitability.
a) Sealing technique for immersion, ponding or inversion
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The profile specimen shall be dried in laboratory air until its surface is "white-dry".
NOTE This usually takes between 2 h and 4 h.
All faces except the face to be exposed to the chloride solution shall be coated with a layer of epoxy or
polyurethane or equivalent making sure that the surface to be tested remains free of the coating material. The
coating material shall be applied and cured in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer.
b) Alternate sealing technique for ponding
This technique is only applicable to specimens that are to be ponded. Dry the surfaces with a cloth to remove
free water and wrap the surface with one or three layers of a polymeric or composite self amalgamating tape
with a low water vapour transmission rate (for instance aluminium foil tape or parafinated polymeric film),
ensuring sufficient overlap of joints.
NOTE If one layer is applied, 7.2.3 requires additional protection.
6.2.3 Profile specimen for immersion
After storage in saturated calcium hydroxide solution, the specimen shall be transferred directly to exposure
without surface drying. A suitable arrangement is shown in Figure 2.
Key
1 chloride solution not less than 12,5 millilitres per square centimetre of exposed surface
2 seal surfaces
3 exposed surface
Figure 2 — Example of an immersed specimen and sealed surfaces
6.2.4 Profile specimen for ponding
After storage in saturated calcium hydroxide solution, a pond is sealed to the surface of the specimen in a
manner that prevents leakage of the chloride exposure solution. A suitable arrangement is shown in Figure 3,
noting that the volume of the pond is as defined in 5.2.6. The external border between the plastic tube and
specimen is sealed to prevent leakage. The diameter of the tube used to form the pond may be 10 mm to
20 mm less than the diameter of the specimen to allow the formation of a watertight seal. The surface not
covered by the pond shall be completely sealed using the sealant or the tape defined in 6.2.2, b).
NOTE At the edge of such specimens, there will not be unidirectional chloride ingress.
10
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An alternative technique is to use a slightly larger tube and a rubber gasket between the tube and the sealed
side of the specimen.
Key
1 pond
2 seal
3 profile specimen
Figure 3 — Example of a profile specimen and pond sealed to surface
6.2.5 Profile specimen for inversion
After sealing in accordance with 6.2.2 and storage in the calcium hydroxide solution, the specimen shall be
transferred directly to the inversion exposure apparatus without surface drying. A suitable arrangement is
shown in Figure 4. The volume of the exposure solution shall not be less than 12,5 millilitres per square
centimetre of exposed surface.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 sealant on specimen
2 NaCI solution
Figure 4 — Example of an inversion specimen and exposure apparatus
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7 Procedure
7.1 Exposure conditions
7.1.1 Chloride exposure solution
Unless specified otherwise, the chloride exposure solution shall be a 3 % NaCl solution in accordance with
5.1.2.1. If the chloride exposure solution is other than the reference solution (see 5.1.2.2), it shall be reported.
The c
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 12390-11:2009
01-april-2009
Preskušanje strjenega betona - 11. del: Ugotavljanje odpornosti betona proti
kloridom, enosmerna diferenciacija
Testing hardened concrete - Determination of the chloride resistance of concrete,
unidirectional diffusion
Essai sur béton durci - Partie 11: Détermination de la résistance du béton à la
pénétration des chlorures, diffusion unidirectionnelle
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prCEN/TS 12390-11
ICS:
91.100.30 Beton in betonski izdelki Concrete and concrete
products
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 12390-11:2009 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 12390-11:2009
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oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 12390-11:2009
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
FINAL DRAFT
prCEN/TS 12390-11
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
February 2009
ICS
English Version
Testing hardened concrete - Determination of the chloride
resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion
Essai sur béton durci - Partie 11: Détermination de la
résistance du béton à la pénétration des chlorures,
diffusion unidirectionnelle
This draft Technical Specification is submitted to CEN members for formal vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC
104.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a Technical Specification. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice
and shall not be referred to as a Technical Specification.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prCEN/TS 12390-11:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 12390-11:2009
prCEN/TS 12390-11:2009 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Principle .6
5 Reagents and apparatus .7
5.1 Reagents .7
5.2 Apparatus .7
6 Preparation of specimens .8
6.1 Preparing sub-specimens .8
6.2 Conditioning and preparation of profile specimen for chloride testing .9
6.2.1 Vacuum saturation of the profile specimens .9
6.2.2 Sealing surfaces other than the surface to be exposed .9
6.2.3 Profile specimen for immersion . 10
6.2.4 Profile specimen for ponding . 10
6.2.5 Profile specimen for inversion . 11
7 Procedure . 12
7.1 Exposure conditions . 12
7.1.1 Chloride exposure solution . 12
7.1.2 Exposure temperature . 12
7.2 Exposure method. 12
7.2.1 General . 12
7.2.2 Immersion . 12
7.2.3 Ponding . 12
7.2.4 Inversion . 12
7.3 Exposure period. 13
7.4 Determination of initial chloride content (C ) . 13
i
7.5 Profile grinding . 13
7.6 Chloride Analysis. 14
8 Regression procedure and expression of results . 14
9 Test report . 16
10 Precision . 17
Annex A (informative) Diffusion Coefficients . 18
Annex B (informative) Core test specimen . 19
Annex C (informative) Typical equipment and procedure for vacuum saturation . 20
C.1 Apparatus . 20
C.2 Procedure . 21
Annex D (normative) Immersion method for large specimens. 22
Bibliography . 23
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Foreword
This document (prCEN/TS 12390-11:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104
“Concrete and related products”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the TC Approval.
The drafting of this Technical Specification was delegated to CEN/TC 51/WG 12/TG 5.
This test method is one of a series concerned with testing concrete. At the behest of CEN, RILEM reviewed
chloride testing methods [1] and this Technical Specification is based on their recommendations. In addition,
th
this Technical Specification draws on recommendations from the EU-project “Chlortest” 5 Framework
Programme (GRD1-2002-71808/G6RD-CT-2002-00855) [2] immersion test recommendation as well as the
Nordtest Method NT Build 443 Concrete hardened: Accelerated Chloride penetration [3].
The series EN 12390 "Testing hardened concrete" includes the following parts:
Part 1: Shape, dimensions and other requirements for specimens and moulds;
Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests;
Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens;
Part 4: Compressive strength – Specification for testing machines;
Part 5: Flexural strength of test specimens;
Part 6: Tensile splitting strength of test specimens;
Part 7: Density of hardened concrete;
Part 8: Depth of penetration of water under pressure;
1
Part 9: Freeze-thaw resistance Scaling ;
1;
Part 10: Determination of the relative carbonation resistance of concrete
1
Part 11: Determination of the chloride resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion (this document) .
1 For the time being, status of Technical Specification (CEN/TS).
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Introduction
Steel reinforced concrete structures exposed to the ingress of chloride, either from seawater or other sources,
need to be durable for at least the intended working life. The possibility of reinforcement corrosion is
significantly increased as the chloride level at the embedded reinforcement increases. For this reason, the
chloride diffusivity or penetrability of the concrete is an important property to measure and this Technical
Specification sets out a test method that may be applied to specimens cast to assess the potential chloride
resistance properties of a concrete mix.
NOTE This test method takes a minimum of 119 days comprising a minimum age of the specimen prior to testing of
28 days, a minimum of one day to prepare and condition the specimen and then 90 days to expose the specimen to the
chloride solution.
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1 Scope
This Technical Specification is a method for determining the unidirectional non-steady state chloride
penetration parameters of conditioned specimens of hardened concrete. The test method enables the
determination of the chloride penetration at a specified age, e.g. for ranking of concrete quality by comparative
testing. Since resistance to chloride penetration depends on the aging, including the effects of continual
hydration, then the ranking may also change with age.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12390-2, Testing hardened concrete — Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests
EN 12504-1, Testing concrete in structures — Part 1: Cored specimens — Taking, examining and testing in
compression
EN 14629, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures - Test methods -
Determination of chloride content in hardened concrete
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
as-cast surface
surface of a concrete element exposed in the construction works to a chloride environment
3.2
chloride content
amount of acid-soluble chloride expressed in percent by mass of concrete
3.3
chloride penetration
ingress of chlorides into concrete due to exposure to external chloride sources
3.4
diffusion
movement of molecules or ions under a concentration gradient, that is movement from a zone of high
concentration to a zone with a lower concentration
3.5
diffusion coefficient
proportionality between the molecular flux (e.g. rate of flow of chloride ions) and the concentration gradient in
the diffusion equation (in this Technical Specification Fick’s Law is adopted), see Annex A
3.6
initial chloride content
C
i
chloride content at a distance sufficiently remote from the surface as to not have been influenced by
penetration of the chloride exposure solution (it reflects the initial chloride content that came from the
constituents when the concrete was mixed)
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3.7
non-steady state diffusion coefficient
D
nss
diffusion coefficient that takes into account simultaneous chloride binding (this reflects the rate of diffusion of
chloride into a concrete when part of the chloride is being bound by the cement), see Annex A
NOTE The steady-state chloride diffusion coefficient is measured on water saturated samples where chloride diffuses
through a thin specimen between two reservoirs of chloride solution, where one reservoir is at a higher concentration than
the other. This steady state chloride diffusion is not covered by this test method. The steady-state chloride diffusion
coefficient only reflects the ionic transport diffusion through concrete, as the concrete is unable to bind any more chloride
ion.
3.8
profile grinding
dry process grinding a concrete specimen in thin successive layers
3.9
vacuum saturated condition
specimen that is vacuum saturated with water
4 Principle
A specimen, either a cylinder or cube, is cast and cured in accordance with EN 12390-2, with a minimum
curing period of not less than 28 days.
Annex B gives guidance on the testing of core specimens, where the core may be sampled from a test
element, a precast concrete element or a structure.
The specimen is divided into two sub-specimens, a ‘profile specimen’ that is used to determine the chloride
profile after exposure to unidirectional chloride ingress, and an initial chloride sub-specimen that is used to
determine the initial chloride level, C . This initial figure is taken as the chloride level of the cast concrete.
i
The profile specimen is vacuum saturated with distilled or demineralised water, coated on all sides but one
and then the uncoated face is exposed to a chloride exposure solution. The exposure is achieved by complete
immersion, ponding the uncoated face or inverting the specimen and having the uncoated face immersed in
the chloride exposure solution. The reference solution is a 3 % by mass sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, for a
period of 90 days (other concentrations or solutions e.g. artificial seawater, are permitted as are different
exposure periods). The use of large fully immersed specimens is described in Annex D.
After 90 days of exposure, at least 8 parallel layers of the chloride exposed surface are ground off the profile
specimen. The acid-soluble chloride content of each layer and the average depth of the layer from the surface
of the concrete exposed to the chloride solution are determined. The initial chloride content is determined by
grinding a sample from the other sub-specimen and the acid-soluble chloride content determined.
By non-linear regression analysis by least squares curve fitting, the surface chloride content (C ) and the non-
s
steady state chloride diffusion coefficient (D ) are determined.
nss
Because of the high coefficient of variation, ~ 15 % for D for the test, it is required to test at least two
nss
specimens and report the results separately.
NOTE 1 The chloride diffusion coefficient varies with the age of the concrete and the period of exposure.
NOTE 2 The diffusion test described in this Technical Specification is only valid for a constant initial chloride content.
NOTE 3 When precision information is available for this test, a check on the validity of the two or more results will be
introduced plus the determination of the average value.
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5 Reagents and apparatus
5.1 Reagents
Reagents of analytical quality shall be used.
NOTE Unless otherwise stated ‘percent’ means percent by mass.
5.1.1 Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)
2.
5.1.2 Chloride Exposure Solution
5.1.2.1 Reference solution
Dissolve 30 g of analytical quality NaCl in 970 g of distilled or demineralised water having an electrical
-1
conductivity ≤ 0,5 mSm at 20 °C to produce a 3 % by mass NaCl solution. Store it in a clean container.
NOTE This NaCl solution has a similar chloride concentration to that of Atlantic seawater.
5.1.2.2 Other exposure solutions
Where the concentration of the chloride exposure solution is other than that in 5.1.2.1, the concentration shall
be recorded and reported. Where a different solution is used, the composition of the solution shall be recorded
and reported.
NOTE 1 Natural and artificial seawater have been used to reflect the exposure of the construction works.
NOTE 2 Higher concentrations of NaCl, such as 16,5 %, and shorter exposure periods (e.g. 35 days) have been used
to accelerate the development of a chloride profile.
5.1.3 Chloride ion diffusion proof two-component polyurethane or epoxy-based paint or other
equivalent barrier system
5.1.4 Chemicals for chloride analysis, to EN 14629.
-1
5.1.5 Distilled or demineralised water, having an electrical conductivity ≤ 0,5 mSm .
5.2 Apparatus
5.2.1 Water cooled diamond saw
5.2.2 Balance for weighing NaCl and water, capable of weighing to an accuracy of ± 0,1 g.
5.2.3 Thermometer, capable of measuring to an accuracy of ± 1 °C.
5.2.4 Temperature controlled chamber, capable of keeping a temperature of 20 °C ± 2 °C.
5.2.5 Where used, a polyethylene container with airtight lid for immersion of the profile specimen. The
2
volume of the exposure solution shall exceed the volume of the specimen by not less than 12,5 ml per cm of
exposed surface. A container may contain more than one sample provided the ratio of exposure solution to
exposed surface shall be recorded and reported.
NOTE During the test, the chloride concentration of the chloride exposure solution reduces and if the ratio of the
volume of chloride exposure solution to exposure surface varies, the rate of reduction will vary with nominally identical
concrete. For this reason if a direct comparison of results from different specimens is required, the ratio of the volume of
chloride exposure solution to exposed surface should be constant.
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5.2.6 Where used, pond to be attached to profile specimen. The ponds shall have a constant diameter and
initial depth not less than 125 mm.
5.2.7 Equipment for grinding off and collecting concrete powder in layers less than 2 mm deep,
2
capable of grinding a surface area of at least 40 cm and not grinding within 10 mm of the edge of the test
area.
5.2.8 Compressed air or air blower, to clean dust from specimen and equipment between grinding layers.
5.2.9 Dust collecting bags
5.2.10 Equipment for chloride content testing, in accordance with EN 14629.
5.2.11 Calliper, measuring to an accuracy of ± 0,1 mm.
5.2.12 Vacuum container, capable of containing at least three specimens.
5.2.13 Vacuum pump, capable of maintaining an absolute pressure of less than 50 mbar (5 kPa) in the
container, e.g. a water-jet pump.
6 Preparation of specimens
6.1 Preparing sub-specimens
A specimen size shall be selected such that after cutting, the minimum dimension of the sub-specimens used
to determine a chloride profile are at least three times the nominal maximum aggregate size. At least two
specimens, either 100 mm diameter or more cylinders or 100 mm or more cubes, are cast and cured in a
water filled bath with a temperature of 20 °C ± 2 °C in accordance with EN 12390-2, where the curing period is
not less than 28 days.
NOTE 1 The aim of the test will normally be to assess the potential resistance to chloride ingress for a concrete mix.
Where the concrete contains secondary cementing materials, such as fly ash or ggbs, then it may be appropriate to
increase the minimum age at testing as it is known that chloride resistance may increase significantly at ages greater than
28 days.
After at least 28 days of standard curing, each cylinder or cube is cut into two sub-specimens using the water
cooled diamond saw. Cylindrical specimens are cut in the direction parallel to the flat surface and cubical
specimens are cut in the direction parallel to the top (trowelled) surface as shown in Figure 1. No dimension of
the sub-specimens used to determine a chloride profile shall be less than three times the nominal maximum
aggregate size. One sub-specimen (called the ‘profile specimen’) is used to determine the chloride profile, and
the initial chloride sub-specimen is used to determine the initial chloride content. This initial chloride content is
taken as being the chloride content of the cast concrete. The adjacent sawn faces are used to determine
these values.
NOTE 2 Where a chloride profile is required that incorporates the effect of a formed surface then a formed surface from
a cube specimen may be specified as the surface for chloride exposure. However, the results from such a procedure are
difficult to interpret due to concentrations of cement paste and chloride at the formed surface. The use of this approach
has to be reported under Clause 9 m), as it is a non-standard test condition.
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Key
1 trowelled surface
2 cut to separate specimens and produce exposure surface
Figure 1 — Specimen preparation
After sawing, the sub-specimen to be used to determine the initial chloride content shall be placed in a close
fitting sealed plastic bag or tested immediately.
Where needed, the sub-specimens may be cut to reduce their size to aid handling, but the sub-specimen for
determining the chloride profile shall not have a dimension less than three times the nominal maximum
aggregate size.
6.2 Conditioning and preparation of profile specimen for chloride testing
6.2.1 Vacuum saturation of the profile specimens
After sawing the specimens, vacuum saturate the profile specimens with water. Annex C shows a typical
arrangement for vacuum saturation. Place the profile specimens in the vacuum container and reduce the
absolute pressure to a value between 10 mbar to 50 mbar (1 kPa to 5 kPa) within a few minutes of closing the
container. Maintain this absolute pressure for 3 hours and then with the vacuum pump still running, fill the
container with distilled or demineralised water so that all the profile specimens are immersed. Maintain the
absolute pressure for a further hour before allowing air to re-enter the container.
Leave the profile specimens immersed in water until the process of surface sealing starts.
6.2.2 Sealing surfaces other than the surface to be exposed
Start the sealing within 24 hours of completing the vacuum saturation. All surfaces of the profile specimen
except for the sawn face shall be sealed, see Annex D for an exception. After sealing the surfaces, place the
specimens in saturated calcium hydroxide solution for at least 18 hours.
NOTE 1 The purpose of sealing the faces other than the face exposed to the chloride solution is to ensure that the
ingress of chloride ions into the concrete is a pure unidirectional diffusion process and not a mixture of diffusion and other
processes, e.g. capillary suction.
The requirement to seal the faces may be achieved in a number of ways. The following techniques have
established suitability.
a) Sealing technique for immersion, ponding or inversion
The profile specimen shall be dried in laboratory air until its surface is ‘white-dry’.
NOTE 2 This usually takes between 2 hours to 4 hours.
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All faces except the face to be exposed to the chloride solution shall be coated with a layer of epoxy or
polyurethane or equivalent making sure that the surface to be tested remains free of the coating material. The
coating material shall be applied and cured in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer.
b) Alternate sealing technique for ponding
This technique is only applicable to specimens that are to be ponded. Dry the surfaces with a cloth to remove
free water and wrap the surface with insulating tape ensuring sufficient overlap of joints.
6.2.3 Profile specimen for immersion
After storage in saturated calcium hydroxide solution, the specimen shall be transferred directly to exposure
without surface drying. A suitable arrangement is shown in Figure 2.
Key
2
1 chloride solution not less than 12,5 ml per cm of exposed surface
2 seal surfaces
3 exposed surface
Figure 2 — Example of an immersed specimen and sealed surfaces
6.2.4 Profile specimen for ponding
After storage in saturated calcium hydroxide solution, a pond is sealed to the surface of the specimen in a
manner that prevents leakage of the chloride exposure solution. A suitable arrangement is shown in Figure 3,
noting that the volume of the pond is as defined in 5.2.6. The external border between the plastic tube and
specimen is sealed to prevent leakage. The diameter of the tube used to form the pond may be 10 mm to
20 mm less than the diameter of the specimen to allow the formation of a watertight seal.
NOTE At the edge of such specimens, there will not be unidirectional chloride ingress.
An alternative technique is to use a slightly larger tube and a rubber gasket between the tube and the sealed
side of the specimen.
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Key
1 pond
2 seal
3 profile specimen
Figure 3 — Example of a profile specimen and pond sealed to surface
6.2.5 Profile specimen for inversion
After sealing in accordance with 6.2.2 and storage in the calcium hydroxide solution, the specimen shall be
transferred directly to the inversion exposure apparatus without surface drying. A suitable arrangement is
2
shown in Figure 4. The volume of the exposure solution shall not be less than 12,5 ml per cm of exposed
surface.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 sealant on specimen
2 NaCI solution
Figure 4 — Example of an inversion specimen and exposure apparatus
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7 Procedure
7.1 Exposure conditions
7.1.1 Chloride exposure solution
Unless specified otherwise, the chloride exposure solution shall be a 3 % NaCl solution in accordance with
5.1.2.1. If the chloride exposure solution is other than the reference solution (see 5.1.2.2), it shall be reported.
The chloride exposure solution concentration after use shall be measured and recorded.
NOTE 1 Where testing is related to the intended use in a specific exposure condition, the chloride exposure solution
should reflect the exposure conditions taking into account the expected depletion of chloride.
NOTE 2 During the test period the concentration of the chloride exposure solution will reduce. The volume of chloride
exposure solution has been selected so that it does not have to be replaced during a test lasting 90 days. If a longer test
period is required, the chloride exposure solution should be replaced at 91 day intervals.
NOTE 3 Fick’s Law is based on the assumption that the external chloride concentration remains constant during the
duration of the test. In the normal test situation, the error introduced by assuming that the chloride concentration remains
constant at the initial concentration is small.
7.1.2 Exposure temperature
Where used, the temperature of the water bath for the immersion specimen, the temperature of the chloride
exposure solution in the inversion method and the temperature of the chamber used to store the ponded
specimen shall be maintained at 20 °C ± 2 °C and confirmed at least once per day and the mean and range
over the duration of the test reported.
7.2 Exposure method
7.2.1 General
The exposed (sawn) surface of the profile specimens shall be in direct contact with the chloride exposure
solution either by immersion, ponding or inversion. The age of the specimen when it is first exposed to the
chloride exposure solution shall be recorded and reported.
7.2.2 Immersion
Profile specimens to be immers
...
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