oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
(Main)Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-2: General actions - Actions on structures exposed to fire
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-2: General actions - Actions on structures exposed to fire
1.1 Scope of EN 1991 1 2
(1) The methods given in this Eurocode are applicable to buildings and civil engineering works, with a fire load related to the building and its occupancy.
(2) EN 1991 1 2 deals with thermal and mechanical actions on structures exposed to fire. It is intended to be used in conjunction with the fire design Parts of EN 1992 to EN 1996 and EN 1999 which give rules for designing structures for fire resistance.
(3) EN 1991 1 2 contains thermal actions either nominal or physically based. More data and models for physically based thermal actions are given in annexes.
(4) EN 1991 1 2 does not cover the assessment of the damage of a structure after a fire.
(5) EN 1991 1 2 does not cover supplementary requirements concerning, for example:
- the possible installation and maintenance of sprinkler systems;
- conditions on occupancy of building or fire compartment;
- the use of approved insulation and coating materials, including their maintenance.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
- any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained;
- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation.
Eurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-2: Allgemeine Einwirkungen - Brandeinwirkungen auf Tragwerke
1.1 Anwendungsbereich von prEN 1991 1 2
(1) Die in diesem Eurocode angegebenen Verfahren sind auf Hoch- und Ingenieurbauten mit Brandlasten entsprechend der Gebäudeart und nutzung anwendbar.
(2) prEN 1991 1 2 behandelt die thermischen und mechanischen Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke unter Brandbeanspruchung. Sie ist vorgesehen zur Anwendung in Zusammenhang mit den Brandschutzteilen von EN 1992 bis EN 1996 sowie EN 1999, die die Regeln für die Bemessung von Tragwerken auf Feuerwiderstand enthalten.
(3) prEN 1991 1 2 enthält thermische Einwirkungen, die entweder nominell oder physikalisch basiert sind. Weitere Daten und Modelle für physikalisch basierte thermische Einwirkungen sind in Anhängen angegeben.
(4) prEN 1991 1 2 behandelt nicht die Schadensbewertung eines Tragwerks nach einem Brand.
(5) prEN 1991 1 2 behandelt keine ergänzenden Anforderungen beispielsweise bezüglich:
- des möglichen Einbaus und der Instandhaltung von Sprinkleranlagen;
- der Bedingungen für die Bewohnbarkeit von Gebäude- oder Brandabschnitten;
- der Verwendung von zugelassenen Dämm- und Beschichtungsstoffen, einschließlich ihrer Instandhaltung.
1.2 Annahmen
(1) Zusätzlich zu den allgemeinen Annahmen in prEN 1990 gelten die folgenden Annahmen:
- jedes bei der Bemessung berücksichtigte aktive oder passive Brandschutzsystem wird angemessen gewartet;
- die Wahl des maßgebenden Bemessungsbrandszenarios wird durch entsprechend qualifiziertes und erfahrenes Personal getroffen oder durch die maßgebende nationale Vorschrift vorgegeben.
Eurocode 1: Actions sur les structures - Partie 1-2: Actions générales - Actions sur les structures exposées au feu
1.1 Domaine d’application du prEN 1991 1 2
(1) Les méthodes indiquées dans le présent Eurocode sont applicables aux bâtiments et aux ouvrages de génie civil, en prenant en compte une charge calorifique liée au bâtiment et à son occupation.
(2) Le prEN 1991 1 2 traite des actions thermiques et mécaniques sur les structures exposées au feu. Il est destiné à être utilisé en association avec les parties relatives au calcul au feu des EN 1992 à EN 1996 et de l’EN 1999, qui fixent les règles de calcul de résistance au feu des structures.
(3) Le prEN 1991 1 2 comporte les actions thermiques qui sont soit nominales, soit physiquement fondées. Les annexes présentent des données supplémentaires et des modèles pour des actions thermiques physiquement fondées.
(4) Le prEN 1991 1 2 ne traite pas de l’évaluation des dommages subis par une structure après un incendie.
(5) Le prEN 1991 1 2 ne traite pas des exigences supplémentaires concernant par exemple :
- l’installation et la maintenance éventuelles de systèmes d’extinction ;
- les conditions d’occupation du bâtiment ou du compartiment ;
- l’utilisation de matériaux isolants et de revêtement agréés, y compris leur maintenance.
1.2 Hypothèses
(1) Outre les hypothèses générales du prEN 1990, les hypothèses suivantes s’appliquent :
- tout système de protection incendie actif ou passif pris en compte dans le calcul fait l’objet d’une maintenance adéquate ;
- le choix du scénario de feu de calcul pertinent est fait par un personnel possédant une qualification et une expérience appropriées, ou est indiqué par la réglementation nationale concernée.
Evrokod 1: Vplivi na konstrukcije - 1-2. del: Splošni vplivi - Vplivi požara na konstrukcije
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
01-december-2021
Evrokod 1: Vplivi na konstrukcije - 1-2. del: Splošni vplivi - Vplivi požara na
konstrukcije
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-2: General actions - Actions on structures
exposed to fire
Eurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-2: Allgemeine Einwirkungen -
Brandeinwirkungen auf Tragwerke
Eurocode 1: Actions sur les structures - Partie 1-2: Actions générales - Actions sur les
structures exposées au feu
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 1991-1-2
ICS:
13.220.50 Požarna odpornost Fire-resistance of building
gradbenih materialov in materials and elements
elementov
91.010.30 Tehnični vidiki Technical aspects
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 1991-1-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2021
ICS 13.220.50; 91.010.30 Will supersede EN 1991-1-2:2002
English Version
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-2: General
actions - Actions on structures exposed to fire
Eurocode 1: Actions sur les structures - Partie 1-2: Eurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-2:
Actions générales - Actions sur les structures exposées Allgemeine Einwirkungen - Brandeinwirkungen auf
au feu Tragwerke
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 250.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 1991-1-2:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
prEN 1991-1-2:2021 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
0 Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 9
1.1 Scope of prEN 1991-1-2 . 9
1.2 Assumptions . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 10
3.1 Terms and definitions . 10
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations . 14
4 Structural fire design procedure . 19
4.1 General. 19
4.2 Design fire scenario . 19
4.3 Design fire . 19
4.4 Temperature analysis of members . 19
4.5 Mechanical analysis of members . 20
5 Thermal actions for temperature analysis . 20
5.1 Heat flux . 20
5.2 Nominal fire curves . 22
5.3 Physically based models . 23
6 Mechanical actions for structural analysis . 24
6.1 General. 24
6.2 Simultaneity of actions . 24
6.3 Combination rules for actions . 25
Annex A (informative) Parametric temperature-time curves . 28
A.1 Use of this annex . 28
A.2 Scope and field of application . 28
A.3 Temperature-time curves in the heating phase . 28
A.4 Temperature-time curves in the cooling phase . 31
Annex B (informative) Thermal actions for external members — Simplified calculation
method . 32
B.1 Use of this annex . 32
B.2 Scope and field of application . 32
B.3 Conditions of use . 32
B.4 Effects of wind . 33
B.5 Characteristics of fire and flames . 34
B.6 Overall configuration factors. 40
Annex C (informative) Localised fires . 41
C.1 Use of this annex . 41
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
prEN 1991-1-2:2021 (E)
C.2 Scope and field of application . 41
C.3 Virtual solid flame . 41
Annex D (informative) Advanced fire models . 47
D.1 Use of this annex . 47
D.2 Scope and field of application . 47
D.3 One-zone models. 47
D.4 Two-zone models . 48
D.5 Computational fluid dynamics models . 49
Annex E (informative) Fire load densities, Fire Growth Rates and Rate of Heat Releases . 50
E.1 Use of this annex . 50
E.2 Scope and field of application . 50
E.3 Design value of fire load density . 50
E.4 Determination of fire load densities . 53
E.5 Combustion behaviour . 57
E.6 Rate of heat release Q . 57
Annex F (informative) Equivalent time of fire exposure . 60
F.1 Use of this annex . 60
F.2 Scope and field of application . 60
F.3 Equivalent time of standard fire exposure . 60
Annex G (informative) Configuration factor . 62
G.1 Use of this annex . 62
G.2 Scope and field of application . 62
G.3 General . 62
G.4 Shadow effects . 63
G.5 External members . 63
G.6 Virtual solid flame . 66
Bibliography . 69
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
prEN 1991-1-2:2021 (E)
European foreword
This document (prEN 1991-1-2:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250
“Structural Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all
Structural Eurocodes and has been assigned responsibility for structural and geotechnical design matters
by CEN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 1991-1-2:2002.
The first generation of EN Eurocodes was published between 2002 and 2007. This document forms part
of the second generation of the Eurocodes, which have been prepared under Mandate M/515 issued to
CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
The Eurocodes have been drafted to be used in conjunction with relevant execution, material, product
and test standards, and to identify requirements for execution, materials, products and testing that are
relied upon by the Eurocodes.
The Eurocodes recognise the responsibility of each Member State and have safeguarded their right to
determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level through the use of National
Annexes.
4
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
prEN 1991-1-2:2021 (E)
0 Introduction
0.1 Introduction to the Eurocodes
The structural Eurocodes comprise the following standards generally consisting of a number of Parts:
— EN 1990, Eurocode: Basis of structural and geotechnical design
— EN 1991, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
— EN 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
— EN 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
— EN 1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structure
— EN 1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
— EN 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
— EN 1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
— EN 1998, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
— EN 1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
—
The Eurocodes are intended for use by designers, clients, manufacturers, constructors, relevant
authorities (in exercising their duties in accordance with national or international regulations),
educators, software developers, and committees drafting standards for related product, testing and
execution standards.
NOTE Some aspects of design are most appropriately specified by relevant authorities or, where not specified,
can be agreed on a project-specific basis between relevant parties such as designers and clients. The Eurocodes
identify such aspects making explicit reference to relevant authorities and relevant parties.
0.2 Introduction to EN 1991
EN 1991 provides the actions to be considered for the structural design of buildings, bridges and other
civil engineering works, or parts thereof, including temporary structures, in conjunction with EN 1990
and the other Eurocodes.
The actions on structures, including in some cases geotechnical structures in conjunction with EN 1997
as appropriate, provided in EN 1991 are intended to be applied in conjunction with the other Eurocodes
for the verification of safety, serviceability and durability, as well as robustness of structures, including
the execution phase.
EN 1991 does not cover actions for structures in seismic regions, unless explicitly prescribed by EN 1998.
EN 1991 is applicable to existing structures for their:
— structural assessment,
— retrofitting (strengthening, repair) design,
— assessment for changes of use.
5
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
prEN 1991-1-2:2021 (E)
NOTE 1 In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
EN 1991 is applicable to the design of structures where materials or actions outside the scope of the other
Eurocodes are involved.
NOTE 2 In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
0.3 Introduction to prEN 1991-1-2
prEN 1991-1-2 describes the thermal and mechanical actions for the structural design of buildings
exposed to fire, including the following safety requirements and design procedures.
prEN 1991-1-2 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other Parts of EN 1991 and EN 1992 to EN 1999
for the design of structures.
0.3.1 Safety requirements
The general objectives are to limit risks with respect to the individual and society, neighbouring property,
and where required, environment or directly exposed property, in the case of fire.
Construction Products Regulation (EU) No 305/2011 gives the following requirement for the limitation
of the consequence in case of fire:
“The construction works must be designed and built in such a way, that in the event of an outbreak of fire
— the load bearing capacity of the construction can be assumed for a specified period of time,
— the generation and spread of fire and smoke within the works are limited,
— the spread of fire to neighbouring construction works is limited,
— the occupants can leave the works or can be rescued by other means,
— the safety of rescue teams is taken into consideration”.
1)
According to the Interpretative Document N°2 “Safety in Case of Fire” the essential requirement may be
observed by following various possibilities for fire safety strategies prevailing in the Member States like
conventional fire scenarios (nominal fires) or “natural” (physically based) fire scenarios, including
passive and/or active fire protection measures.
Required functions and levels of performance can be specified either in terms of nominal (standard) fire
resistance rating, generally given in national fire regulations or, where allowed by national fire
regulations, by referring to fire safety engineering for assessing passive and active measures.
The fire parts of Structural Eurocodes deal with specific aspects of passive fire protection in terms of
designing structures and parts thereof for adequate load bearing resistance and for limiting fire spread
as relevant.
Numerical values for partial factors and other reliability elements are given to provide an acceptable level
of reliability. They have been selected assuming that an appropriate level of workmanship and of quality
management applies.
1) See 2.2, 3.2(4) and 4.2.3.3 of ID N°2.
6
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
prEN 1991-1-2:2021 (E)
0.3.2 Design procedures
A full analytical procedure for structural fire design would take into account the behaviour of the
structural system at elevated temperatures, the potential heat exposure and the beneficial effects of
active and passive fire protection systems, together with the uncertainties associated with these three
features and the importance of the structure (consequences of failure).
At the present time, it is possible to undertake a procedure for determining adequate performance which
incorporates some, if not all, of the above parameters and to demonstrate that the structure, or its
components, will give adequate performance in a real building fire. However, where the procedure is
based on a nominal (standard) fire, the classification system, which calls for specific periods of fire
resistance, takes into account (though not explicitly) the features and uncertainties described above.
Figure 1 illustrates the two design procedures provided by prEN 1991-1-2, i.e. the prescriptive approach
and the performance-based approach. The prescriptive approach uses nominal (standard) fires to
generate thermal actions. The performance-based approach, using fire safety engineering, refers to
thermal actions based on physical and chemical parameters.
Figure 1 — Alternative design procedures
0.4 Verbal forms used in the Eurocodes
The verb “shall" expresses a requirement strictly to be followed and from which no deviation is permitted
in order to comply with the Eurocodes.
The verb “should” expresses a highly recommended choice or course of action. Subject to national
regulation and/or any relevant contractual provisions, alternative approaches could be used/adopted
where technically justified.
The verb “may” expresses a course of action permissible within the limits of the Eurocodes.
The verb “can” expresses possibility and capability; it is used for statements of fact and clarification of
concepts.
7
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
prEN 1991-1-2:2021 (E)
0.5 National Annex for prEN 1991-1-2
National choice is allowed by this standard where explicitly stated within notes. National choice includes
the selection of values for Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs).
The national standard implementing prEN 1991-1-2 can have a National Annex containing all national
choices to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the relevant
country.
When no national choice is given, the default choice given in this standard is to be used.
When no national choice is made and no default choice is given in this standard, the choice can be
specified by the relevant authority or, where not specified, agreed for a specific project by the relevant
parties.
National choice is allowed in prEN 1991-1-2 through the following clauses:
— 4.4(4)
— 6.2.2(2)
— 6.3.1(2)
— 6.3.2(3)
— 6.3.2(4)
National choice is allowed in this document on the use of the following informative annex:
Annex A (informative) Parametric temperature-time curves
Annex B (informative) Thermal actions for external members — Simplified calculation method
Annex C (informative) Localised fire
Annex D (informative) Advanced fire models
Annex E (informative) Fire load densities, Fire Growth Rates and Rate of Heat Releases
Annex F (informative) Equivalent time of fire exposure
Annex G (informative) Configuration factor
The National Annex can contain, directly or by reference, non-contradictory complementary information
for ease of implementation, provided it does not alter any provisions of the Eurocodes.
8
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
prEN 1991-1-2:2021 (E)
1 Scope
1.1 Scope of prEN 1991-1-2
(1) The methods given in this Eurocode are applicable to buildings and civil engineering works, with a
fire load related to the building and its occupancy.
(2) prEN 1991-1-2 deals with thermal and mechanical actions on structures exposed to fire. It is
intended to be used in conjunction with the fire design Parts of EN 1992 to EN 1996 and EN 1999 which
give rules for designing structures for fire resistance.
(3) prEN 1991-1-2 contains thermal actions either nominal or physically based. More data and models
for physically based thermal actions are given in annexes.
(4) prEN 1991-1-2 does not cover the assessment of the damage of a structure after a fire.
(5) prEN 1991-1-2 does not cover supplementary requirements concerning, for example:
— the possible installation and maintenance of sprinkler systems;
— conditions on occupancy of building or fire compartment;
— the use of approved insulation and coating materials, including their maintenance.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of prEN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
— any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately
maintained;
— the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced
personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
prEN 1990:2020, Eurocode: Basis of structural and Geotechnical design
EN 1992 (all parts), Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 (all parts), Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN 1994 (all parts), Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995 (all parts), Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
EN 1996 (all parts), Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN 1999 (all parts), Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
EN 13501-2, Fire classification of construction products and building elements — Part 2: Classification
using data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services
9
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
prEN 1991-1-2:2021 (E)
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in prEN 1990 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1.1 Common terms used in Eurocode Fire parts
3.1.1.1
equivalent time of fire exposure
time of exposure to the standard fire curve supposed to have the same heating effect as a real fire in the
compartment
3.1.1.2
external member
structural member located outside the building that may be exposed to fire through openings in the
building enclosure
3.1.1.3
compartment, fire compartment
space within a building, extending over one or several floors, which is enclosed by separating elements
such that fire spread beyond the compartment is prevented during the relevant fire exposure
3.1.1.4
fire resistance
ability of a structure, a part of a structure or a member to fulfil its required functions (load bearing
function and/or fire separating function) for a specified load level, for a specified fire exposure and for a
specified period of time
3.1.1.5
fully developed fire
state of full involvement of all combustible surfaces in a fire within a specified space
3.1.1.6
global structural analysis (for fire)
structural analysis of the entire structure, when either the entire structure, or only a part of it, are exposed
to fire
Note 1 to entry: Indirect fire actions are considered throughout the structure.
3.1.1.7
indirect fire actions
internal forces and moments caused by thermal expansion
3.1.1.8
integrity
E
ability of a separating element of building construction, when exposed to fire on one side, to prevent the
passage through it of flames and hot gases and to prevent the occurrence of flames on the unexposed side
10
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1991-1-2:2021
prEN 1991-1-2:2021 (E)
3.1.1.9
insulation
I
ability of a separating element of building construction when exposed to fire on one side, to restrict the
temperature rise of the unexposed face below specified levels
3.1.1.10
load bearing function
R
ability of a structure or a member to sustain specified actions during the relevant fire, according to
defined criteria
3.1.1.11
member
basic part of a structure (such as beam, column, but also assembly such as stud wall, truss) considered as
isolated with appropriate boundary and support conditions
3.1.1.12
member analysis (for fire)
thermal and mechanical analysis of a structural member exposed to fire in which the member is assumed
as isolated, with appropriate support and boundary conditions
Note 1 to entry: Indirect fire actions are not considered, except those resulting from thermal gradients.
3.1.1.13
normal temperature design
ultimate limit state design for ambient temperatures according to Part 1-1 of EN 1992 to EN 1996 or
EN 1999
3.1.1.14
separating function
ability of a separating element to prevent fire spread (e.g. by passage of flames or hot gases — cf.
integrity) or ignition beyond the exposed surface (cf. insulation) during the relevant fire
3.1.1.15
separating element
load bearing or non-load bearing element (e.g. wall) forming part of the enclosure of a fire compartment
3.1.1.16
standard fire resistance
ability of a structure or part of it (usually only members) to fulfil required functions (load-bearing
function and/or separating function), for the exposure to heating according to the standard fire curve for
a specified load combination and for a stated period of time
3.1.1.17
structural members
physically distinguishable part of a structure, e.g. column, beam, plate, foundation
3.1.1.18
temperature analysis
procedure of determining the temperature development in members based on the thermal actions (net
heat flux) and the thermal material properties of the members and of protective surfaces, where relevant
11
---------------------- Page: 13 -----------
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.