SIST EN 13036-4:2004
(Main)Road and airfield surface characteristics - Test methods - Part 4: Method for measurement of slip/skid resistance of a surface - The pendulum test
Road and airfield surface characteristics - Test methods - Part 4: Method for measurement of slip/skid resistance of a surface - The pendulum test
This European Standard describes a method for determining the skid resistance of a surface using a stationary device.
Oberflächeneigenschaften von Straßen und Flugplätzen - Prüfverfahren - Teil 4: Verfahren zur Messung der Griffigkeit von Oberflächen: Der Pendeltest
Diese Europäische Norm beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Griffigkeit einer Oberfläche mit einem stationären Gerät. Die Griffigkeit wird mit einem Pendelarm gemessen.
Das Verfahren ermöglicht entweder im Feldversuch oder im Labor die Messung der Griffigkeit einer Oberfläche.
Mit diesem Verfahren wird die Griffigkeit eines kleinen Teils einer Oberfläche (etwa 0,01 m2) bestimmt. Dies sollte berücksichtigt werden, wenn über die Anwendbarkeit des Verfahrens zur Messung einer Oberfläche, die nicht homogene Oberflächeneigenschaften, z. B. mit Graten oder Rillen, oder eine rauhe Oberflächenbeschaffenheit (über 1,2 mm nach dem volumetrischen Verfahren) aufweist, zu entscheiden ist.
ANMERKUNG Da die Ergebnisse aus dieser Prüfung über einen kleinen Bereich erzielt werden, können sie nicht mit den Ergebnissen verglichen werden, die mit Vorrichtungen zur Messung der Griffigkeit über eine größere Oberflächenlänge - z. B. mit mobilen Vorrichtungen - erzielt werden.
Caractéristiques de surface des routes et aérodromes - Méthodes d'essai - Partie 4: Méthode de mesurage de l'adhérence d'une surface - Essai au pendule
La présente Norme européenne décrit une méthode permettant de déterminer l'adhérence d'une surface au moyen d'un dispositif statique a l'emplacement soumis a l'essai. L'adhérence est mesurée par l'intermédiaire du bras d'un pendule.
Cette méthode fournit une mesure des caractéristiques d'adhérence d'une surface sur le site ou en laboratoire.
Elle mesure l'adhérence d'une petite surface de revetement (environ 0,01 m2) et il convient d'en tenir compte pour décider de son applicabilité a un revetement ayant des caractéristiques superficielles non homogenes, c'est-a-dire présentant par exemple des stries ou des rainures, ou ayant une texture rugueuse (dépassant 1,2 mm, essai a la tache).
NOTE Du fait que les résultats fournis par cet essai correspondent a une surface limitée, ils ne peuvent pas etre comparés a des résultats ayant été obtenus au moyen d'appareils dynamiques qui mesurent l'adhérence sur une grande longueur de revetement.
Značilnosti cestnih in vzletnih površin – Preskusne metode – 4. del: Metoda merjenja odpornosti površine proti drsenju/zdrsu – Preskus z nihalom
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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.DORPOberflächeneigenschaften von Straßen und Flugplätzen - Prüfverfahren - Teil 4: Verfahren zur Messung der Griffigkeit von Oberflächen: Der PendeltestCaractéristiques de surface des routes et aérodromes - Méthodes d'essai - Partie 4: Méthode de mesurage de l'adhérence d'une surface - Essai au penduleRoad and airfield surface characteristics - Test methods - Part 4: Method for measurement of slip/skid resistance of a surface - The pendulum test93.120Construction of airports93.080.10Gradnja cestRoad construction17.040.20Lastnosti površinProperties of surfacesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13036-4:2003SIST EN 13036-4:2004en01-junij-2004SIST EN 13036-4:2004SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 13036-4:2004
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 13036-4August 2003ICS 17.040.20; 93.080.20English versionRoad and airfield surface characteristics - Test methods - Part 4:Method for measurement of slip/skid resistance of a surface -The pendulum testCaractéristiques de surface des routes et aéroports -Méthodes d'essai - Partie 4: Méthode de mesurage del'adhérence d'une surface: Essai au penduleOberflächeneigenschaften von Straßen und Flugplätzen -Prüfverfahren - Teil 4: Verfahren zur Messung derGriffigkeit von Oberflächen: Der PendeltestThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 November 2002.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UnitedKingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2003 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 13036-4:2003 ESIST EN 13036-4:2004
EN 13036-4:2003 (E)2ContentsPage1Scope.32Normative references.43Terms and definitions.44Safety.45Principle.46Test equipment.57Calibration.98Apparatus.99Test Measurements.109.1Measurements in the field.109.2Measurements in the laboratory.1010Field sampling.1111Test procedure.1112Calculations.1213Precision.1314Test report.13Annex A (normative)
Validation of the performance of the pendulum tester.15A.1Validation of the performance of the Pendulum Tester.15A.1.1General.15A.1.2Procedure.15A.2Calibration of the pendulum friction tester.15A.2.1Weighing of components.15A.2.2Balancing of the pendulum arm assembly.16A.2.3Setting the effective spring tension.16A.2.4Setting the pointer stop.16A.3Details of scales.17Annex B (informative)
Typical composition of CEN slider rubber.19Annex C (informative)
Typical test report.20Annex D (informative)
A–deviations.21SIST EN 13036-4:2004
EN 13036-4:2003 (E)3ForewordThis document EN 13036-4:2003 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road materials”,the secretariat of which is held by DIN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identicaltext or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawnat the latest by February 2004.This European Standard is one of a series of standards as listed below:EN 13036-1, Road and airfield surface characteristics — Test methods — Part 1: Measurement of pavementsurface macrotexture depth using a volumetric patch technique.prEN 13036-2, Road and airfield surface characteristics — Test methods — Part 2: Procedure fordetermination of skid resistance of a pavement surface.EN 13036-3, Road and airfield surface characteristics — Test methods — Part 3: Measurement of pavementsurface horizontal drainability.EN 13036-4, Road and airfield surface characteristics — Test methods — Part 4: Method for measurement ofslip/skid resistance of a surface — The pendulum test.prEN (WI 00227131)-5, Road longitudinal evenness — Definition (and calculation methods) of the longitudinalevenness indices.prEN (WI 00227132)-6, Road longitudinal evenness — Profilometric test methods.EN 13036-7, Road and airfield surface characteristics — Test methods — Part 7: Irregularity measurement ofpavement courses — the straightedge test.Annex A is normative. Annexes B, C and D are informative.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.1 ScopeThis European Standard describes a method for determining the slip/skid resistance of a surface using adevice which remains stationary at the test location. The slip/skid resistance is measured by means of apendulum arm.The method provides a measure of the slip/skid resistance properties of a surface either in the field or in thelaboratory.This method measures the slip/skid resistance of a small area of a surface (approximately 0,01 m2). Thisshould be considered when deciding its applicability to a surface which may have non-homogeneous surfacecharacteristics, e.g. containing ridges or grooves, or is rough textured (exceeding 1,2 mm patch test).NOTEAs the results from this test are taken at one small location, the results cannot be compared with results fromdevices e.g. mobile devices, that measure the skid resistance over a long length of a surface.SIST EN 13036-4:2004
EN 13036-4:2003 (E)42 Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.These normative references are cited at the appropriate places, in the text and the publications are listedhereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply tothis European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references thelatest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness (hardness between 10 IRHD and100 IRHD).ISO 7619, Rubber — Determination of indentation hardness by means of pocket hardness meters.ISO 4662, Rubber — Determination of rebound resilience of vulcanizates.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1slip/skid resistanceproperty of the trafficked surface which limits the relative movement between the contact patch of pedestrianfootwear (slip) or a vehicle tyre (skid) and the surfaceNOTE 1Loss of slip/skid resistance leads to loss of control by the pedestrian/driver with consequent increase in therisk of falling/crashes.NOTE 2There are numerous factors which contribute to slip/skid resistance, including the tyre pressure, contact area,tread pattern and rubber composition of the tyre or sole; the alignment, texture and frictional characteristics of the surface;the vehicle speed; the weather conditions prior to testing, i.e. wet/dry.NOTE 3Slip/skid resistance is not a constant but varies with climate and traffic and the effect of these on thecharacteristics of the surface material itself.3.2frictionresistance to relative motion between two bodies in contact. The frictional force is the force acting tangentiallyin the contact area3.3Pendulum Test Value (PTV)loss of energy as the standard rubber coated slider assembly slides across the test surface and provides astandardised value of slip/skid resistance4 SafetyWhen carrying out the test in the field, the equipment and operator will form a stationary obstruction. Adequatesafety measures shall be in place to maintain a safe working area in accordance with regulations.5 PrincipleThe Pendulum Tester incorporates a spring loaded slider made of a standard rubber attached to the end of apendulum. On releasing the pendulum from a horizontal position, the loss of energy as the slider assemblypasses over the test surface is measured by the reduction in length of the upswing using a calibrated scale.SIST EN 13036-4:2004
EN 13036-4:2003 (E)56 Test equipment6.1The pendulum test shall incorporate the essential features given below and as illustrated in Figure 1:¾ A spring-loaded slider assembly as specified in 6.3. It shall be mounted on the end of a pendulum arm sothat the sliding edge is (514 ± 6) mm from the axis of rotation.¾ Means for setting the support column of the equipment vertical.¾ A base of sufficient mass to ensure the equipment remains stable during the test.¾ Means of raising and lowering the axis of suspension of the pendulum arm so that the slider can¾ swing clear of the surface of the specimen, and¾ be set to traverse a surface over a fixed length of (126 ± 1) mm. A gauge as shown in Figure 2 hasbeen found suitable.¾ Means of holding and releasing the pendulum arm so that it falls freely from a horizontal position.¾ A pointer of nominal length 300 mm, balanced about the axis of suspension, indicating the position of thependulum arm throughout its forward swing and moving over the circular scale. The mass of the pointershall be not more than 85 g.¾ The friction in the pointer mechanism shall be adjustable so that, with the pendulum arm swinging freelyfrom a horizontal position, the outward tip of the pointer may be brought to rest on the forward swing ofthe arm at a point (10 ± 1) mm below the horizontal. This is the 0 reading.¾ A circular scale (C scale) as described in Table A.1, calibrated for a nominal sliding length of 126 mm ona flat surface marked from 0 to 150 at intervals of five. Tests in this mode of operation give the PTVdirectly.¾ A circular scale (F scale) as described in Table A.2, calibrated for a nominal sliding length of 76 mmsliding length on a flat surface marked from 0 to 1 at intervals of 0,05 units, may also be present. This isused for a number of laboratory tests as described in the relevant Standards. The PTV may be estimatedby calculation.¾ All bearings and working parts shall be enclosed as far as possible, and all materials used shall betreated to prevent corrosion under wet conditions.6.2The mass of the pendulum arm, including the slider assembly, shall be (1,50 ± 0,03) kg. The centre ofgravity shall be on the axis of the arm at a distance of (410 ± 5) mm from the axis of rotation.6.3The wide slider assembly (see Figure 3) shall consist of a slider rubber (76,2 ± 0,5) mm wide,(25,4 ± 1,0) mm long (in the direction of swing) and (6,35 ± 0,5) mm thick and an aluminium backing. Thecombined mass of slider assembly shall be (32 ± 5) g.6.4The narrow slider assembly (see Figure 3 ) shall consist of a slider rubber (31,75 ± 0,5) mm wide,(25,4 ± 1,0) mm long and (6,35 ± 0,50) mm thick and an aluminium backing. The combined mass of sliderassembly shall be (20 ± 5) g.SIST EN 13036-4:2004
EN 13036-4:2003 (E)6Key1spirit level2levelling screw3pointer4vertical adjustment screw5C unit scale (126 mm sliding length)6F unit scale (76 mm sliding length)7starting bottom8rubber sliderFigure 1 — The pendulum testerSIST EN 13036-4:2004
EN 13036-4:2003 (E)7KeyAside viewBview in planCgauge side view1slider2sliding length measured3reference edge4gauge5actual sliding length6gauge thicknessFigure 2 — Sliding length gaugeSIST EN 13036-4:2004
EN 13036-4:2003 (E)8Key1striking edge2aluminium backing3rubber slider4worn between 1 mm and 3 mmFigure 3 — Slider assembly illustrating the maximum wear on striking edge6.5The slider rubber shall be vulcanised onto the backing6.6The slider assembly shall be provided with a central pivoting axis which shall be mounted on the end ofthe pendulum arm in such a way that, when the arm is at the lowest point of its swing with the trailing edge ofthe slider rubber in contact with the test surface, the plane of the slider is angled at (26 ± 3) ° to the horizontal.In this configuration the slider can turn about its axis without obstruction to follow unevenness of the surface ofthe test surface as the pendulum swings.6.7The slider rubber shall be spring-loaded against the test surface. The nominal static force on the sliderassembly as set by the equipment calibration procedure, defined in annex A, shall be (22,2 ± 0,5) N in itsmedian position. The change in the static force on the slider shall be not greater than 0,2 N/mm deflection ofthe slider.6.8The initial resilience measured by the Lübke Rebound Test in accordance with ISO 4662, and hardnessof the slider rubber, measured by the International Hardness Rubber Degrees (IRHD) in accordance withISO 48, shall comply with Table 1 (CEN rubber). It shall have a certificate of conformity including the name ofthe manufacturer and date of manufacture.6.9A slider shall be discarded when the IRHD value measured using the portable hardness tester inaccordance with ISO 7619 falls below the minimum tolerance given in Table one or not later than one yearafter manufacture.NOTEFor certain applications relating to pedestrian usage of a surface, as detailed in the relevant standards, aslider rubber known as 4S rubber can be required. It should have an initial resilience and hardness as given Table 2.6.10The edges of the slider rubber shall be square and clean-cut and the rubber free from contamination by,for example, abrasive or oil.Table 1 — Properties of the slider rubber (CEN rubber)Temperature°CProperty010203040Lübke Resilience, %43 to 4958 to 6566 to 7371 to 7774 to 79Hardness (IRHD)53 to 65NOTEThe rubber composition presented in annex B has been found to be satisfactorySIST EN 13036-4:2004
EN 13036-4:2003 (E)9Table 2 — Properties of the slider rubber (4S rubber)Temperature°CProperty52340Lübke Resilience, %19 to 2321 to 2626 to 30Hardness (IRHD)94 to 986.11Before using a new slider rubber it shall be conditioned to achieve a minimum width of sliding edge of1 mm as shown in Figure 3.NOTEThis can be achieved by setting up the tester and carrying out sufficient swings wet or dry as described inclause 12, to achieve the minimum width, using as a test specimen waterproof abrasive paper 400 grade, or lapping film3 micron aluminium oxide, mounted on a glass plate.6.12The slider rubber shall be discarded when the width of the sliding edge, as shown in Figure 3, exceeds3 mm or when it becomes excessively scored or burred. The slider assembly can be reversed to expose anew sliding edge, which will need to be conditioned.6.13The slider assembly shall be stored in a dry watertight bag in the dark at a temperature of (15 ± 10) °C.The cooler the storage temperature, the longer the properties in Table 1 will be retained. Should thetemperature of the rubber fall below 15 °C for a period in excess of one day during storage or during a seriesof tests, the slider assembly shall be raised to a temperature of (30 ± 2) °C for a period of (18 ± 6) h beforeuse on a subsequent occasion. The slider assembly shall be at ambient temperature when used.7 Calibration7.1The apparatus shall be recalibrated at least annually by a competent calibration centre.7.2Calibration of the tester is described in annex A.7.3The calibration procedure shall include reference surfaces covering the working range of the tester.7.4In addition the validation procedure described in annex A shall be carried out prior to and following itsuse for testing.8 Apparatus8.1Clean water, for wetting the surface in a container suitable to permit dispensing copiously onto the testsurface.8.2Radiation thermometer (pyrometer), or electronic thermometer with a surface probe, accurate to 1 °C.8.3Spirit level, at least 1 m long and steel tape accurate to 1mm or other device for measuring gradient.8.4A stiff non-metal hand brush, for cleaning the surface.8.5A portable anemometer, accurate to 2 m/s field use (optional).SIST EN 13036-4:2004
EN 13036-4:2003 (E)109 Test Measurements9.1 Measurements in the field9.1.1The test surface shall be brushed free of loose particles and flushed clean with water, unless the testis to include for the contamination of the surface. The surface shall be free of ice.9.1.2Place the Pendulum Tester upon a firm surface with the pendulum swinging in the direction of traffic.The surface shall not have gradient in excess of 6 %. Where this is not possible, the test may be carried out atany angle to the direction of traffic to enable the gradient criterion to be satisfied. On surfaces bearing aregular pattern such as ridged or brushed concrete, grooved asphalt or paving blocks, tests should be madewith the slider operating at an angle of approximately 80 degrees to the ridges, grooves or joints in pavers.9.1.3Measure the temperature of the wetted test surface and the slider to the nearest whole number. Thetest cannot be carried out if the surface temperature is outside the range 1 C to 40 C.9.1.4Wherever possible the readings shall be taken on the C Scale using the wide slider. This determinesthe PTV directly. On non-homogeneous surfaces where a plane test surface can only be achieved of sufficientsize to use the narrow slider, this may be used reading on the F Scale. An estimation of the PTV can beobtained by calculation.9.2 Measurements in the laboratory9.2.1Flat laboratory test specimens shall have minimum dimensions 20 mm wider than the slider and15 mm longer than the sliding length. Curved specimens for the Polished Stone Value test shall have a testsurface as described in the relevant standard.9.2.2Wherever possible the readings shall be taken on the C Scale using the wide slider. This determinesthe PTV dir
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