SIST EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008
(Main)Explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection - Part 2: Basic concepts and methodology for mining
Explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection - Part 2: Basic concepts and methodology for mining
This European Standard gives general guidelines for explosion prevention and protection in mining by outlining the basic concepts and methodology for the design and construction of equipment, protective systems and components.
This European Standard applies to Group I equipment, protective systems and components intended for use in underground parts of mines and those parts of their surface installations at risk from firedamp and/or flammable dust.
NOTE Detailed information on specific equipment, protective systems and components is contained in the relevant individual standards. Safety-relevant data regarding flammable materials and explosive atmospheres are required for the design and construction of the explosion protection measures
This European Standard specifies methods for the identification and assessment of hazardous situations that may lead to explosions and describes the design and construction measures appropriate for the required safety. This is achieved by
- hazard identification;
- risk assessment;
- elimination or minimization of risk;
- information for use.
The safety of equipment, protective systems, and components can be achieved, as described in EN 292-2:1991, by removal of hazards and/or limiting the risk, i.e.
a) by risk reduction by design;
b) by safeguarding;
c) by information for use;
d) by additional precautions.
NOTE Risk reduction by design in accordance with clause 3 of EN 292-2:1991 should not be confused with the concept of "design" as described in 6.5 of this standard.
Measures in accordance with a) (prevention) and b) (protection) against explosions are dealt with in clause 6 of this standard, measures according to c) against explosions are dealt with in clause 7 of this standard. Mea¬sures in accordance with d) are not described in this European Standard. They are dealt with in clause 6 of EN 292 2:1991.
The preventive and protective measures described in this European Standard will not provide the required level of
Explosionsfähige Atmosphären - Explosionsschutz - Teil 2: Grundlagen und Methodik in Bergwerken
Diese Europäische Norm legt allgemeine Leitlinien für den Explosionsschutz im Bergbau fest, indem grundlegende Konzepte und Verfahren für die Konstruktion und den Bau von Geräten, Schutzsystemen und Komponenten dargelegt werden.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Geräte, Schutzsysteme und Komponenten der Gruppe I, zur Verwendung in Untertagebetrieben von Bergwerken sowie deren Übertageanlagen, die durch Grubengas und/oder brennbare Stäube gefährdet werden können.
ANMERKUNG 1 Detaillierte Informationen über spezielle Geräte, Schutzsysteme und Komponenten sind in entsprechenden Einzelnormen zusammengefasst. Für Konstruktion und Bau von Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen müssen die sicherheitsrelevanten Daten der brennbaren Stoffe und explosionsfähigen Atmosphären bekannt sein.
Diese Europäische Norm legt Verfahren zum Erkennen und Beurteilen von gefährlichen Situationen, die zu Explosionen führen können fest und beschreibt geeignete Planungs- und Fertigungsmaßnahmen, um die erforderliche Sicherheit zu erreichen. Dies wird erreicht durch
Erkennen von Gefährdungen;
Beurteilen des Risikos;
Beseitigen oder Verringern des Risikos;
Benutzerinformation.
Die Sicherheit von Geräten, Schutzsystemen und Komponenten kann, wie in EN 292-2 beschrieben, durch das Beseitigen von Gefährdungen und/oder die Begrenzung des Risikos erreicht werden durch
a) Risikominderung beim Entwurf;
b) Schutzmaßnahmen;
c) Benutzerinformation;
d) zusätzliche Vorsichtsmaßnahmen.
ANMERKUNG 2 Die Risikominderung beim Entwurf nach EN 292-2:1991, Abschnitt 3, sollte nicht verwechselt werden mit dem Begriff „Entwurf“ nach 6.5 der vorliegenden Norm.
Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen nach a) (Vorbeugung) und b) (Schutz) werden in Abschnitt 6 dieser Norm behandelt, Maßnahmen nach c) in Abschnitt 7. Maßnahmen nach d) sind in dieser Norm nicht beschrieben; letztere werden in EN 292-2:1991, Abschnitt 6, behandelt.
Atmosphères explosives - Prévention de l'explosion et protection contre l'explosion - Partie 2: Notions fondamentales et méthodologie dans l'exploitation des mines
effets de l’explosion dans l’industrie minière qui précise les notions fondamentales et la méthodologie relatives à la
conception et à la construction des appareils, systèmes de protection et autres composants.
La présente Norme européenne s’applique aux appareils, systèmes de protection et composants du groupe I
destinés aux travaux souterrains des mines et aux parties de leurs installations de surface susceptibles d’être mis
en danger par le grisou et/ou des poussières combustibles.
NOTE Des informations détaillées sur les appareils, les systèmes de protection et les composants spécifiques sont données
dans des normes séparées appropriées. La conception et l’élaboration des mesures de prévention et de protection contre
l’explosion nécessitent la détermination des données adaptées de sécurité des substances inflammables et des atmosphères
explosives.
Cette norme européenne spécifie des méthodes d'identification et d'appréciation des situations dangereuses
pouvant conduire à l'explosion ainsi que les mesures de conception et de construction appropriées pour assurer la
sécurité requise. Ceci est obtenu par :
- l'identification du phénomène dangereux ;
- l'appréciation du risque ;
- la suppression ou la réduction du risque ;
- des informations pour l'utilisation.
La sécurité des appareils, systèmes de protection et composants, peut être atteinte par l'élimination des
phénomènes dangereux et/ou la limitation du risque, tel qu'indiqué dans l'EN 292-2:1991 :
a) par une conception réduisant le risque ;
b) à l'aide de dispositifs de protection ;
c) au moyen d’informations pour l'utilisation ;
d) par des dispositions supplémentaires.
NOTE Il convient de ne pas confondre une conception réduisant le risque au sens de l’article 3 de l’EN 292-2:1991 avec la
«conception» au sens du 6.5 de la présente norme.
Eksplozivne atmosfere - Preprečevanje eksplozije in zaščita pred njo - 2. del: Osnovni pojmi in metodologija za rudarstvo
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Explosionsfähige Atmosphären - Explosionsschutz - Teil 2: Grundlagen und Methodik in BergwerkenAtmosphères explosives - Prévention de l'explosion et protection contre l'explosion - Partie 2: Notions fondamentales et méthodologie dans l'exploitation des minesExplosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection - Part 2: Basic concepts and methodology for mining73.020Rudarstvo in kamnolomsko izkopavanjeMining and quarrying13.230Varstvo pred eksplozijoExplosion protectionICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008SIST EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008en,fr,de01-julij-2008SIST EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1127-2:2002+A1
April 2008 ICS 13.230; 73.100.01 Supersedes EN 1127-2:2002 English Version
Explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection - Part 2: Basic concepts and methodology for mining
Atmosphères explosives - Prévention de l'explosion et protection contre l'explosion - Partie 2: Notions fondamentales et méthodologie dans l'exploitation des mines
Explosionsfähige Atmosphären - Explosionsschutz -Teil 2: Grundlagen und Methodik in Bergwerken This European Standard was approved by CEN on 31 August 2001 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 18 March 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels © 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008: ESIST EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008 (E) 2 Contents Foreword.4 Introduction.5 1 Scope.7 2 Normative references.9 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms.10 4 Hazard identification.14 5 Elements of risk assessment.14 5.1 General.14 5.2 Determining the amount and likelihood of an occurrence of an explosive atmosphere.15 5.2.1 General.15 5.2.2 Degree of dispersion of flammable substances.15 5.2.3 Concentration of flammable substances.15 5.2.1 Amount of explosive atmosphere.16 5.3 Determining the presence of effective ignition sources.16 5.3.1 General.16 5.3.2 Hot surfaces.16 5.3.3 Flames and hot gases (including hot particles).16 5.3.4 Mechanically generated sparks.16 5.3.5 Electrical apparatus.16 5.3.6 Stray electric currents.16 5.3.7 Static electricity.17 5.3.8 Lightning.17 5.3.9 Radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves from 104 Hz to 3 x 1012 Hz (high frequency).17 5.3.10 Electromagnetic waves from 3 x 1011 Hz to 3. x 1015 Hz.17 5.3.11 Ionizing radiation.17 5.3.12 Ultrasonics.17 5.3.13 Adiabatic compression and shock waves.17 5.3.14 Exothermic reactions, including self-ignition of dusts.18 5.4 Estimating the possible effects of an explosion.18 6 Elimination or minimization of risk.18 6.1 Fundamental principles.18 6.2 Avoidance or reduction of explosive atmosphere.19 6.2.1 General.19 6.2.2 Process parameters.19 6.2.3 Design and construction of equipment, protective systems and components containing flammable substances.20 6.3 Classification of hazardous atmospheric conditions.21 6.3.1 General.21 6.3.2 Hazardous atmospheric conditions.21 6.4 Requirements for design and construction of equipment, protective systems and components to avoid effective ignition sources.22 6.4.1 General.22 6.4.2 Hot surfaces.23 6.4.3 Flames and hot gases.23 6.4.4 Mechanically generated sparks.24 6.4.5 Electrical apparatus.24 6.4.6 Stray electric currents and cathodic corrosion protection.25 6.4.7 Static electricity.25 6.4.8 Lightning.25 6.4.9 Radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves from 104 Hz to 3 x 1012 Hz.25 SIST EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008 (E) 3 6.4.10 Electromagnetic waves from 3 x 1011 Hz to 3 x 1015 Hz.26 6.4.11 Ionizing radiation.26 6.4.12 Ultrasonics.26 6.4.13 Adiabatic compression and shock waves.27 6.4.14 Exothermic reactions, including self-ignition of dusts.27 6.5 Requirements for design and construction of equipment, protective systems and components to reduce the explosion effects.27 6.5.1 General.27 6.5.2 Explosion-resistant design.28 6.5.3 Explosion relief.28 6.5.4 Explosion suppression.28 6.5.5 Avoidance of explosion propagation (explosion decoupling).28 6.5.6 Special equipment for underground mining.28 6.6 Provisions for emergency measures.28 6.7 Principles for measuring and control systems for explosion prevention and protection.29 7 Information for use.30 7.1 General.30 7.2 Information on equipment, protective systems and components.30 7.3 Information for commissioning, maintenance and repair to prevent explosion.31 7.4 Qualifications and training.31 Annex A (informative)
Relation between categories and hazardous atmospheric conditions.32 Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or other provisions of EU Directives.36 Annex ZB (informative)
!Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC.38 Bibliography.39
SIST EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008) has been prepared by CEN /TC 305, "Potentially explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection", the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2008 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2008. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2008-03-18. This document supersedes EN 1127-2:2002. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! ". This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). !For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this document." According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
SIST EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008 (E) 5 Introduction General CEN and CENELEC are producing a series of standards to assist designers, manufacturers and other interested bodies to interpret the essential safety requirements in order to achieve conformity with European legislation. Within this series of standards CEN has undertaken to draw up a standard to give guidance in the field of explosion prevention and protection, as hazards from explosions are to be considered in accordance with EN 292-1. The European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential health and safety requirements. - !of Directives 98/37/EC and 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to machinery which both in Annex I, 1.5.7 require that machinery shall be designed and constructed to avoid any risk of explosion as well as" - of Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres (called ATEX-100a-Directive) In accordance with EN 292-1, it is a type A standard. Special considerations for mining Explosions can result from: - materials processed or used by the equipment, protective systems and components, e.g. minerals obtained as part of the winning process; - materials released by the equipment, protective systems and components; - materials in the vicinity of the equipment, protective systems and components; - materials of which the equipment, protective systems and components are constructed. As the explosion protection of equipment, protective systems and components depends on - the design and construction of the equipment, protective systems and components ; - the intended use; - the ambient conditions; - the materials extracted and handled this standard also includes aspects related to these factors, i.e. the manufacturer shall consider how and for what the equipment, protective systems and components will be used and take this into account during their design and construction. Only in this way can hazards inherent in equipment, protective systems and components be reduced. NOTE This standard may also serve as a guide for users of equipment, protective systems and components when assessing the risk of explosion in the workplace and selecting the appropriate equipment, protective systems and components. SIST EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008 (E) 6 Mines can be either gassy or non-gassy depending upon the mineral/material being extracted and whether or not firedamp can occur in the workings. It is usual practice to consider all coal mines as gassy mines. Non-coal mines can, however, also be susceptible to the occurrence of firedamp e.g. if minerals/materials are being extracted in the vicinity of oil-bearing strata or unworked coal seams which are disturbed by the extraction process or mines susceptible to outbursts of flammable gas.
In mines where flammable minerals/materials are extracted, there can also be a risk of explosions because small particles of the extracted product can be blown into the air to form dust/air mixtures able to support rapid combustion. Flammable dust can either be an explosion risk on its own (when in the form of an explosive dust/air mixture), or it can settle in layers which may be blown from the floor and sides of the roadways by a firedamp explosion. In the latter case, the explosive violence can increase manyfold as more and more fuel in the form of flammable dust is raised by a blast wave and added to the flame as it travels along the roadways. The risk of an explosive atmosphere occurring and its consequences will therefore vary from mine to mine, depending on the type of mine, its layout, the mineral being extracted and the likelihood of firedamp and/or flammable dust occurring. In coal mining, firedamp and coal dust naturally associated with the coal is released by the activity of the miners.
Therefore, the potential explosion risk is greater as a result of explosive air/gas or air/dust mixtures forming that cannot be totally excluded by the preventive measures taken. Firedamp/air mixtures are usually diluted by the ventilation and evacuated to the surface via the mine workings so that the gas content in normal operation is kept far below the lower explosion limit. However, as a result of system malfunction (e.g. fan failure), sudden release of large gas quantities (gas outbursts) or intensified gas release caused by decreasing air pressure or by increased coal production, the permissible gas concentration thresholds may be exceeded. The explosive atmosphere caused in this way, even though limited in space and/or time, may cause a hazard not just at its point of origin but also in the escape roads, waste air paths and other connected mine structures in the mine layout Coal dust/air mixtures are usually neutralized at the dust source by water sprays, dust removal systems on heading machines and/or treating with inert dust in order to reduce the explosive potential.
However, an explosion hazard can exist if explosive dust can become airborne, e.g. at transfer points, in bunkers and other conveying systems. In contrast to surface industries, in gassy mines electrical and non-electrical equipment and mining personnel are in permanent contact with gas and/or dust/air mixtures which, under unfavourable conditions, may constitute explosive atmospheres. Accordingly, particularly stringent safety requirements are in force for explosion protection and escape possibilities in the event of a hazard. Due to the possibly devastating effects of underground gas/dust explosions, underground mining is permitted only well outside the explosion range. As a deviation from EN 1127-1:1997 “Explosive atmospheres – Explosion prevention and protection - Part 1: Basic concepts and methodology", which does not cover mining, the term "area" is not used for the categorization of underground workings exposed to explosion hazards because normally this term stands for a clearly dimensionally specified space around a generally stationary technical installation, e.g. a chemical plant with fixed installations and specified limits around the manufacturing process.
Therefore, Directive 94/9/EEC deals with the mining and non-mining industries separately by having equipment category I for mining and equipment category II for non-mining industry. In gassy mines, the decision as to whether or not mine workers can operate in a particular workplace depends upon the atmospheric conditions prevailing at the time. Traditionally, a factor of safety is also introduced so that it is common practice throughout the European member states for equipment to be de-energized or made safe and for miners to be withdrawn from their workplace if the atmospheric conditions attain a specific percentage of the lower explosion limit (LEL) of methane (firedamp) in air as defined by the relevant national legislation of the member states NOTE The current limit values for disconnecting equipment and withdrawing personnel are different in each member state. SIST EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008 (E) 7 In this European Standard two hazardous conditions are specified [1] taking into account the definitions in the Directive 94/9/EEC, i.e. - hazardous condition 2 (potentially explosive atmosphere)
range between 0 % and below LEL or above UEL up to 100 % of firedamp in air
- hazardous condition 1 ( explosive atmosphere)
range between LEL and UEL of firedamp in air In mine workings with hazardous condition 1, only M 1 equipment is allowed to be used as it has a high degree of intrinsic safety.
M 1 equipment, e.g. telephones or gas measuring equipment, may continue to be operated even in the event of rare equipment faults in explosive atmospheres. This is ensured by the existence of two independent protective measures or double fail-safe systems.
In mine workings with hazardous condition 2, both M 1 and M 2 equipment may be used. M 2 equipment may be used as it has a high degree of safety and is suitable for the severe conditions in mining. In an explosive atmosphere, M 2 equipment shall be capable of being disconnected or made safe NOTE Under special conditions, it may be necessary to operate M 2 equipment in an explosive atmosphere for a short time, e.g. when personnel are escaping from mine workings with high firedamp readings with their M 2 caplights switched on, when personnel are being recovered by the mine rescue service or the firedamp extraction system has been started up
M 1 and M 2 equipment can only be operated with the characteristics specified by the manufacturer as only then do they ensure the relevant level of safety. The manufacturer specifies the operating characteristics for the equipment.
In practice, national regulations require that gas measurements be taken at certain points and at specific intervals and suitable measures are taken to de-energize the equipment either manually or automatically if the firedamp concentration reaches a certain value. A subdivision into hazards caused by an explosive gas atmosphere and those caused by an explosive dust atmosphere is, in contrast to EN 1127-1:1997, not advisable in underground mining as the hazard to the mine workings can be caused simultaneously by firedamp and by clouds of flammable dust. Therefore, the explosion protection measures shall always cover both, i.e. the hazard caused by firedamp and the one caused by flammable dust. Directive 94/9/EEC extends the definition of potentially explosive atmosphere to include flammable dust as well as firedamp. Extensive research [2] has shown that the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of coal dust/air mixtures is several hundred times that of firedamp/air mixtures and that the maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) of coal dust particles is more than double that for firedamp. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the equipment, protective systems and components which are designed and constructed for use in firedamp/air mixtures are also suitable for use in coal dust/air mixtures. The comparison of firedamp and coal dust experimental data relates only to atmospheres. Additional precautions are required when considering coal dust deposits as, in this case, the maximum surface temperature of the equipment (limited to 150 °C for Group I equipment) on which the deposits can form can be limited to values below the minimum ignition temperature. It shall be borne in mind that in coal mines and non-coal mines there can be areas where firedamp does not occur but where there is a risk of explosion because of flammable dust. A list of standards under preparation by CEN/TC 305 is given in annex C. 1 Scope This European Standard gives general guidelines for explosion prevention and protection in mining by outlining the basic concepts and methodology for the design and construction of equipment, protective systems and components. This European Standard applies to Group I equipment, protective systems and components intended for use in underground parts of mines and those parts of their surface installations at risk from firedamp and/or flammable dust. SIST EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008 (E) 8 NOTE Detailed information on specific equipment, protective systems and components is contained in the relevant individual standards.
Safety-relevant data regarding flammable materials and explosive atmospheres are required for the design and construction of the explosion protection measures This European Standard specifies methods for the identification and assessment of hazardous situations that may lead to explosions and describes the design and construction measures appropriate for the required safety. This is achieved by - hazard identification; - risk assessment; - elimination or minimization of risk; - information for use. The safety of equipment, protective systems, and components can be achieved, as described in EN 292-2:1991, by removal of hazards and/or limiting the risk, i.e. a) by risk reduction by design; b) by safeguarding; c) by information for use; d) by additional precautions. NOTE
Risk reduction by design in accordance with clause 3 of EN 292-2:1991 should not be confused with the concept of "design" as described in 6.5 of this standard. Measures in accordance with a) (prevention) and b) (protection) against explosions are dealt with in clause 6 of this standard, measures according to c) against explosions are dealt with in clause 7 of this standard. Measures in accordance with d) are not described in this European Standard. They are dealt with in clause 6 of EN 292-2:1991. The preventive and protective measures described in this European Standard will not provide the required level of safety unless the equipment, protective systems and components are operated in line with their intended use and are installed and maintained according to the relevant codes of practice or requirements. This standard is applicable to any equipment, protective systems and components intended to be used in potentially explosive atmospheres. These atmospheres can arise from flammable materials processed, used or released by the equipment, protective systems and components or from materials in the vicinity of the equipment, protective systems and components and/or from the materials of construction of the equipment, protective systems and components. As shot firing can release potentially explosive atmospheres, this standard is also applicable to the equipment used for shot firing, apart from the explosives and detonators. This standard is applicable to equipment, protective systems and components at all stages of use. This standard is not applicable to: - medical devices intended for use in a medical environment; - equipment, protective systems and components where the explosion hazard results exclusively from the presence of explosives or unstable chemical substances; - equipment, protective systems and components where the explosion can result from reaction of substances with oxidizing agents other than atmospheric oxygen or by other hazardous reactions or conditions other than atmospheric conditions; SIST EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 1127-2:2002+A1:2008 (E) 9 - equipment intended for use in domestic and non-commercial e
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