TP237 - Pravilnik o spodnjem ustroju železniških prog

1.1   Scope of EN 1993 1 1
(1) EN 1993 1 1 gives basic design rules for steel structures.
(2) It also gives supplementary provisions for the structural design of steel buildings. These supplementary provisions are indicated by the letter "B" after the paragraph number, thus (  )B.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to EN 1993 1 1.
(2) EN 1993 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), the parts of EN 1992 to EN 1999 where steel structures or steel components are referred to within those documents, EN 1090 2, EN 1090 4 and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to steel structures.

(1) This European Standard applies to concrete for structures cast in situ, precast structures, and structural precast products for buildings and civil engineering structures.
(2) The concrete under this European Standard can be:
-   normal-weight, heavy-weight and light-weight;
-   mixed on site, ready-mixed or produced in a plant for precast concrete products;
-   compacted or self-compacting to retain no appreciable amount of entrapped air other than entrained air.
(3) This standard specifies requirements for:
-   the constituents of concrete;
-   the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and their verification;
-   the limitations for concrete composition;
-   the specification of concrete;
-   the delivery of fresh concrete;
-   the production control procedures;
-   the conformity criteria and evaluation of conformity.
(4) Other European Standards for specific products e.g. precast products or for processes within the field of the scope of this standard may require or permit deviations.
(5) Additional or different requirements may be given for specific applications in other European Standards, for example:
-   concrete to be used in roads and other trafficked areas (e.g. concrete pavements according to EN 13877-1);
-   special technologies (e.g. sprayed concrete according to EN 14487).
(6) Supplementing requirements or different testing procedures may be specified for specific types of concrete and applications, for example:
-   concrete for massive structures (e.g. dams);
-   dry mixed concrete;
-   concrete with a Dmax of 4 mm or less (mortar);
-   self-compacting concretes (SCC) containing lightweight or heavy-weight aggregates or fibres;
-   concrete with open structure (e. g. pervious concrete for drainage).
(7) This standard does not apply to:
-   aerated concrete;
-   foamed concrete;
-   concrete with density less than 800 kg/m3;
-   refractory concrete.
(8) This standard does not cover health and safety requirements for the protection of workers during production and delivery of concrete.

DOP of 12 months

EN 1993-1-5 gives design requirements of stiffened and unstiffened plates which are subject to inplane forces. Effects due to shear lag, in-plane load introduction and plate buckling for I-section girders and box girders are covered. Also covered are plated structural components subject to in-plane loads as in tanks and silos. The effects of out-of-plane loading are outside the scope of this document.

DOP of 12 months!

1.1   General
(1)   This EN provides a design method for fastenings (connection of structural elements and non-structural elements to structural components), which are used to transmit actions to the concrete.
Inserts embedded in precast concrete elements during production, under Factory Production Control (FPC) conditions and with the due reinforcement, intended for use only during transient situations for lifting and handling, are covered by the CEN/TR “Design and Use of Inserts for Lifting and Handling Precast Concrete Elements”, by CEN/TC 229.
(2)   This EN is intended for safety related applications in which the failure of fastenings will result in collapse or partial collapse of the structure, cause risk to human life or lead to significant economic loss.  In this context it also covers non-structural elements.
(3)   The support of the fixture may be either statically determinate or statically indeterminate. Each support may consist of one fastener or a group of fasteners.
(4)   This EN is valid for applications which fall within the scope of the series EN 1992. In applications where special considerations apply, e.g. nuclear power plants or civil defence structures, modifications may be necessary. The transmission of the fastener loads to the supports of the concrete member shall be shown for the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state according to EN 1992-1-1.
(5)   This EN does not cover the design of the fixture. The design of the fixture shall be carried out to comply with the appropriate Standards.
(6)   This document relies on characteristic resistances and distances which are stated in a European Technical Product Specification (see Annex E). At least the characteristics of Annex E, Table E.1 should be given in a European Technical Product Specification providing a basis for the design methods of this EN.
1.2   Type of fasteners and fastening groups
(1)   This EN uses the fastener design theory ) (Figure 1.1) and applies to:
a)   cast-in fasteners such as headed fasteners, anchor channels with rigid connection between anchor and channel;
b)   post-installed mechanical fasteners such as expansion anchors, undercut anchors and concrete screws;
c)   post-installed bonded anchors, bonded expansion anchors and bonded undercut anchors.
NOTE   Connections with post-installed ribbed reinforcing bars should be covered by a European Technical Product Specification and comply with the requirements of EN 1992-1-1.
(2)   For other types of fasteners modifications of the design provisions may be necessary.
(3)   This EN applies to fasteners with established suitability for the specified application in concrete covered by provisions, which refer to this EN and provide data required by this EN. The suitability of the fastener is stated in the relevant European Technical Product Specification.
(...)
(4)   This EN applies to single fasteners and groups of fasteners. In a fastening group the loads are applied to the individual fasteners of the group by means of a common fixture. In this EN it is assumed that in a fastener group only fasteners of the same type and size are used.
The configurations of fastenings with cast-in place headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners covered by this EN are shown in Figure 1.2.
For anchor channels the number of fasteners is not limited.
(...)
NOTE   Configuration with three fasteners is not recommended close to an edge (ci < 100mm) as there are no safe design models for shear loads.
1.3   Fastener dimensions and materials
(1)   This EN applies to fasteners with a minimum diameter or a minimum thread size of 6 mm (M6) or a corresponding cross section. In general, the effective embedment depth should be: hef  40 mm. The actual value for a particular fastener shall be taken from the relevant European Technical Product Specification. In case of post-installed chemical fasteners the effective embedment depth is limited to hef  20dnom. (....)

2018-06-27 FJD- Modification to Formula (4) in all three language versions.

This European Standard specifies the laboratory method for measuring the airborne sound insulation performance of road traffic noise reducing devices in reverberant conditions. It covers the assessment of the intrinsic performance of barriers that can reasonably be assembled inside the testing facility described in EN ISO 10140-2 and EN ISO 10140-4.
This method is not intended for the determination of the intrinsic characteristics of airborne sound insulation of noise reducing devices to be installed on roads in non-reverberant conditions.

DOP of 12 months!

DOP of 12 months!

DOP of 12 months!

DOP of 12 months!

This European Standard specifies the laboratory method for measuring the sound absorption performance of road traffic noise reducing devices in reverberant conditions. It covers the assessment of the intrinsic sound absorption performance of devices that can reasonably be assembled inside the testing facility described in EN ISO 354.
This method is not intended for the determination of the intrinsic characteristics of sound absorption of noise reducing devices to be installed on roads in non-reverberant conditions.
The test method in EN ISO 354 referred to in this European Standard excludes devices that act as weakly damped resonators. Some devices will depart significantly from these requirements and in these cases care is needed in interpreting the results.

This standard:
-   defines the various profiles needed to install, verify and maintain the various structures near the structure gauge;
-   lists the various phenomena to be taken into account to determine the structure gauge;
-   defines a methodology that may be used to calculate the various profiles from these phenomena;
-   lists the rules to determine the distance between the track centres;
-   lists the rules to be complied with when building the platforms;
-   lists the rules to determine the pantograph gauge;
-   lists the formulae needed to calculate the structure gauges in the catalogue.
The defined gauge includes the space to be gauged and maintained to allow the running of rolling stock, and the rules for calculation and verification intended for sizing the rolling stock to run on one or several infrastructures without interference risk.
This standard defines methodologies to demonstrate gauge compatibility between infrastructure and rolling stock.
This standard defines the responsibilities of the following parties:
a)   for the infrastructure:
1)   gauge clearance;
2)   maintenance;
3)   infrastructure monitoring.
b)   for the rolling stock:
1)   compliance of the operating rolling stock with the gauge concerned;
2)   maintenance of this compliance over time.
The gauges included in these standards have been developed as part of their application on European railways. Other networks such as regional, local, urban and suburban networks may apply the gauge regulations defined in this standard. They may be required to make use of specific methodologies, particularly where:
-   specific rolling stock is used (for example: underground trains, trams, etc. operating on two rails);
-   use occurs in other ranges of radii;
-   others, etc.
The catalogue included in this standard only includes a selection of gauges and is not exhaustive. Each network is free to define the gauges in accordance with their own needs.

This European Standard specifies the relevant characteristics of geotextiles and geotextile-related products used in the construction of railways, and the appropriate test methods to determine these characteristics.
The intended use of these geotextiles or geotextile-related products is to fulfil one or more of the following functions: filtration, separation, and reinforcement. The separation function will always occur in conjunction with filtration or reinforcement, and hence will not be specified alone. This European Standard applies in superstructure-ballast or substructure-blanket layer, within a sub-grade.
This European Standard is not applicable to geosynthetic barriers, as defined in EN ISO 10318.
This European Standard provides for the assessment and verification of constancy of performance of the product to this European Standard and for factory production control procedures.
NOTE   Particular application cases may contain requirements regarding additional properties and – preferably standardised – test methods, if they are technically relevant.
This European Standard may be used to derive design values by taking into account factors within the context of the definitions given in EN 1997 1 (Eurocode 7), e.g. factors of safety. The design life of the product should be determined, since its function may be temporary, as a construction expediency, or permanent, for the lifetime of the structure.

This European Standard specifies the relevant characteristics of geotextiles and geotextile-related products used in the construction of tunnels and underground structures, and the appropriate test methods to determine these characteristics.
The intended use of these geotextiles or geotextile-related products is to protect geosynthetic barriers used in tunnels and underground structures.
This European Standard is not applicable to geosynthetic barriers, as defined in EN ISO 10318.
This European Standard provides for the assessment and verification of constancy of performance of the product to this European Standard and for factory production control procedures.
NOTE   Particular application cases may contain requirements regarding additional properties and – preferably standardised – test methods, if they are technically relevant.
This European Standard may be used to derive design values by taking into account factors within the context of the definitions given in EN 1997 1 (Eurocode 7), e.g. factors of safety. The design life of the product should be determined, since its function may be temporary, as a construction expediency, or permanent, for the lifetime of the structure.

The present document describes a test method for measuring a quantity representative of the intrinsic characteristics of sound reflection from road noise reducing devices: the reflection index.
The test method is intended for the following applications:
- determination of the intrinsic characteristics of sound reflection of noise reducing devices to be installed along roads, to be measured either on typical installations alongside roads or on a relevant sample section;
- determination of the in situ intrinsic characteristics of sound reflection of noise reducing devices in actual use;
- comparison of design specifications with actual performance data after the completion of the construction work;
- verification of the long-term performance of noise reducing devices (with a repeated application of the method).
The test method is not intended for the following applications:
- determination of the intrinsic characteristics of sound reflection of noise reducing devices to be installed in reverberant conditions, e.g. inside tunnels or deep trenches.
Results are expressed as a function of frequency, in one-third octave bands between 100 Hz and 5 kHz. If it is not possible to get valid measurements results over the whole frequency range indicated, the results shall be given in a restricted frequency range and the reasons of the restriction(s) shall be clearly reported.

Ta slovenski nacionalni standard vsebuje pravila, ki se uporabljajo v povezavi s standardom
SIST EN 206:2013, Beton – Specifikacija, lastnosti, proizvodnja in skladnost, kjer ta to zahteva ali
dovoljuje. V njem se:
– uveljavljajo razlike v zaščitni ravni, izhajajoče iz podnebnih in geografskih razmer,
– navajajo predpisi, veljavni v Republiki Sloveniji, če SIST EN 206 predlaga uporabo predpisov,
veljavnih v kraju uporabe betona,
– določajo manjkajoči postopki preskušanja in merila skladnosti za nekatere lastnosti betona,
– dajejo navodila za izpolnitev nekaterih zahtev ali določil standarda SIST EN 206,
– ohranja veljava nekaterih tradicionalnih zahtev in določil za proizvodnjo betona.
Vsebina tega standarda je vezana na poglavja SIST EN 206:2013. Številčenje točk v tem standardu je
prevzeto iz SIST EN 206:2013, nato pa sledita navodilo o spremembi oziroma dopolnitvi v poševnem
tisku in besedilo, ki ga je treba na navedenem mestu dodati ali dopolniti.
Navodilo o
spremembi oziroma
dopolnitvi SIST EN
206:2013
Besedilo, ki ga je treba na navedenem mestu dodati ali dopolniti.
Ta slovenski nacionalni standard vključuje dopolnitve dodatkov od A do F iz standarda SIST EN
206:2013, ki so v tem standardu označeni s črkami od A do F, ter dodatke k temu nacionalnemu
standardu, ki so označeni kot dodatki od NA do NF.

Assessment of loads imposed by snow to be used in the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works on sites at altitudes below 1500 m.

- Grades of stainless steel covered in EN 1993-1-4
- Section classification
- Shear buckling
- Cold worked grads (including undermatched welding)
- Grade selection and durability

General rules for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works in reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal and lightweight aggregates, plain or lightly reinforced concrete and precast concrete for the design of reinforced concrete components with unbonded tendons.

Part 1-1 gives generic detailed strength rules which are applicable to steel structures in general. Their use and any limits of applicability are explained in the text where necessary. It does not cover resistance to fire; particular aspects of special types of buildings and civil engineering works (e.g. bridges, masts, silos, piling or off-shore structures).

EN 1991-1-7 provides strategies and rules for safeguarding buildings and other civil engineering works against identifiable and unidentifiable accidental actions. EN 1991-1-7 defines: - strategies based on identified accidental actions, - strategies based on limiting the extent of localised failure. The following subjects are dealt with in this part of EN 1991: - definitions and symbols (Section 1); - classification of actions (Section 2); - design situations (Section 3); - impact (Section 4); - explosions (Section 5); - design for consequences of localised failure in buildings from an unspecified cause (informative Annex A); - information on risk assessment (informative Annex B); - dynamic design for impact (informative Annex C); - internal explosions (informative Annex D). Rules on dust explosions in silos are given in EN 1991-4. Rules on impact from vehicles travelling on the bridge deck are given in EN 1991-2. EN 1991-1-7 does not specifically deal with accidental actions caused by external explosions, warfare and terrorist activities, or the residual stability of buildings or other civil engineering works damaged by seismic action or fire, etc.

Supplementary to Part 1-1. Additional and varied rules to be used for the design of composite structures which are required to avoid premature structural collapse and to limit the spread of fire in the accidental situation of exposure to fire.

(1) EN 1997-1 is intended to be used as a general basis for the geotechnical aspects of the design of buildings and civil engineering works.
(2) The following subjects are dealt with in EN 1997-1:
Section 1: General
Section 2: Basis of geotechnical design
Section 3: Geotechnical data
Section 4: Supervision of construction, monitoring and maintenance
Section 5: Fill, dewatering, ground improvement and reinforcement
Section 6: Spread foundations
Section 7: Pile foundations
Section 8: Anchorages
Section 9: Retaining structures
Section 10: Hydraulic failure
Section 11: Overall stability
Section 12: Embankments
(3) EN 1997-1 is accompanied by Annexes A to J, which provide:
- in A: recommended partial safety factor values; different values of the partial factors may be set by the National annex;
- in B to J: supplementary informative guidance such as internationally applied calculation methods.

TC - Modifications from EN 1998-3:2005/AC:2010 on the English mother reference version regarding the "National annex for EN 1998-3", Clauses 2 and 4 and Annexes A, B and C + New modifications in Annex A.

Complementary to Eurocodes 1 to 7 and 9. Additional provisions for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in seismic regions where risk to life and/or risk of structural damage are required to be reduced. General requirements and rules for assessment of seismic actions and combinations with other actions. General rules for earthquake resistant design of buildings and specific rules for buildings and elements constructed with each of the various structural materials.

TC - Modifications to "National annex for EN 1991-1-2", 1.6, Annex A, B.2, B.4.1 and B.4.2.

This European Standard specifies the properties of aggregates obtained by processing natural or manufactured or recycled materials for hydraulically bound and unbound materials for civil engineering work and road construction.
It provides for the evaluation of conformity of the products to this European Standard.
NOTE 1      Aggregates used in construction should comply with all the requirements of this European Standard. As well as familiar and traditional natural and manufactured aggregates Mandate M/125 "Aggregates" included recycled aggregates and some materials from new or unfamiliar sources. Recycled aggregates are included in the standards and new test methods for them are at an advanced stage of preparation. For unfamiliar materials from secondary sources, however, the work on standardisation has only started recently and more time is needed to define clearly the origins and characteristics of these materials. In the meantime such unfamiliar materials when placed on the market as aggregates must comply fully with this standard and national regulations for dangerous substances (see Annex ZA of the standard) depending upon their intended use. Additional characteristics and requirements may be specified on a case by case basis depending upon experience of use of the product, and defined in specific contractual documents.
NOTE 2   Properties for lightweight aggregates are specified in EN 13055-2.

EN 1991 provides general principles and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works including some geotechnical aspects and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1990 and EN 1992-1999. EN 1991 also covers structural design during execution and structural design for temporary structures. It relates to all circumstances in which a structure is required to give adequate performance. EN 1991 is not directly intended for the structural appraisal of existing construction, in developing the design of repairs and alterations or for assessing changes of use. EN 1991 does not completely cover special design situations which require unusual reliability considerations such as nuclear structures for which specified design procedures should be used.

(1) Part 3 of EN 1991 specifies imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with cranes on runway beams and stationary machines which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and braking, acceleration and accidental forces.
(2) Section 1 defines common definitions and notations.
(3) Section 2 specifies actions induced by cranes on runways.
(4) Section 3 specifies actions induced by stationary machines.

EN 1991-1-6 provides principles and general rules for the determination of actions which should be taken into account during execution of buildings and civil engineering works.
NOTE 1 : This Part of EN 1991 may be used as guidance for the determination of actions to be taken into account for different types of construction works, including structural alterations such as refurbishment and/or partial or full demolition.  Further guidance is given in Annexes A1, A2 and B.
NOTE 2 : Rules concerning the safety of people in and around the construction site are out of the scope of this European standard. Such rules may be defined for the individual project.
The following subjects are dealt with in Part 1.6 of EN 1991.
Section 1 : General
Section 2 : Classification of actions
Section 3: Design situations and limit states
Section 4 : Representation of actions
Annex A1 : Supplementary rules for buildings (normative)
Annex A2 : Supplementary rules for bridges (normative)
Annex B : Actions on structures during alteration, reconstruction or demolition (informative)
EN 1991-1-6 also gives rules for the determination of actions which may be used for the design of auxiliary construction works as defined in 1.5, needed for the execution of buildings and civil engineering works.
NOTE  Design rules for auxiliary construction works may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual project. Guidance may be found in the relevant European standards. For example, design rules for formworks and falseworks are given in EN 12812.

Part 1-1 gives generic detailed strength rules which are applicable to steel structures in general. Their use and any limits of applicability are explained in the text where necessary. It does not cover resistance to fire; particular aspects of special types of buildings and civil engineering works (e.g. bridges, masts, silos, piling or off-shore structures).

(1)   The scope of Eurocode 8 is defined in EN 1998-1:2004, 1.1.1 and the scope of this Standard is defined in 1.1.1. Additional parts of Eurocode 8 are indicated in EN 1998-1:2004, 1.1.3.
(2)   Within the framework of the scope set forth in EN 1998-1:2004, this part of the Standard contains the particular Performance Requirements, Compliance Criteria and Application Rules applicable to the design of earthquake resistant bridges.
(3)   This Part primarily covers the seismic design of bridges in which the horizontal seismic actions are mainly resisted through bending of the piers or at the abutments; i.e. of bridges composed of vertical or nearly vertical pier systems supporting the traffic deck superstructure. It is also applicable to the seismic design of cable-stayed and arched bridges, although its provisions should not be considered as fully covering these cases.
(4)   Suspension bridges, timber and masonry bridges, moveable bridges and floating bridges are not included in the scope of this Part.
(5)   This Part contains only those provisions that, in addition to other relevant Eurocodes or relevant Parts of EN 1998, should be observed for the design of bridges in seismic regions. In cases of low seismicity, simplified design criteria may be established (see 2.3.7(1)).
(6)   The following topics are dealt with in the text of this Part:
Basic requirements and Compliance Criteria,
Seismic Action,
Analysis,
Strength Verification,
Detailing.
This Part also includes a special section on seismic isolation with provisions covering the application of this method of seismic protection to bridges.
(7)   Annex G contains rules for the calculation of capacity design effects.
(8)   Annex J contains rules regarding the variation of design properties of seismic isolator units and how such variation may be taken into account in design.

1.1.2 Scope of Part 3 of Eurocode 2
(101)P Part 3 of EN 1992 covers additional rules to those in Part 1 for the design of structures constructed from plain or lightly reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete for the containment of liquids or granular solids.
(102)P Principles and Application Rules are given in this Part for the design of those elements of structure which directly support the stored liquids or materials (i.e. the directly loaded walls of tanks, reservoirs or silos). Other elements which support these primary elements (for example, the tower structure which supports the tank in a water tower) should be designed according to the provisions of Part 1-1.
(103)P This part does not cover:
- Structures for the storage of materials at very low or very high temperatures
- Structures for the storage of hazardous materials the leakage of which could constitute a major health or safety risk.
- The selection and design of liners or coatings and the consequences of the choice of these on the design of the structure.
- Pressurised vessels.
- Floating structures
- Gas tightness
(104) This code is valid for stored materials which are permanently at a temperature between -40 °C and +200 °C.
(105) For the selection and design of liners or coatings, reference should be made to appropriate documents.
(106) It is recognised that, while this code is specifically concerned with structures for the containment of liquids and granular materials, the clauses covering design for liquid tightness may also be relevant to other types of structure where liquid tightness is required.
(107) In clauses relating to leakage and durability, this code mainly covers aqueous liquids.  Where other liquids are stored in direct contact with structural concrete, reference should be made to specialist literature.

(101)P Part 2 of Eurocode 2 gives a basis for the design of bridges and parts of bridges in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal and light weight aggregates.
(102)P The following subjects are dealt with in Part 2.
Section 1: General
Section 2: Basis of design
Section 3: Materials
Section 4: Durability and cover to reinforcement
Section 5: Structural analysis
Section 6: Ultimate limit states
Section 7: Serviceability limit states
Section 8: Detailing of reinforcement and prestressing tendons — General
Section 9: Detailing of members and particular rules
Section 10: Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
Section 11: Lightweight aggregate concrete structures
Section 12: Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures
Section 113: Design for the execution stages

(1)P This part provides general principles and actions for the structural design of silos for the storage of particulate solids and tanks for the storage of fluids and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1990, other parts of EN 1991 and EN 1992 to EN 1999.
(2)This part includes some provisions for actions on silo and tank structures that are not only associated with the stored solids or liquids (e.g. the effects of thermal differentials, aspects of the differential settlements of batteries of silos)
(3)The following geometrical limitations apply to the design rules for silos:
- the silo cross-section shapes are limited to those shown in Figure 1.1d, though minor variations may be accepted provided the structural consequences of the resulting changes in pressure are considered;
- the following dimensional limitations apply:
hb/dc < 10
hb < l00 m
dc < 60 m
- the transition lies in a single horizontal plane (see Figure 1.1a);
- the silo does not contain an internal structure such as a cone or pyramid with its apex uppermost, cross-beams, etc. However, a rectangular silo may contain internal ties.
(4) The following limitations on the stored solids apply to the design rules for silos:
- each silo is designed for a defined range of particulate solids properties;
- the stored solid is free-flowing, or the stored solid can be guaranteed to flow freely within the silo container as designed (see 1.5.12 and Annex C);
- the maximum particle diameter of the stored solid is not greater than 0,03dc (see Figure 1.1d).
NOTE: When particles are large compared to the silo wall thickness, account should be taken of the effects of single particles applying local forces on the wall.

Specifies actions, self-weights and imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with hoists, crabs and cranes on runway beams, static and dynamic actions induced in supporting structures by machinery and permanent, variable and accidental actions induced by transport vehicles (forklifts, wheeled, tracked and rail transportation vehicles, devices for maintenance and helicopters).

(1) EN 1991-1-5 gives principles and rules for calculating thermal actions on buildings, bridges and other structures including their structural elements. Principles needed for cladding and other appendages of buildings are also provided.
(2) This Part describes the changes in the temperature of structural elements. Characteristic values of thermal actions are presented for use in the design of structures which are exposed to daily and seasonal climatic changes. Structures not so exposed may not need to be considered for thermal actions.
(3) Structures in which thermal actions are mainly a function of their use (e.g. cooling towers, silos, tanks, warm and cold storage facilities, hot and cold services etc) are treated in Section 7. Chimneys are treated in EN 13084-1.

Eurocode 2 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety and serviceability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990: Basis of structural design.

TC - Modifications in the English mother reference version to the Table of Contents, Clauses 1, 4, 5 and Annexes A, B, D, E, F, I, J, K and X.

(1)  EN 1991-1-4 gives guidance on the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e. g. components, cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers.
(2)  This Part is applicable to:
   .  Buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m. See also (11).  
   .  Bridges  having  no  span  greater  than  200 m,  provided  that they satisfy the criteria for dynamic response, see (11) and 8.2.
(3)  This  part  is  intended  to  predict  characteristic  wind actions  on land-based structures, their components and appendages.
(4)  Certain aspects necessary to determine wind actions on a structure are dependent on the location and on the availability and quality of meteorological  data, the type of terrain, etc. These need to be provided in the National Annex and Annex A, through National choice by notes in the text as indicated. Default values and methods are given in the main text, where the National Annex does not provide information.
(5)  Annex A gives illustrations of the terrain categories and provides rules for the effects of orography including  displacement  height,  roughness  change,  influence  of  landscape  and  influence  of neighbouring structures.
(6)  Annex B and C give alternative procedures for calculating the structural factor cscd.
(7)  Annex D gives cscd factors for different types of structures.
(8)  Annex E gives rules for vortex induced response and some guidance on other aeroelastic effects.
(9)  Annex F gives dynamic characteristics of structures with linear behaviour
(10) This part does not give guidance on local thermal effects on the characteristic wind, e.g. strong arctic thermal surface inversion or funnelling or tornadoes.
11) This part does not give guidance on the following aspects:

(1) The scope of Eurocode 8 is defined in EN 1998-1:2004, 1.1.1 and the scope of this Standard is defined in 1.1.1. Additional parts of Eurocode 8 are indicated in EN 1998-1:2004, 1.1.3.
(2) Within the framework of the scope set forth in EN 1998-1:2004, this part of the Standard contains the particular Performance Requirements, Compliance Criteria and Application Rules applicable to the design of earthquake resistant bridges.
(3) This Part primarily covers the seismic design of bridges in which the horizontal seismic actions are mainly resisted through bending of the piers or at the abutments; i.e. of bridges composed of vertical or nearly vertical pier systems supporting the traffic deck superstructure. It is also applicable to the seismic design of cable-stayed and arched bridges, although its provisions should not be considered as fully covering these cases.
(4) Suspension bridges, timber and masonry bridges, moveable bridges and floating bridges are not included in the scope of this Part.
(5) This Part contains only those provisions that, in addition to other relevant Eurocodes or relevant Parts of EN 1998, should be observed for the design of bridges in seismic regions. In cases of low seismicity, simplified design criteria may be established (see 2.3.7(1)).
(6) The following topics are dealt with in the text of this Part:  Basic requirements and Compliance Criteria,  Seismic Action,  Analysis,  Strength Verification,  Detailing.
This Part also includes a special section on seismic isolation with provisions covering the application of this method of seismic protection to bridges.
(7) Annex G contains rules for the calculation of capacity design effects.
(8) Annex J contains rules regarding the variation of design properties of seismic isolator units and how such variation may be taken into account in design.

EN 1991-1-7 provides strategies and rules for safeguarding buildings and other civil engineering works against identifiable and unidentifiable accidental actions. EN 1991-1-7 defines: - strategies based on identified accidental actions, - strategies based on limiting the extent of localised failure. The following subjects are dealt with in this part of EN 1991: - definitions and symbols (Section 1); - classification of actions (Section 2); - design situations (Section 3); - impact (Section 4); - explosions (Section 5); - design for consequences of localised failure in buildings from an unspecified cause (informative Annex A); - information on risk assessment (informative Annex B); - dynamic design for impact (informative Annex C); - internal explosions (informative Annex D). Rules on dust explosions in silos are given in EN 1991-4. Rules on impact from vehicles travelling on the bridge deck are given in EN 1991-2. EN 1991-1-7 does not specifically deal with accidental actions caused by external explosions, warfare and terrorist activities, or the residual stability of buildings or other civil engineering works damaged by seismic action or fire, etc.